Raising awareness of uncertain choices in empirical data analysis: A teaching concept toward replicable research practices.

Throughout their education and when reading the scientific literature, students may get the impression that there is a unique and correct analysis strategy for every data analysis task and that this analysis strategy will always yield a significant and noteworthy result. This expectation conflicts with a growing realization that there is a multiplicity of possible analysis strategies in empirical research, which will lead to overoptimism and nonreplicable research findings if it is combined with result-dependent selective reporting. Here, we argue that students are often ill-equipped for real-world data analysis tasks and unprepared for the dangers of selectively reporting the most promising results. We present a seminar course intended for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students of data analysis fields such as statistics, data science, or bioinformatics that aims to increase the awareness of uncertain choices in the analysis of empirical data and present ways to deal with these choices through theoretical modules and practical hands-on sessions.

Role of detailed psychological evaluation and treatment in pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Psychological co-morbidities are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but remain overlooked. Psychosocial interventions are deemed to promote mental health and optimize management. This study aimed to determine the role of detailed psychological evaluation and treatment in the comprehensive management of COPD. COPD patients after screening with the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) for psychological co-morbidity were divided into three groups (26 patients each): i) group A [GHQ-12 score<3, received pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) and standard medical management]; ii and iii) group B and C (GHQ-12 score>3, in addition, received management by a psychiatrist and counseling by a pulmonologist, respectively). At baseline and 8 weeks of follow-up, all participants were evaluated for respiratory [forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), six-minute walk distance (6-MWD), St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), modified medical research council (mMRC) dyspnea scale], and psychological [GHQ-12, patient distress thermometer (PDT), coping strategy checklist (CSCL), World Health Organization-quality of life-brief (WHOQOL-Bref-26), and depression anxiety stress scales (DASS)] parameters. Psychological distress (GHQ-12>3) decreased significantly at follow-up, with 11.5% and 53.8% of patients having psychological distress in groups B and C, respectively, versus baseline (p<0.001). mMRC score, SGRQ score, FEV1 and 6-MWD significantly improved in all three groups. Improvement in mMRC and SGRQ was maximal in group B when compared with the other groups. PDT, CSCL, and WHO-QOL-Bref-26 scores improved significantly at follow-up in all three groups, with maximum improvement in group B, followed by group C, and then group A. The DASS score also improved maximally in group B. Patients should be screened for psychological co-morbidities using simple screening tools. PR plays an important role in improving the psychology of COPD patients. However, results are better with directed psycho-educative sessions by non-experts and best with definitive treatment by psychiatrists.

Fertility sparing therapy in women with lymph node negative cervical cancer >2cm - oncologic and fertility outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical vaginal trachelectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Simple or radical trachelectomy are accepted fertility sparing therapies for patients diagnosed with cervical cancer ≤2 cm. In patients with larger tumors a fertility sparing concept is considered experimental. The aim of our study is to present oncological and fertility outcomes of laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy followed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and subsequent radical vaginal trachelectomy. These procedures were performed in two centers in patients diagnosed with cervical cancer of diameter >2 cm. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed the demographic, histological, fertility and follow-up data of all patients with cervical cancer assessed as stage IB2, IB3 or IIA1 under the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 system. These patients had undergone pelvic lymphadenectomy, followed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical vaginal trachelectomy between February 2006 and June 2020 at Charité University Berlin and Asklepios Hospital, Hamburg. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients (mean age 29.5 years, range; 26-40) underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical vaginal trachelectomy in case of proven tumor-free lymph nodes. Twenty-six (84%) of these patients were nulliparous. Across all 31 patients, the initial tumor stages were FIGO 2018 stage IB2 (n=27), IB3 (n=3) and IIA1 (n=1).Lymphadenectomy was completed in all but one patient (sentinel) with a median of 33 (range; 11-47) pelvic lymph nodes. The neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen was two cycles of paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin in 17 patients; three cycles of paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin in eight patients; two cycles of paclitaxel and cisplatin in four patients; two cylces cisplatin monoagent in one patient; and two cycles of paclitaxel and cisplatin followed by two cycles of paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin in one patient. Residual tumor was histologically confirmed in 17 specimens (55%). The median residual tumor size following neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 12 mm (range; 1-60). Fertility could be preserved in 27 patients (87%); two patients underwent adjuvant chemoradiation after radical vaginal trachelectomy due to high-risk histological features; two other patients underwent radical hysterectomy with adjuvant chemoradiation therapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Of 18 (67%) patients seeking motherhood, 13 became pregnant (72%). There were 12 live births in 10 women, with a median fetal weight of 2490 grams (range; 1640-3560) and five miscarriages. After a median follow-up of 94.5 months (range; 6-183) three recurrences (11.1%) were detected, one patient (3.7%) died of the disease. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical vaginal trachelectomy may be offered to patients seeking motherhood with cervical cancer >2 cm and histopathologically tumor-free lymph nodes, the rate of healthy baby pregnancy on discharge was 10/18 women (55%). This fertility-preserving strategy is associated with higher recurrence and death compared with what was published in the literature for women undergoing radical vaginal trachelectomy for tumors up to 2 cm.

Voiding recovery after radical parametrectomy in cervical cancer patients: An international prospective multicentre trial - SENTIX.

OBJECTIVE: Voiding dysfunctions represent a leading morbidity after radical hysterectomy performed in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to perform ad hoc analysis of factors influencing voiding recovery in SENTIX (SENTinel lymph node biopsy in cervIX cancer) trial. METHODS: The SENTIX trial (47 sites, 18 countries) is a prospective study on sentinel lymph node biopsy without pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. Overall, the data of 300 patients were analysed. Voiding recovery was defined as the number of days from surgery to bladder catheter/epicystostomy removal or to post-voiding urine residuum ≤50 mL. RESULTS: The median voiding recovery time was three days (5th-95th percentile: 0-21): 235 (78.3%) patients recovered in <7 days and 293 (97.7%) in <30 days. Only seven (2.3%) patients recovered after >30 days. In the multivariate analysis, only previous pregnancy (p = 0.033) and type of parametrectomy (p < 0.001) significantly influenced voiding recovery >7 days post-surgery. Type-B parametrectomy was associated with a higher risk of delayed voiding recovery than type-C1 (OR = 4.69; p = 0.023 vs. OR = 3.62; p = 0.052, respectively), followed by type-C2 (OR = 5.84; p = 0.011). Both previous pregnancy and type C2 parametrectomy independently prolonged time to voiding recovery by two days. CONCLUSIONS: Time to voiding recovery is significantly related to previous pregnancy and type of parametrectomy but it is not influenced by surgical approach (open vs minimally invasive), age, or BMI. Type B parametrectomy, without direct visualisation of nerves, was associated with longer recovery than nerve-sparing type C1. Importantly, voiding dysfunctions after radical surgery are temporary, and the majority of the patients recover in less than 30 days, including patients after C2 parametrectomy.

Modification of Dargent's radical vaginal trachelectomy to facilitate ureteral dissection: description of technique.

OBJECTIVE: Radical vaginal trachelectomy is the fertility-preserving surgery for patients with early stage cervical cancer. However, it has not gained widespread approval by gynecologic oncologists because of difficulties in the dissection of the bladder pillars and identification of the ureter during the vaginal portion of the surgery. METHOD: We describe a modification of radical vaginal trachelectomy for easier dissection of the bladder pillar. Following pelvic lymphadenectomy, the vesicovaginal space is widely opened laparoscopically. After identification of the uterine arteries, one should proceed along the course of the arteries laterally and, thus, visualize the overcrossing of the artery with the ureter. The medial aspect of the supraureteric bladder pillar is transected and the ureter marked with vessel loops on both sides close to its entry into the bladder. The lateral portion of the supraureteric bladder pillar remains intact. During the vaginal part of radical vaginal trachelectomy, the ureter may be easily found by grasping the formerly placed vessel loop and dissection of the infraureteric bladder pillar may be done without risk of ureteral injury. RESULTS: Between October 2018 and August 2019 our group has performed radical vaginal trachelectomy using this modified ureteral dissection in 12 patients. Median operation time was 239 min (range 127-290) and median blood loss was 25 mL (range 10-100). No intra- or post-operative urologic complication occurred. Median time to normal bladder function was 4 days (range 3-13). CONCLUSION: The vaginal portion of radical vaginal trachelectomy may be simplified using this technique, especially when difficult circumstances such as endometriosis, prior operations, or unusual anatomy in nulliparous women are encountered.

Comparison of surgical and pathological parameters after laparoscopic transperitoneal pelvic/para-aortic lymphadenectomies.

OBJECTIVE: Lymphadenectomy is an integral part of surgical staging and treatment for patients with gynecologic malignancies. Since its introduction, laparoscopic lymphadenectomy has proved feasible, safe, and oncologically adequate compared with open surgery while morbidity is lower and hospital stay considerably shorter. The aim of this study was to examine if surgical outcomes may be improved after the initial learning curve is complete. METHODS: An analysis of 2535 laparoscopic pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomies was performed between July 1994 and March 2018 by one team of gynecologic oncology surgeons but with the consistent supervision of a consultant surgeon. Data were collected prospectively evaluating operative time, intra-operative and post-operative complications, number of lymph nodes, and body mass index (BMI). Previously published data of 650 patients treated after introduction of the method (period 1, 1994-2003) were compared with the latter 524 patients (period 2, 2014-2018). RESULTS: The median age of the 2535 patients was 43 years (IQR 34-57). The most common indication for pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy was cervical cancer (n=1893). Operative time for para-aortic lymph node dissection was shorter in period 2 (68 vs 100 min, p<0.001). The number of harvested lymph nodes was increased for pelvic (19.2 (range 2-52) vs 21.9 (range 4-87)) and para-aortic lymphadenectomy (10.8 (range 1-52) vs 14.4 (range 4-64)), p<0.001. BMI did not have a significant influence on node count or operative time, with BMI ranging from 14.6 to 54.1 kg/m2. In contrast to period 1 (n=18, 2.9%), there were no intra-operative complications in period 2 (n=0, 0.0%, p<0.001) whereas post-operative complications were similar (n=35 (5.8%) in period 1; n=38 (7.6%) in period 2; p=0.32). CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of patients who underwent laparoscopic transperitoneal lymphadenectomy, lymph node count and peri-operative complications improved after the initial learning curve.

Potential Surgical and Oncologic Consequences Related to Skin Tattoos in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Skin tattoos on the feet, legs, and lower abdominal wall are progressively gaining popularity. Consequently, the number of tattooed women with cervical cancer has significantly increased in the last decade. However, pigments of tattoo ink can be transported to regional lymph nodes and potentially clog lymphatic pathways that might also be used by sentinel labeling substances. Therefore, here we report whether the presence of tattoo ink affected pelvic lymph nodes in women with early cervical cancer and discuss its potential oncologic and surgical consequences. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: University Hospital in Hamburg, Germany (Canadian Task Force classification II2). PATIENTS: Women affected by cervical cancer. INTERVENTIONS: Between January 2014 and May 2016, 267 laparoscopic oncologic operations, including at least a pelvic sentinel or complete lymphadenectomy, were performed in the Department of Advanced Surgical and Oncologic Gynecology, Asklepios Hospital, Hamburg, Germany. Among these, 191 patients were affected by cervical cancer. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data of patients in whom dyed lymph nodes without the use of patent blue as a sentinel marker or different from blue-colored pelvic lymph nodes in the case of sentinel procedure were identified and prospectively collected. RESULTS: In 9 patients, skin tattoos localized in the lower extremities caused discoloration of at least 1 pelvic lymph node. This effect was observed in 40% of women (9/23) with tattoos in this area of the body. Mean patient age was 34 years (range, 27-56). All women had cutaneous tattoos on their feet or legs, and in 1 woman an additional tattoo situated on the inferior abdominal wall was observed. The stage of cervical cancer was FIGO IB1 in all cases. One woman was at the 16th week of gestation at the time of cancer diagnosis. On average, 26 pelvic lymph nodes (range, 11-51) were harvested from both pelvic basin sides. None of the removed lymph nodes was tumor involved. Three patients (33%) developed postoperatively infected lymphoceles on the side of the tattooed lymph nodes, and 1 woman had multiple episodes of fever without a clear origin. CONCLUSION: In women affected by cervical cancer with skin tattoos located in the lower limbs, the pelvic lymph nodes can be partially or totally occupied by the ink. This must be taken into consideration, especially for women scheduled exclusively for sentinel node biopsy. Infectious complications related to nodal dissection, in particular infected lymphoceles, may be more frequent in this population.

Tuberculosis and childhood cancer - A review of literature.

Tuberculosis and malignancy are major public health problems in developing countries like India and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an aerobic acid-fast bacilli which is an important pathogen especially complicating clinical status of paediatric oncology patients and treatment of infection with this bacilli is challenging in this subpopulation of patients because of ongoing immunosuppression and relative lack of published guidelines. Atypical presentations of tuberculosis in children also complicate the diagnosis and management. All the more, in tuberculosis endemic area lung cancer may be mistakenly diagnosed as tuberculosis or vice versa and this wrong diagnosis increases the burden on country's health status. It is noted that tuberculosis prevalence is high in children with haematological malignancy and head and neck tumours compared to other solid organ tumours. Moreover, it is found that morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis is more in children from WHO listed high TB burden countries who undergo hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation. Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as novel therapy in treatment of childhood malignancies has led to modification of the body's immunological response and has resulted in increased latent tuberculosis infection reactivation as one immune-related infectious consequence. Latent TB infection screening is important concept in management of paediatric oncology patients. Currently, the tests employed as screening diagnostics for LTBI are interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test and the tuberculin skin test (TST). Various regimens have been suggested for the treatment of LTBI. But, after a positive IGRA or TST and prior to latent TB treatment, active tuberculosis should be ruled out by detailed history taking, examination and appropriate investigations so as to minimize the risk of drug resistance with anti-tuberculosis monotherapy used in LTBI treatment. To add on to literature, Non tuberculous mycobacteria are universally present environmental organisms. However, in immunocompromised children especially in subpopulation of malignancy, NTM is known to cause infections which needs protocol based management. Also importance has to given to implementation of adequate preventive and corrective measures to prevent such opportunistic infection in paediatric oncology subpopulation. In this review, we provide an overview of tuberculosis in paediatric oncology patients and summarize the expansive body of literature on the tuberculosis mimicking carcinoma, tuberculosis burden in transplantation patients and those receiving immune check point inhibitors, latent TB infection screening and management, and NTM infection in children with malignancy.

Spatial patterns of Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum detected in Ixodes spp. ticks from Canadian companion animals, 2019-2020.

Increasing temperatures due to climate change have contributed to a northward range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks in Canada. These ticks harbour pathogens of public and animal health significance, including Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which cause Lyme disease and anaplasmosis, respectively, in humans, dogs and horses, and Borrelia miyamotoi, which causes a flu-like relapsing fever in humans. To address the risks associated with these vector-borne zoonotic diseases, continuous tick surveillance is advised. This study examined spatial patterns of B. burgdorferi, B. miyamotoi and A. phagocytophilum from ticks submitted through a national study on ticks of companion animals. From 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020, we received a total of 1541 eligible submissions from 94 veterinary clinics across Canada. Individual and pooled samples of a maximum of either 5 I. scapularis, I. pacificus or I. angustus samples from the same animal and of the same life stage were screened using real-time PCR targeting genes 23S rRNA for Borrelia spp. and msp2 for A. phagocytophilum. Confirmatory testing was conducted on all 23S rRNA positive samples using a duplex assay for ospA and flaB to differentiate B. burgdorferi and B. miyamotoi, respectively. Prevalence estimates were highest (>20%) for B. burgdorferi in southwestern Manitoba, eastern Ontario, southwestern Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Estimates of B. miyamotoi and A. phagocytophilum were much lower (<5%), except for higher A. phagocytophilum (>5%) estimates for southern Manitoba, eastern Ontario and Prince Edward Island. Findings from this study, combined with other surveillance approaches, can be used to guide veterinary and public health approaches for ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Children's consumption of beverages in Singapore: knowledge, attitudes and practice.

AIM: To examine the beverage consumption habits of Singaporean children and to investigate knowledge and attitudes of parents and children with regard to beverage consumption. METHODS: A total of 800 respondents were randomly surveyed using face-to-face household interviews conducted between 10 March and 23 April 2009. The survey included mothers aged 25 to 44 years, of 400 children aged three to six years and 400 children aged seven to 10 years. RESULTS: Children aged three to six and seven to 10 years typically consume milk on a daily basis. Younger children consume a greater number of servings of milk, whereas a significantly greater proportion of children aged seven to 10 years consume malted energy drinks and non-gassy and gassy soft drinks (P ≤ 0.005 for all). In older children, a decline in the proportion consuming milk on a typical weekday (69% vs. 92% for three- to six-year-olds) is accompanied by a reduction in mean calcium intake (733 mg vs. 1032 mg for three- to six-year-olds). On a typical weekday, 26% of children aged three to six years did not meet the recommended daily dietary allowance (RDDA) of 600 mg of calcium. Of children aged seven to 10 years, 61% also did not meet the age-appropriate RDDA of 700 g mg of calcium. CONCLUSIONS: Milk consumption decreases with age while the consumption of beverages such as malted energy drinks, gassy and non-gassy soft drinks and syrups increases markedly. Educational programmes may aid in the selection of appropriate nutrient-dense beverages and other calcium-rich foods to ensure that children achieve the recommended daily dietary nutrient intake.

Malaria and Dengue Mosquito Vectors from Lao PDR Show a Lack of the rdl Mutant Allele Responsible for Cyclodiene Insecticide Resistance.

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, RDL, plays important roles in neuronal signaling and is the target of highly effective insecticides. A mutation in RDL, commonly A296S, underlies resistance to several insecticides such as cyclodienes. Even though the use of cyclodienes has been banned, the occurrence of mutations substituting A296 is notably high in mosquitoes from several countries. Here, we report a survey investigating the prevalence of the Rdl mutant allele in mosquitoes from Laos, a country where mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever are health concerns. Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes were collected from 12 provinces in Laos. Adult bioassays on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) showed that all the populations tested were susceptible to dieldrin (4%) following WHO protocols. Exon 7 from a total of 791 mosquitoes was sequenced to identify the amino acid encoded for at 296 of RDL. Only one of these mosquitoes, Anopheles maculatus rampae Harbach and Somboon (Diptera: Culicidae) from Attapeu, carried the mutant allele being heterozygous for A296S. We therefore found a general lack of the Rdl mutant allele indicating that mosquitoes from Laos are not exposed to insecticides that act on the GABA receptor compared to mosquitoes in several other countries. Identifying the prevalence of the Rdl mutation may help inform the potential use of alternative insecticides that act on the GABA receptor should there be a need to replace pyrethroids in order to prevent/manage resistance.

Perception of picky eating among children in Singapore and its impact on caregivers: a questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: Picky eating is relatively common among infants and children, often causing anxiety for parents and caregivers. The purpose of this study was to determine the key aspects of picky eating and feeding difficulties among children aged 1 to 10 years in Singapore and the impact on their parents or caregivers. METHODS: In this survey, 407 parents or grandparents who are the primary caregivers of children aged 1 to 10 years in Singapore were interviewed via telephone using a structured questionnaire of 36 questions. Respondents were randomly selected from the Singapore Residential Telephone Directory to meet a pre-set interlocked quota of race, sex, and age to represent the population. Quantitative data collected included demographics, body weight and height, respondents' perceptions of the duration of picky eating, the child's eating habits and perceived health status, respondents' attitudes towards picky eating, coping strategies and the impact on family relationships. Bonferroni z-test and t-test were used to indicate significance across groups or demographics, while Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of association between variables. RESULTS: One-half of the respondents reported that the child was 'all the time' (25.1%) or sometimes (24.1%) a picky eater. When aided with a list of typical behaviours, the respondent-reported prevalence of picky eating or feeding difficulties occurring 'all the time' increased to 49.6%. The highest number of respondents first noticed the child's picky eating behaviours or feeding difficulties as early as 1 year (20.0%). Children 3 to 10 years [p = 0.022], children of professional respondents (p = 0.019), and children with a family history of picky eating (p = 0.03) were significantly more likely to be picky eaters. Overall, all 'picky eating' and all 'feeding difficulty' behaviours occurring 'all the time' were significantly associated with caregiver stress when feeding (p = 0.000026 and p = 0.000055, respectively) and with a negative impact on family relationships (p = 0.011 and p = 0.00000012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The perceived prevalence and duration of picky eating behaviours and feeding difficulties are high. The impact on the respondent and family relationships appears to be significant in Singapore. Parental concerns about picky eating should be adequately assessed and managed in routine clinic consultations.

Impaired intrahepatic hepatitis B virus productivity contributes to low viremia in most HBeAg-negative patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Knowledge of factors regulating transcriptional activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) may help in understanding mechanisms of viral decay and how these processes are thwarted in chronically HBV-infected patients. METHODS: Liver biopsies from 119 treatment-naive chronically infected patients (42 HBeAg-positive and 77 HBeAg-negative) were determined for HBV transcriptional and replicative activity. RESULTS: Significantly lower median serum HBV DNA (-4 log), intrahepatic HBV DNA (-2 log), and cccDNA (-1 log) amounts were measured in HBeAg-negative versus HBeAg-positive patients. Despite a good correlation found between intrahepatic amounts of progeny virions and serum HBV DNA in all patients, cccDNA levels did not correlate with serum titers in HBeAg-negative individuals. Analysis of HBV RNA transcripts showed that impaired virion productivity in HBeAg-negative individuals was due to lower steady-state levels of pregenomic RNA produced per cccDNA. Interestingly, preS/S RNA levels and serum HBsAg concentrations did not differ between HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients when normalized for cccDNA contents, showing that subviral particle production was not impaired in HBeAg-negative patients and correlated with cccDNA levels. Although the majority of HBeAg-negative individuals harbored cccDNA with common precore and/or basal core promoter mutations, occurrence of these variants was not responsible for reduced viral replication. Instead, replacement of wild-type cccDNA with core promoter mutants reestablished high virion productivity. CONCLUSIONS: Lower viremia in HBeAg-negative individuals is not only due to lower cccDNA content but also to impaired virion productivity, which can arise without emergence of HBeAg variants and without affecting HBsAg production.

Comentários de um treinador de futebol em condições de treino e competição / Comments from a soccer coach during training and competition situations

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se há diferenças nos comentários de um treinador de futebol amador direcionados a atletas em treino e competição. Participou da pesquisa um professor de educação física, que é treinador de uma escolinha de futebol. Com um gravador MP4 foram gravados quatro treinos e dois jogos. Os comentários do treinador foram transcritos e categorizados de acordo com duas grandes categorias de análise: Negativa, que se subdivide em Corretiva e Irônico-repressiva e Positiva, que se subdivide em Reforçadora, Motivadora e Instrucional. Os resultados apontam que a categoria Instrucional ocorre com maior frequência em ambas as situações de análise. Os dados indicam, no entanto, uma diferença na frequência total de comentários. A frequência total de comentários foi maior durante ambos os jogos em comparação aos treinos precedentes. Além disto, a ocorrência de comentários reforçadores é pouco frequente, fato que pode ter implicações no aprendizado dos alunos/jogadores.

The primary objective of this paper was to verify if there were differences in an amateur soccer coach comments targeted to athletes in training and competition situations. The behavior of a physical education teacher coaching an amateur soccer team was recorded, with a MP4 device. Coaching comments were recorded during two games and four training situations. Further, these comments were transcribed and categorized in two main categories: Negative, which is subdivided into Corrective and Ironic-Repressive comments, and Positive, which is subdivided into Reinforcing, Motivating and Instructional comments. The results indicated that the Instructional category occurred more frequently in both analysis conditions. The data shows, however, differences in the overall frequency of comments. The overall comments frequency were higher during both games than during the previous trainings situations. Furthermore, the occurrence of reinforcing feedback is infrequent, which may have implications for the students/players learning.