Frequent genetic alterations in immune checkpoint-related genes in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a unique type of extranodal lymphoma characterized by selective growth of tumor cells in small vessels without lymphadenopathy. Greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of IVLBCL is hampered by the paucity of lymphoma cells in biopsy specimens, creating a limitation in obtaining sufficient tumor materials. To uncover the genetic landscape of IVLBCL, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 21 patients with IVLBCL using plasma-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) (n = 18), patient-derived xenograft tumors (n = 4), and tumor DNA from bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (n = 2). The concentration of cfDNA in IVLBCL was significantly higher than that in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (P < .0001) and healthy donors (P = .0053), allowing us to perform WES; most mutations detected in BM tumor DNA were successfully captured in cfDNA and xenograft. IVLBCL showed a high frequency of genetic lesions characteristic of activated B-cell-type DLBCL, with the former showing conspicuously higher frequencies (compared with nodal DLBCL) of mutations in MYD88 (57%), CD79B (67%), SETD1B (57%), and HLA-B (57%). We also found that 8 IVLBCL (38%) harbored rearrangements of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1/PD-L2) involving the 3' untranslated region; such rearrangements are implicated in immune evasion via PD-L1/PD-L2 overexpression. Our data demonstrate the utility of cfDNA and imply important roles for immune evasion in IVLBCL pathogenesis and PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 blockade in therapeutics for IVLBCL.

Primary tumor location as a predictor of survival in patients with RAS wild-type colorectal cancer who receive molecularly targeted drugs as first-line therapy: a multicenter real-world observational study by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum.

BACKGROUND: Primary tumor location is considered a predictor of overall survival (OS) in RAS wild-type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with bevacizumab (BEV) or an anti-epidermal growth factor antibody (cetuximab or panitumumab [CET/PAN]) as first-line molecularly targeted therapy. BEV is recommended for right-sided mCRC and CET/PAN for left-sided mCRC based on post-hoc analyses of clinical trial data, but real-world evidence is lacking. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of patients who started BEV or CET/PAN plus 5-fluorouracil-based doublet chemotherapy between January 2013 and December 2016 as first-line treatment for RAS WT mCRC at any of 24 Japanese institutions. OS was compared between the BEV and CET/PAN groups according to primary tumor location by Cox multivariate regression analysis in the full cohort and in a propensity score-matched cohort. RESULTS: In total, 935 patients were enrolled. Median OS was 24.6 months with BEV and 20.9 months with CET/PAN in right-sided mCRC (n = 213; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-1.06) and 35.7 months and 30.0 months, respectively, in left-sided mCRC (n = 722; adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.74-1.13). In the propensity score-matched cohort, OS was significantly better in the BEV group than in the CET/PAN group in right-sided mCRC (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.96) but was not significantly different in left-sided mCRC (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.53-1.07). CONCLUSION: Real-world data showed that OS was better with BEV than with CET/PAN in right-sided mCRC. However, there was no significant difference in OS in left-sided mCRC.

Clinical management of the status of atypical endometrial cells using the descriptive reporting format for endometrial cytology.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop and reinforce a clinical management regimen for atypical endometrial cell (ATEC) categories within the descriptive reporting format for endometrial cytology. METHODS: Between January 2013 and December 2014, 215 samples, for which histological examination was performed immediately or within 3 months after cytology, were cytologically diagnosed as ATEC. For these samples, the medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify risk factors for malignancy. RESULTS: Among 152 samples diagnosed as ATEC, of undetermined significance, 19 (12.5%) were malignant. In the younger group (age <55 years), the χ2 values of body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (5.85), gravidity (5.64) and parity (5.15) were relatively high, suggesting that these were risk factors for malignancy. Of the nulligravida patients, those with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 , 28% were diagnosed with malignant disease. In the older group (≥55 years), endometrial thickening (6.84), atypical genital bleeding (6.43) and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (3.79) were found to be risk factors for malignancy. Of the patients with endometrial thickening and atypical genital bleeding, 67% were diagnosed with malignant disease. Among 63 samples diagnosed as ATEC, cannot exclude atypical endometrial hyperplasia or more, 35 (55.6%) samples were positive for malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk patients diagnosed with ATEC, of undetermined significance were identified. Endometrial biopsy should be considered for nulligravida patients aged <55 years with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 .

Comparison of clinicopathological and genomic profiles in anal squamous cell carcinoma between Japanese and Caucasian cohorts.

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. We aimed to compare the genetic backgrounds and their effect on clinical outcomes between Japanese and Caucasian patients with ASCC. Forty-one patients diagnosed with ASCC at the National Cancer Center Hospital were enrolled and evaluated for clinicopathological features, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, HPV genotypes, p16 expression, PD-L1, and association of p16 status with the efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Target sequencing for hotspot mutations in 50 cancer-related genes was performed using genomic DNA from 30 available samples. Of 41 patients, 34 were HPV-positive (among them, HPV 16 was predominant; 73.2%); 38 patients were p16-positive (92.7%); and 39 patients received CCRT, of whom 36 were p16-positive and three p16-negative. p16-positive patients showed better complete response than p16-negative patients. Among 28 samples, 15 showed mutations in PIK3CA, FBXW7, ABL1, TP53, and PTEN; no difference in mutation profiles between the Japanese and Caucasian cohorts was observed. Actionable mutations were detected in both Japanese and Caucasian patients with ASCC. Genetic backgrounds, such as the HPV 16 genotype and PIK3CA mutations, were common regardless of ethnicity. p16 status may be a prognostic biomarker for CCRT in Japanese patients with ASCC.

[Anesthetic management of a patient with Rett syndrome associated with trismus and apnea attacks].

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a congenital neurological disorder associated with mutations in the gene encoding MECP2 on the X chromosome. An 18-year-old woman (150 cm in height and 29 kg in weight) had been diagnosed with RTT and showed myotonic trismus, frequent attacks of apnea, mental retardation, spastic paraplegia, scoliosis, and microcephalus with micrognathia. She was scheduled to undergo laparoscopic fundoplication and gastrostomy under general anesthesia. Nasal bronchofiberscopic intubation (BFI) was planned because difficult airway due to trismus and micrognathia was expected. Referring to the bispectral index (BIS), anesthesia was induced with intermittent intravenous thiopental (total 125 mg), resulting in successful opening of the mouth by 1.5 of a finger width and establishment of manual ventilation. Following intravenous administration of rocuronium (20 mg), oral BFI was easily accomplished despite Cormack grade III. Anesthesia was satisfactorily maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane (1.0-1.5%) and continuous infusion of remifentanil (0.1-0.2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) with the BIS value ranging from 30 to 50. She recovered smoothly from anesthesia using sugammadex (50 mg). However, she immediately demonstrated trismus and an attack of apnea with shivering, which were successfully resolved by warming the body and intravenous fentanyl (50 microg bolus and subsequent infusion at a rate of 10 microg x hr(-1)). The postoperative course was uneventful. Characteristically, RTT shows an extremely wide range of neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is of great importance to respond to each of those symptoms during the perioperative management of patients with RTT.

Expansion of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia with Copy Number Aberrations Contributes to Field Cancerization.

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a risk factor for gastric cancer following infection with Helicobacter pylori. To explore the susceptibility of pure gastric IM to cancer development, we investigated genetic alterations in single IM gastric glands. We isolated 50 single IM or non-IM glands from the inflamed gastric mucosa of 11 patients with intramucosal gastric carcinoma (IGC) and 4 patients without IGC; 19 single glands in the noninflamed gastric mucosa of 11 individuals from our cohort and previous dataset were also included as controls. Whole-exome sequencing of single glands revealed significantly higher accumulation of somatic mutations in various genes within IM glands compared with non-IM glands. Clonal ordering analysis showed that IM glands expanded to form clusters with shared mutations. In addition, targeted-capture deep sequencing and copy number (CN) analyses were performed in 96 clustered IM or non-IM gastric glands from 26 patients with IGC. CN analyses were also performed on 41 IGC samples and The Cancer Genome Atlas-Stomach Adenocarcinoma datasets. These analyses revealed that polyclonally expanded IM commonly acquired CN aberrations (CNA), including amplification of chromosomes 8, 20, and 2. A large portion of clustered IM glands typically consisted of common CNAs rather than other cancer-related mutations. Moreover, the CNA patterns of clustered IM glands were similar to those of IGC, indicative of precancerous conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that, in the gastric mucosa inflamed with H. pylori infection, IM glands expand via acquisition of CNAs comparable with those of IGC, contributing to field cancerization. SIGNIFICANCE: This study contributes to our understanding of gastric intestinal metaplasia as a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma via their multifocal expansion and acquisition of CNAs and somatic mutations.

A case of serious laryngeal edema unpredictably detected during laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation following induction of anesthesia.

We report a case of unpredictable and serious laryngeal edema probably caused by preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). A 54-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus was scheduled to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Two days before surgery, EGD was performed to explore the cause of occult bleeding, resulting in a slightly sore throat and an increased white blood cell count (18,300/µl). Without premedication, general anesthesia was uneventfully induced with intravenous midazolam (10 mg) and fentanyl (50 µg), followed by inhalation of sevoflurane (3%) and intravenous rocuronium (50 mg). Thereafter, manual ventilation was easily performed with a bag and mask. However, on laryngoscopy for orotracheal intubation, serious swelling with rubor and light pus in the epiglottis extending to the arytenoid cartilage was detected, leading to the cancellation of surgery. Immediately following intravenous drip of hydrocortisone (300 mg) and bolus of sugammadex (200 mg), the patient recovered smoothly from anesthesia without complications such as dyspnea, but his sore throat persisted. He was diagnosed with acute epiglottitis. Treatment consisted of intravenous cefazolin (2 g/day) and hydrocortisone (300 mg/day tapered to 100 mg/day) for 9 consecutive days. Consequently, the patient recovered gradually from the inflammation and underwent CABG as scheduled 28 days later. Anesthesiologists should be aware that EGD performed just before anesthesia could unpredictably cause acute epiglottitis, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those with diabetes.

[Recovery from rocuronium by sugammadex does not affect motor evoked potentials].

Motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring has been employed to detect the spinal cord injury during spinal, neurosurgical and cardiovascular operations. Muscle relaxants diminish the amplitude of MEP because MEP is the picture of electromyogram. In 5 cases undergoing MEP monitoring, we examined the effect of rocuronium followed by the administration of sugammadex on MEP Anesthesia was induced with propofol (target controlled infusion 3.0-3.5 microg x ml(-1)) and remifentanil 0.15-0.3 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), and the trachea was intubated with the use of rocuronium 0.6 mg x kg(-1) without any muscle rigidity, bucking and laryngospasm. General anesthesia was maintained by total intravenous anesthesia using propofol and remifentanil with no muscle relaxants. Immediately after the tracheal intubation, sugammadex 4 mg x kg(-1) was intravenously given. The amplitude of MEP was measured just before the administration of rocuronium, immediately after the tracheal intubation, and 1, 2, 3, 5 min following the administration of sugammadex. Sugammadex restored the MEP amplitude, deteriorated by rocuronium, in 3 to 5 min to the level of non-paralytic muscles. In one case, it took 8 min to restore the MEP of hemiparetic leg. Taking these findings into consideration, it is likely that rocuronium might not affect the MEP when reversed by sugammadex, and should be safe for smooth tracheal intubation in patients who need MEP monitoring.

[Case of possible transfusion-related acute lung injury during thoracic endovascular aortic repair].

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a serious complication of blood transfusion, which is characterized by the acute onset of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypoxemia following the administration of blood products. We report a case of possible TRALI during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The patient was a 61-year-old man (161 cm in height, 61 kg in weight) who underwent TEVAR for the traumatic injury at the isthmus of aorta. He had a light preexisting lung injury. About 1 hour following the blood transfusion (red cell concentrates, fresh-frozen plasma, and platelet concentrates), he suddenly fell into severe hypoxemia (PaO2 52 mmHg in FI(O2) of 1.0). The radiographic examination showed pulmonary edema, i. e., bilateral infiltrates and pleural effusion. No evidence of circulatory overload was observed. Anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies in his serum and anti-granulocyte antibodies in the donor blood were detected. In spite of intensive care including artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure and the administration of methylprednisolone and a granulocyte elastase inhibitor, he died of exacerbated hypoxemia and hypotension 4 hours after the onset of acute lung injury. Of great importance is being aware of an unexpected occurrence of TRALI during and soon after blood transfusion.

Influence of pH on heat-induced aggregation and degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies are widely used for the treatment of various diseases, and because therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are stored in an aqueous solution or in a lyophilized state, the preparation of a stabilizing formulation that prevents their deterioration (degradation and aggregation) is crucial. Given the structural similarities of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) framework regions and a diversity of only four subclasses, we aimed to find common conditions that stabilize many different antibodies. In this study, we analyzed the effect of pH (the most critical factor in establishing a stable formulation) on human monoclonal antibodies from subclasses IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4, all of which have been utilized in antibody therapeutics. We found that human IgGs are stable with minimal heat-induced degradation and aggregation at pH 5.0-5.5 irrespective of their subclass. We also found that IgG1 is more susceptible to fragmentation, whereas IgG4 is more susceptible to aggregation. This basic information emphasizing the influence of pH on IgG stability should facilitate the optimization of formulation conditions tailored to individual antibodies for specific uses.

Characteristic Cytological Findings of Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia Associated with Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cytological findings of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) associated with adenocarcinoma and to clarify its characteristics and the coexisting adenocarcinoma using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. METHODS: Eighteen surgical cases of LEGH of the uterine cervix were retrospectively reviewed and classified into 3 groups: pure (pure type), atypical (atypical type), and LEGH with adenocarcinoma (mixed type). The mixed type is defined as LEGH or atypical LEGH with in situ or invasive adenocarcinoma. Cytological findings of conventional endocervical smear specimens (Papanicolaou stain) were analyzed. Histochemistry (periodic acid-Schiff reaction) and immunohistochemistry (M-GGMC-1, Muc-6 glycoprotein, and Ki-67) were performed using tissue specimens. RESULTS: Cytologically, the pure type (7 cases) is characterized by glandular cell clusters that tended to form monolayered sheets with uniformly small nuclei and contain golden-yellowish mucin, whereas atypical (5 cases) and mixed (6 cases) types are characterized by glandular cell clusters similar to those of the pure type, but with complex glandular structures and mucin localization on the surface of glandular cell clusters. Ki-67 labeling index was significantly higher in atypical and mixed types than that in the pure type. Gastric-type mucinous carcinoma (MC-G) was observed in 2 out of 6 cases with mixed type. CONCLUSIONS: LEGH is found to be associated with adenocarcinoma types other than MC-G. Complex glandular structures or mucin localization on the surface of glandular cell clusters may be useful cytological findings to detect atypical and mixed types of LEGH.

S-1 Monotherapy After Failure of Platinum Plus 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Esophageal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Platinum plus 5-fluorouracil (FP) is a first-line regimen of palliative chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (RM-ESCC). In this retrospective study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of S-1 monotherapy as a salvage line treatment for RM-ESCC, focusing on the reasons for discontinuation of prior FP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of this study had RM-ESCC and received S-1 after failure of FP. RESULTS: Eleven patients were enrolled. Nine patients were refractory and two were intolerant to prior FP. The median progression-free survival and overall survival time were 3.0 and 11.7 months, respectively. Overall response rate was 22.2% and disease control rate of the 11 patients was 36.4%. Median relative dose intensity of 5-FU was 100% (range=85-100%). CONCLUSION: S-1 efficacy in RM-ESCC when given after FP was modest. Favorable OS may be attributed to good local control rather than to the efficacy of S-1 monotherapy.

IgM-mediated Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: An Autopsy Report.

A 79-year-old man with Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus developed acute impaired consciousness and hemolytic anemia. The patient's red blood cells agglutinated spontaneously at 25-37°C. The treatment of red blood cells with 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in the loss of spontaneous agglutination. A diagnosis of IgM-mediated warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia was made. The patient received steroid pulse and plasma exchange therapies. Rituximab was also administered. However, the patient died from multiple organ failure at six days from the symptom onset. The clinical progress of the patient and autopsy findings suggested that complement activation might have been associated with the pathology.

Acute fulminant invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent host: An autopsy case report.

A 62-year-old previously healthy male who was a welder/smoker/drinker was admitted to Kani Tono Hospital for severe hypoxemia (Day 0). Initial physical and radiological examinations suggested an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, respiratory failure developed rapidly, and he died on Day + 4. Aspergillus fumigatus was identified after his death, and he was diagnosed with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The clinical and pathological features are precisely described with pathogenetic considerations.

The prospect of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early anal canal squamous cell carcinoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anal canal is seldom diagnosed at an early stage. Chemoradiation therapy is a standard in Europe and the United States, though in squamous cell carcinoma there is no evidence-based therapy. In Japan, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the standard minimally invasive treatment for early stage cancer of the digestive tract, including the colorectum. Therefore, if the lesion is diagnosed at an early stage, ESD may be selected for anal canal lesions. We experienced two cases of early stage anal canal cancer in which the diagnosis and the extent of the lesions were confirmed using magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (NBI), as well as performing ESD. Pathological examination showed the resected specimen to be SCC in situ; the horizontal and vertical margins were free of tumor; and in one case there was no lymphovascular invasion. In the other case it showed the tumor was contained within the epithelium; horizontal and vertical margins were free of tumor; The follow-up period is not long enough to assert that ESD for anal canal squamous cell carcinoma may be an option of minimally invasive therapy. However, if there is a possibility of lymphatic invasion as in one of our cases, we need to give serious consideration to ESD for these lesions, and careful follow-up is necessary even if the lesion is in situ.

Effects of subclass change on the structural stability of chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies under thermal stress.

To address how changes in the subclass of antibody molecules affect their thermodynamic stability, we prepared three types of four monoclonal antibody molecules (chimeric, humanized, and human) and analyzed their structural stability under thermal stress by using size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and differential scanning fluoroscopy (DSF) with SYPRO Orange as a dye probe. All four molecules showed the same trend in change of structural stability; the order of the total amount of aggregates was IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4. We thus successfully cross-validated the effects of subclass change on the structural stability of antibodies under thermal stress by using four methods. The T(h) values obtained with DSF were well correlated with the onset temperatures obtained with DSC and CD, suggesting that structural perturbation of the CH2 region could be monitored by using DSF. Our results suggested that variable domains dominated changes in structural stability and that the physicochemical properties of the constant regions of IgG were not altered, regardless of the variable regions fused.