Does embedding pediatric eating disorder treatment in primary care bridge the access gap?

Given the numerous barriers to accessing child and adolescent eating disorder treatment, there is a need for innovation in how this care is delivered. Primary care-based eating disorder treatment has established proof-of-concept, yet it is unclear whether this model can bridge the treatment-access gap. This retrospective chart review study compared demographic and illness characteristics of 106 adolescents (M age = 15.1 years) SD = 1.8 consecutively evaluated in a primary care-based eating disorder clinic with 103 adolescent patients (M age = 15.2 years) SD = 2.2 seen consecutively in a specialty eating disorder clinic at the same medical center. Relative to adolescents in specialty care, those in the primary care group presented at a significantly higher BMI percentile, had less weight suppression, a shorter illness duration, lower rates of amenorrhea and lower scores on the EDE-Q Dietary Restraint subscale. In addition, more patients in the primary care group identified as non-white and had government/public assistance insurance compared to those in the specialty group. The results suggest that, compared to traditional specialty care clinics, embedded eating disorder treatment in primary care may reach a more racially and socioeconomically diverse group of adolescents when they are earlier in the course of their illness. Future research determining the relative effectiveness of this model as compared to interventions delivered in specialty care is needed.

Disparities in vaccination rates in solid organ transplant patients.

INTRODUCTION: Vaccinations against preventable respiratory infections such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza are important in immunosuppressed solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Little is known about the role of age, race, ethnicity, sex, and sociodemographic factors including rurality, or socioeconomic status (SES) associated with vaccine uptake in this population. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a medical records linkage system, to assess socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among adult recipients of solid organ transplantation (aged 19-64 years) living in four counties in southeastern Minnesota. Vaccination data were obtained from the Minnesota Immunization Information Connection from June 1, 2010 to June 30, 2020. Vaccination rate was assessed with Poisson and logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 468 SOT recipients were identified with an overall vaccination rate of 57%-63% for influenza and 56% for pneumococcal vaccines. As expected, vaccination for pneumococcal vaccine positively correlated with influenza vaccination. Rural patients had decreased vaccination in both compared to urban patients, even after adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and SES. Although the population was mostly White and non-Hispanic, neither vaccination differed by race or ethnicity, but influenza vaccination did by SES. Among organ transplant groups, liver and lung recipients were least vaccinated for influenza, and heart recipients were least up-to-date on pneumococcal vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of vaccination were below national goals. Rurality was associated with undervaccination. Further investigation is needed to understand and address barriers to vaccination among transplant recipients.

Parent-reported Barriers and Parental Beliefs Associated with Intentions to Obtain HPV Vaccination for Children in a Primary care Patient Population in Minnesota, USA.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among adolescents remains suboptimal in the US. The COVID-19 pandemic posed new challenges to increase HPV vaccination rates. To characterize parent-reported barriers to obtain HPV vaccination for their children and to identify psychosocial factors associated with parents' intention to vaccinate their children for HPV, we administered parent surveys between April 2020 and January 2022 during a randomized pragmatic trial assessing the impact of evidence-based implementation strategies on HPV vaccination rates for adolescent patients at six Mayo Clinic primary care practices in Southeast Minnesota. A total of 342 surveys were completed (response rate 34.1%). Analyses were focused on parents of unvaccinated children (n = 133). The survey assessed the main reason the child did not receive the HPV vaccine, parental beliefs about the vaccine, and the parent's intention to vaccinate the child for HPV in the next 12 months. Frequently reported awareness and access barriers to HPV vaccination included not knowing the child was due (17.8%) and COVID-19 related delay (11.6%). Frequently reported attitudinal barriers include the belief that the child was too young for the vaccine (17.8%) and that the vaccine is not proven to be safe (16.3%). Injunctive social norm (Adjusted-OR = 3.15, 95%CI: 1.94, 5.41) and perceived harm beliefs (Adjusted-OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.35, 0.94) about the HPV vaccine were positively and negatively associated with HPV vaccination intention, respectively. Our findings suggest that continued efforts to overcome parental awareness, access, and attitudinal barriers to HPV vaccination are needed and underscore the importance of utilizing evidence-based health system-level interventions.

Provider Perspectives on the Acceptability, Appropriateness, and Feasibility of Teleneonatology.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to measure provider perspectives on the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of teleneonatology in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and community hospitals. STUDY DESIGN: Providers from five academic tertiary NICUs and 27 community hospitals were surveyed using validated implementation measures to assess the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of teleneonatology. For each of the 12 statements, scale values ranged from 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree), with higher scores indicating greater positive perceptions. Survey results were summarized, and differences across respondents assessed using generalized linear models. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 56% (203/365). Respondents found teleneonatology to be acceptable, appropriate, and feasible. The percent of respondents who agreed with each of the twelve statements ranged from 88.6 to 99.0%, with mean scores of 4.4 to 4.7 and median scores of 4.0 to 5.0. There was no difference in the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of teleneonatology when analyzed by professional role, years of experience in neonatal care, or years of teleneonatology experience. Respondents from Level I well newborn nurseries had greater positive perceptions of teleneonatology than those from Level II special care nurseries. CONCLUSION: Providers in tertiary NICUs and community hospitals perceive teleneonatology to be highly acceptable, appropriate, and feasible for their practices. The wide acceptance by providers of all roles and levels of experience likely demonstrates a broad receptiveness to telemedicine as a tool to deliver neonatal care, particularly in rural communities where specialists are unavailable. KEY POINTS: · Neonatal care providers perceive teleneonatology to be highly acceptable, appropriate, and feasible.. · Perceptions of teleneonatology do not differ based on professional role or years of experience.. · Perceptions of teleneonatology are especially high in smaller hospitals with well newborn nurseries..

Celiac Disease: Risk of Hepatitis B Infection.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination and the risk of HBV infection in patients with celiac disease (CD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2009-2014) to assess the rate of HBV vaccination, immune response, and HBV infection risk in patients with and without CD. We also determined the rate of HBV infection via retrospective analysis of two cohorts: patients seen at Mayo Clinic (1998-2021), and a stable longitudinally observed cohort, the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP; 2010-2020). RESULTS: Based on the NHANES data, the rate of HBV infection in the United States was 0.33% (95% confidence interval 0.25-0.41). Of 93 patients with CD, 46 (49%) were vaccinated for HBV and of the remaining 19,422 without CD, 10,228 (53%) were vaccinated. Twenty-two (48%) vaccinated patients with CD had HBV immunity and 4405 (43.07%) vaccinated patients without CD had HBV immunity, which was not statistically different. In NHANES data, there were no cases of HBV infection in patients with CD. During the study period, 3568 patients with CD were seen at Mayo Clinic and 3918 patients with CD were identified using the REP database. Of those patients with CD, only four (0.11%) at Mayo Clinic and nine (0.23%) of the REP patients had HBV infection. CONCLUSION: The rate of HBV vaccination and immunity was similar in individuals with and without CD. Predictably, no increased risk of HBV infection was detected in CD patients. These results do not support screening and revaccination practice for HBV immunity in patients with CD within the United States.

A primary care modification of family-based treatment for adolescent restrictive eating disorders.

Although eating disorders pose a significant threat to the health and well-being of children and adolescents, due to a profound scarcity of specialty providers, only a small percentage of patients receives evidence-based treatment. To improve access to care for restrictive eating disorders, we developed a modified version of Family-Based Treatment to be delivered by primary care providers (PCPs) and conducted a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of this intervention. Fifteen adolescents (mean age = 15.5 years) with restrictive eating disorders and their caregiver(s) were enrolled in Family-Based Treatment for Primary Care (FBT-PC), delivered by three trained PCPs. Retention for the intervention was high (n = 13, 86.7%). Over the course of 3 months, participants attended an average of 9.2 (SD = 2.8) sessions and experienced a significant increase in BMI percentile from 39.1 to 54.8 (t (13) = -6.71, p < .001; d = .61). FBT-PC appears to be feasible for implementation in the primary care setting and has the potential to improve access to treatment and yield positive outcomes for young patients with restrictive eating disorders.

Sustainable care coordination: a qualitative study of primary care provider, administrator, and insurer perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Care coordination has been a common tool for practices seeking to manage complex patients, yet there remains confusion about the most effective and sustainable model. Research exists on opinions of providers of care coordination but there is limited information on perspectives of those in the insurance industry about key elements. We sought to gather opinions from primary care providers and administrators in Minnesota who were involved in a CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services) transformational grant implementing COMPASS (Care Of Mental, Physical And Substance-use Syndromes), an evidence-based model of care coordination for depressed patients comorbid with diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. We then sought to compare these views with those of private insurance representatives in Minnesota. METHODS: We used qualitative methods to conducted forty-two key informant interviews with primary care providers (n = 15); administrators (n = 15); and insurers (n = 12). We analyzed the recorded and transcribed data, once de-identified, using a frameworks analysis approach. RESULTS: We identified six primary themes: 1) a defined scope, rationale, and key partnerships for building comprehensive care coordination programs, 2) effective information exchange, 3) a trained and available workforce, 4) the need for a business model and a financially justifiable program, 5) a need for evaluation and ongoing improvement of care coordination, and 6) the importance of patient and family engagement. Overall consensus across stakeholder groups was high including a call for payment reform to support a valued service. Despite their role in paying for care, insurance representatives did not stress reduced utilization as more important than other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care providers and administrators from different organizations and backgrounds, all with experience in COMPASS, in large part agreed with insurance representatives on the main elements of a sustainable model and the need for health reform to sustain this service.

The impact of positive contextual factors on the association between adverse family experiences and obesity in a National Survey of Children.

Adverse family experiences (AFEs) are associated with childhood obesity. We evaluated whether certain positive contextual factors reduce the risk of obesity and overweight among children exposed to AFEs in a nationally representative sample. Using data derived from the National Survey of Children's Health 2011-12 (N = 43,864), we calculated the distribution of positive contextual factors (very good/excellent maternal mental health, neighborhood and school safety, and child resilience) and AFEs across weight status. The AFEs composite score was modeled as a categorical measure (0 or ≥1 AFEs). Positive contextual factors, AFEs and their interactions were evaluated in weighted, adjusted, multinomial logistic regression models predicting the odds of overweight and obesity. Children exposed to lack of very good/excellent maternal mental health and at least one AFE were at risk for overweight (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.76) and obesity (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.93). Unsafe school or neighborhood environment and exposure to 1 or more AFEs was. associated with overweight (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.61) and obesity (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.05). Lack of child resilience and exposure to 1 or more AFEs was associated with an increased risk of obesity (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.90) and overweight (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.57). These odds of obesity and overweight all decreased when positive contextual factors were present. Among children exposed to AFEs, overweight and obesity risk is reduced with positive contextual factors. Optimizing the early childhood environment can impact obesity risk.

Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates.

BACKGROUND: Immunization rates for children and adults are rising, but coverage levels have not reached optimal goals. As a result, vaccine-preventable diseases still occur. In an era of increasing complexity of immunization schedules, rising expectations about the performance of primary care, and large demands on primary care providers, it is important to understand and promote interventions that work in primary care settings to increase immunization coverage. One common theme across immunization programs in many nations involves the challenge of implementing a population-based approach and identifying all eligible recipients, for example the children who should receive the measles vaccine. However, this issue is gradually being addressed through the availability of immunization registries and electronic health records. A second common theme is identifying the best strategies to promote high vaccination rates. Three types of strategies have been studied: (1) patient-oriented interventions, such as patient reminder or recall, (2) provider interventions, and (3) system interventions, such as school laws. One of the most prominent intervention strategies, and perhaps best studied, involves patient reminder or recall systems. This is an update of a previously published review. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various types of patient reminder and recall interventions to improve receipt of immunizations. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL to January 2017. We also searched grey literature and trial registers to January 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized trials, controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series evaluating immunization-focused patient reminder or recall interventions in children, adolescents, and adults who receive immunizations in any setting. We included no-intervention control groups, standard practice activities that did not include immunization patient reminder or recall, media-based activities aimed at promoting immunizations, or simple practice-based awareness campaigns. We included receipt of any immunizations as eligible outcome measures, excluding special travel immunizations. We excluded patients who were hospitalized for the duration of the study period. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group. We present results for individual studies as relative rates using risk ratios, and risk differences for randomized trials, and as absolute changes in percentage points for controlled before-after studies. We present pooled results for randomized trials using the random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS: The 75 included studies involved child, adolescent, and adult participants in outpatient, community-based, primary care, and other settings in 10 countries.Patient reminder or recall interventions, including telephone and autodialer calls, letters, postcards, text messages, combination of mail or telephone, or a combination of patient reminder or recall with outreach, probably improve the proportion of participants who receive immunization (risk ratio (RR) of 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 1.35; risk difference of 8%) based on moderate certainty evidence from 55 studies with 138,625 participants.Three types of single-method reminders improve receipt of immunizations based on high certainty evidence: the use of postcards (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.30; eight studies; 27,734 participants), text messages (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.44; six studies; 7772 participants), and autodialer (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.32; five studies; 11,947 participants). Two types of single-method reminders probably improve receipt of immunizations based on moderate certainty evidence: the use of telephone calls (RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.54; seven studies; 9120 participants) and letters to patients (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.38; 27 studies; 81,100 participants).Based on high certainty evidence, reminders improve receipt of immunizations for childhood (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.29; risk difference of 8%; 23 studies; 31,099 participants) and adolescent vaccinations (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.42; risk difference of 7%; 10 studies; 30,868 participants). Reminders probably improve receipt of vaccinations for childhood influenza (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.99; risk difference of 22%; five studies; 9265 participants) and adult influenza (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.43; risk difference of 9%; 15 studies; 59,328 participants) based on moderate certainty evidence. They may improve receipt of vaccinations for adult pneumococcus, tetanus, hepatitis B, and other non-influenza vaccinations based on low certainty evidence although the confidence interval includes no effect of these interventions (RR 2.08, 95% CI 0.91 to 4.78; four studies; 8065 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Patient reminder and recall systems, in primary care settings, are likely to be effective at improving the proportion of the target population who receive immunizations.

Vaccinomics, adversomics, and the immune response network theory: individualized vaccinology in the 21st century.

Vaccines, like drugs and medical procedures, are increasingly amenable to individualization or personalization, often based on novel data resulting from high throughput "omics" technologies. As a result of these technologies, 21st century vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of a "one size fits all" approach to vaccine dosing and delivery, as well as the abandonment of the empiric "isolate-inactivate-inject" paradigm for vaccine development. In this review, we discuss the immune response network theory and its application to the new field of vaccinomics and adversomics, and illustrate how vaccinomics can lead to new vaccine candidates, new understandings of how vaccines stimulate immune responses, new biomarkers for vaccine response, and facilitate the understanding of what genetic and other factors might be responsible for rare side effects due to vaccines. Perhaps most exciting will be the ability, at a systems biology level, to integrate increasingly complex high throughput data into descriptive and predictive equations for immune responses to vaccines. Herein, we discuss the above with a view toward the future of vaccinology.

What is a good medical decision? A research agenda guided by perspectives from multiple stakeholders.

Informed and shared decision making are critical aspects of patient-centered care, which has contributed to an emphasis on decision support interventions to promote good medical decision making. However, researchers and healthcare providers have not reached a consensus on what defines a good decision, nor how to evaluate it. This position paper, informed by conference sessions featuring diverse stakeholders held at the 2015 Society of Behavioral Medicine and Society for Medical Decision Making annual meetings, describes key concepts that influence the decision making process itself and that may change what it means to make a good decision: interpersonal factors, structural constraints, affective influences, and values clarification methods. This paper also proposes specific research questions within each of these priority areas, with the goal of moving medical decision making research to a more comprehensive definition of a good medical decision, and enhancing the ability to measure and improve the decision making process.

The role of librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine to pediatric residents: a survey of pediatric residency program directors.

OBJECTIVE: The research sought to identify the general use of medical librarians in pediatric residency training, to define the role of medical librarians in teaching evidence-based medicine (EBM) to pediatric residents, and to describe strategies and curricula for teaching EBM used in pediatric residency training programs. METHODS: We sent a 13-question web-based survey through the Association of Pediatric Program Directors to 200 pediatric residency program directors between August and December 2015. RESULTS: A total of 91 (46%) pediatric residency program directors responded. Most (76%) programs had formal EBM curricula, and more than 75% of curricula addressed question formation, searching, assessment of validity, generalizability, quantitative importance, statistical significance, and applicability. The venues for teaching EBM that program directors perceived to be most effective included journal clubs (84%), conferences (44%), and morning report (36%). While 80% of programs utilized medical librarians, most of these librarians assisted with scholarly or research projects (74%), addressed clinical questions (62%), and taught on any topic not necessarily EBM (58%). Only 17% of program directors stated that librarians were involved in teaching EBM on a regular basis. The use of a librarian was not associated with having an EBM curriculum but was significantly associated with the size of the program. Smaller programs were more likely to utilize librarians (100%) than were medium (71%) or large programs (75%). CONCLUSIONS: While most pediatric residency programs have an EBM curriculum and engage medical librarians in various ways, librarians' expertise in teaching EBM is underutilized. Programs should work to better integrate librarians' expertise, both in the didactic and clinical teaching of EBM.

Younger age at initiation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination series is associated with higher rates of on-time completion.

Vaccination rates for human papillomavirus (HPV) have remained disappointingly low. It is critical to identify methods to increase on-time vaccine series completion rates (before 13 or 15years). To determine whether younger age (9 to 10years of age) at HPV vaccine series initiation was associated with improved on-time completion rates compared to initiation at 11 to 12years, we examined the prevalence of on-time HPV vaccine series completion rates from August 2006 through December 2012 in a large, population-based cohort of children and adolescents (aged 9.5 to 27years) residing in Olmsted County, MN on December 31, 2012 (n=36,223). We compared age at vaccine initiation between individuals who successfully completed both 2 and 3 doses of the vaccination series on-time (before age 13.5 or 15.0years) using multivariate logistic regression. On-time completion of both 2 and 3 doses of the vaccine series by age 13.5 or 15.0years was significantly associated with initiation at 9 to 10years as compared to 11 to 12years after adjusting for sex, race, insurance status, frequent health care visits, and year of first vaccination (all p<.01). Interventions focused on beginning the vaccination series at 9 to 10years of age may result in higher rates of timely series completion.

Adverse family experiences and obesity in children and adolescents in the United States.

While exposure to adverse family experiences (AFEs), subset of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), has been associated with childhood obesity, less is known about the impact of exposures to each type of AFE. Using 2011-2012 National Survey of Children's Health data, we evaluated associations between exposure to individual AFEs and overweight/obesity status in children 10years or older, adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Caregivers reported their child's height, weight, and exposure to nine AFEs; body mass index (BMI) was classified by Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) guidelines. At Mayo Clinic, we calculated frequencies and weighted estimates of socio-demographic factors and AFEs. Unadjusted and adjusted weighted multinomial logistic regression models were employed to assess the independent associations of each AFE and the different AFE composite scores with BMI category. Exposure to two or more AFEs was independently associated with increased odds of overweight (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13, 1.56) and obese (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.21, 1.73) status after adjustment for age, household income, parents' education-level, race and sex. Death of parent (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.18, 2.15) and hardship due to family income (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.50) were independently associated with obesity status with adjustment for other AFEs and socio-demographic factors. Our results suggest that, in addition to cumulative exposure to AFEs, exposure to certain childhood experiences are more strongly associated with childhood obesity than others. Death of parent and hardship due to family income are individual AFEs, which are strongly predictive of obesity.

Associations Between Anxiety Disorder Diagnoses and Body Mass Index Differ by Age, Sex and Race: A Population Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Few large studies have examined correlations between anxiety and body mass index (BMI) by gender or racial groups using clinical data. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine associations between diagnosed anxiety disorders and BMI, and evaluate whether observed associations varied by demographic characteristics. METHOD: Data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) data linkage system were analyzed to examine associations between anxiety disorders and BMI among adults ages 18-85 residing in Olmsted County, MN in 2009 (n=103,557). Height and weight data were available for 75,958 people (73%). The international classification of underweight, overweight, and obesity by BMI was used. RESULTS: Population consisted of 56% females, 92.8% White individuals, with median age of 46 years. When adjusted for age, sex, and race, we observed a U-shaped association between anxiety and BMI group. Underweight and obese individuals were more likely to have an anxiety diagnosis compared to normal weight individuals. Stratification by sex yielded a U-shaped association between anxiety and BMI only in women. Stratification by race showed a U-shaped association between anxiety and BMI only in the White population. Anxiety was significantly associated only with obesity in the Black population. Anxiety was not associated with a BMI category in Asian or Hispanic groups. Among elderly group, there is inverse correlation between anxiety and obesity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that anxiety may have heterogeneous associations with BMI in the population. Further research on potential mechanisms contributing to these findings will help direct efforts in anxiety and obesity management across diverse population groups.

Vaccination Rates among Adolescents in Minnesota as Compared with the United States: Not "Above Average".

Because adolescents make relatively few visits to clinics for preventive care, their vaccination rates suffer. We examined rates among Minnesota youths to see how they compared with those among teens throughout the United States. We used National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen) data to estimate vaccination rates for 13- to 17-year-olds in Minnesota from 2008 through 2013 and compared them to national rates for MCV4, Tdap and HPV vaccines. We also examined rates of provider recommendation for each of the three vaccines and rates of parental intention to vaccinate against HPV. We found rates for all three vaccinations increased between 2008 and 2013, but they continue to be low for both MCV4 (69%) and HPV (38% of females and 9% of males completed the three-dose series in 2013). Fortunately, the percentage of Minnesota clinicians recommending those vaccines is increasing (the percentage recommending HPV vaccination for females increased from 55% in 2008 to 74% in 2013; however, only 44% recommended it for males in 2013). The percentage of parents in Minnesota reporting intent to vaccinate their female children against HPV rose from 52% in 2008 to 58% in 2013; the percentage intending to vaccinate their male children rose from 16% in 2010 to 47% in 2013. Clinicians and public health officials must address how we can improve HPV vaccination rates among adolescents.

Adolescent vaccination in Oklahoma: a work in progress.

BACKGROUND: Nationally, uptake of adolescent vaccines is variable. OBJECTIVE: To compare adolescent immunization rates and clinician recommendation for adolescent vaccines over time in Oklahoma with the U.S. METHODS: We analyzed the 2010-2012 National Immunization Survey of Teens (NIS-Teen). RESULTS: MCV4 and Tdap are consistently lower in Oklahoma compared to the U.S. HPV rates have been comparable. Parents report that health care providers in Oklahoma are less likely to recommend adolescent vaccines compared to the national average. Intention to not receive HPV in the next 12 months is distressingly high both in Oklahoma and across the nation with both improving. CONCLUSION: Over the three years, Oklahoma's immunization rates consistently underperform national estimates for MCV4 and Tdap but not for HPV. We recommend Oklahoma health care providers improve their vaccination rates through making clear their vaccine recommendations to the parent and patient in the clinical encounter.

Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of two doses of a tetravalent rotavirus vaccine RRV-TV in Ghana with the first dose administered during the neonatal period.

BACKGROUND: Oral rhesus/rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus tetravalent vaccine (RRV-TV) was licensed in 1998 but withdrawn in 1999 due to a rare association with intussusception, which occurred disproportionately in infants receiving their first dose at ≥90 days of age. This study examined RRV-TV for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RV-GE) in Ghana, West Africa, with infants receiving the first dose during the neonatal period and the second before 60 days of age. METHODS: In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Navrongo, Ghana, we recruited neonates to receive 2 doses of RRV-TV or placebo and followed them to age 12 months. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat population of 998 infants, we measured a vaccine efficacy of 63.1% against RV-GE of any severity associated with any of the 4 serotypes represented in the vaccine and 60.7% against RV-GE associated with any rotavirus serotype. CONCLUSIONS: RRV-TV in a 2-dose schedule with the first dose during the neonatal period is efficacious in preventing RV-GE in rural Ghana. Neonatal dosing results in early protection and may be the optimum schedule to avoid or significantly reduce intussusception, now reported to be associated in international settings with the 2 most widely marketed, licensed, live virus, oral rotavirus vaccines.

Making the C.A.S.E. for the human papillomavirus vaccine: how to talk to parents and adolescents.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates have been stagnant or falling for females, and vaccination efforts are off to a poor start for males. Despite recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices and other authorities that all adolescents receive the vaccine at 11 to 12 years of age, the latest data indicate no more than 32% of females ages 13 to 17 years have completed all three doses; the rate for males is less than 8%. Most parents are unfamiliar with HPV and are unaware that their children may one day become infected. In addition, they may not know that the vaccine is recommended. Others may question its safety and whether their child needs it; or they may think their child is too young to be vaccinated. Whether adolescents get the vaccine depends largely on their clinician: A clinician who directs a parent to have their child vaccinated will be more successful in ensuring that child is vaccinated than those who merely tell parents the vaccine is available. The Minnesota Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics teaches clinicians to address vaccine hesitancy among parents using the C.A.S.E. approach. This approach is not just for parents; it also can be used to address adolescents' concerns in a persuasive manner.