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The 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone was the worst in history with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths. Here we examine the psychosocial consequences of the epidemic. Ebola is a traumatic illness both in terms of symptom severity and mortality rates. Those affected are likely to experience psychological effects due to the traumatic course of the infection, fear of death and experience of witnessing others dying. Survivors can also experience psychosocial consequences due to feelings of shame or guilt (e.g. from transmitting infection to others) and stigmatization or blame from their communities. At the community level, a cyclical pattern of fear occurs, with a loss of trust in health services and stigma, resulting in disruptions of community interactions and community break down. Health systems in affected countries were severely disrupted and overstretched by the outbreak and their capacities were significantly reduced as almost 900 health-care workers were infected with Ebola and more than 500 died. The outbreak resulted in an increased need for health services, reduced quality of life and economic productivity and social system break down. It is essential that the global response to the outbreak considers both acute and long-term psychosocial needs of individuals and communities. Response efforts should involve communities to address psychosocial need, to rebuild health systems and trust and to limit stigma. The severity of this epidemic and its long-lasting repercussions should spur investment in and development of health systems.
La flambée de maladie à virus Ebola qui a frappé la Guinée, le Libéria et la Sierra Leone en 2013-2016 a été la pire de toute l'histoire, avec plus de 28 000 cas et 11 000 décès. Dans ce dossier, nous examinons les conséquences psychosociales de cette flambée épidémique. La maladie à virus Ebola est une maladie traumatisante, compte tenu à la fois de la gravité de ses symptômes et des taux de mortalité qui y sont associés. Les personnes affectées sont susceptibles de développer des troubles psychologiques à cause de l'évolution traumatisante de l'infection, de la peur de mourir et du fait de voir d'autres personnes mourir autour d'eux. Les survivants peuvent aussi avoir des séquelles psychologiques liées à un sentiment de honte ou de culpabilité (pour avoir transmis l'infection à d'autres personnes, par exemple) ou à cause de leur stigmatisation ou de leur mise en accusation au sein de leur communauté. À l'échelle communautaire, un schéma cyclique de peur intervient, avec une perte de confiance envers les services de santé, et la stigmatisation des personnes affectées entraîne une rupture des interactions au sein de la communauté et une fracture de la communauté. Dans les pays touchés, les systèmes de santé ont été lourdement ébranlés et même dépassés par la flambée de la maladie. Leur capacité s'est considérablement réduite, près de 900 agents de santé ont été infectés et plus de 500 sont décédés. Cette flambée épidémique a majoré les besoins de services de santé, réduit la qualité de vie et la productivité économique et entraîné la fracture du système social. La réponse internationale doit absolument tenir compte aussi bien des besoins psychosociaux immédiats des individus et des communautés que de ceux à plus long terme. Il serait judicieux que les communautés soient intégrées dans les efforts de riposte pour répondre aux besoins psychosociaux, reconstruire les systèmes de santé, rétablir la confiance des populations et limiter les stigmatisations. La gravité de cette flambée épidémique ainsi que ses répercussions durables devraient inciter à investir dans les systèmes de santé et à les consolider.
El brote de Ebola en 2013 y 2016 en Guinea, Liberia y Sierra Leona fue el peor de la historia, con más de 28 000 casos y 11 000 muertes. En este artículo se examinan las consecuencias psicosociales de la epidemia. El Ebola es una enfermedad traumática, tanto por la gravedad de sus síntomas como por las tasas de mortalidad. Los afectados pueden sufrir efectos psicológicos dado el proceso traumático de la infección, temer a la muerte y ser testigos de la muerte de otros. Los supervivientes también pueden sufrir consecuencias psicosociales debido a los sentimientos de vergüenza y culpa (por ejemplo, por transmitir la infección a otros) y la estigmatización o reproche de sus comunidades. A nivel comunitario, se produce un patrón cíclico de temor que se traduce en la pérdida de la confianza en los servicios sanitarios, lo que da lugar a la interrupción de las interacciones de las comunidades y una ruptura de las mismas. Los sistemas sanitarios de los países afectados se vieron gravemente perjudicados y desbordados por el brote, y sus capacidades se redujeron significativamente, puesto que casi 900 trabajadores sanitarios fueron infectados por el virus del Ebola y más de 500 murieron. El brote provocó una mayor necesidad de servicios de salud, redujo la calidad de vida y la productividad económica y fracturó el sistema social. Es fundamental que la respuesta mundial al brote tenga en cuenta las profundas necesidades psicosociales a largo plazo, tanto para individuos como para comunidades. Las medidas de respuesta deberían comportar que las comunidades abordasen las necesidades psicosociales, reconstruyesen los sistemas sanitarios y la confianza y redujesen la estigmatización. La gravedad de esta epidemia y sus repercusiones a largo plazo deberían estimular la inversión y el desarrollo de los sistemas sanitarios.
Assuntos
Epidemias , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/mortalidade , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Sobreviventes/psicologia , África Ocidental/epidemiologia , Ebolavirus/isolamento & purificação , HumanosRESUMO
Given the high rates of mental health problems and poor service access among youth in war-affected countries throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, incorporating evidence-based mental health interventions into alternative delivery platforms could improve service access in these settings. We conducted a randomized controlled pilot study with high-risk Sierra Leonean youth to investigate the feasibility of implementing the Youth Readiness Intervention (YRI), a cognitive behavioral and interpersonal therapy-based group intervention, within an employment promotion program (EPP) and preliminary effects of the YRI on mental health outcomes. Participants were 175 youth (females=62%) ages 18-30 recruited via flyers and radio announcements. Participants were assigned to geographic clusters stratified by gender; clusters were randomized into YRI+EPP (n=58) or EPP-only (n=57). Statistically matched controls were recruited from comparable chiefdoms (n=60). The 12-session YRI was delivered bi-weekly, following EPP completion. Qualitative findings indicated that the YRI was highly feasible and acceptable as integrated into the EPP. Mixed linear effects models showed promising trends. Compared with controls, both YRI+EPP and EPP-only males reported significantly reduced post-traumatic stress symptoms, and YRI+EPP reported marginally significantly reduced emotional regulation difficulties. EPP-only females reported significantly reduced functional impairment compared to controls. Findings suggest that the YRI can be feasibly implemented within an EPP. Integrating the YRI into existing delivery platforms may help increase access to mental health care in Sierra Leone and provide a leverage point for scaling up evidence-based mental health interventions in other low-resource settings globally. [Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT0360361; 5/18/18].
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/25443.].
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/25443.].
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BACKGROUND: Past trauma and exposure to violence have been related to poor emotion regulation and household violence, which can have persistent mental health effects across generations. The Family Strengthening Intervention for Early Childhood Development (FSI-ECD/called Sugira Muryango in Rwanda) is an evidence-based behavioral home-visiting intervention to promote caregiver mental health, positive parenting practices, and early childhood development among families facing adversity. In Sierra Leone and other lower- and middle-income countries, mobile health (mHealth) technology has the potential to improve health care delivery and health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to (1) apply a user-centered design to develop and test mHealth tools to improve supervision and fidelity monitoring of community health workers (CHWs) delivering the FSI-ECD and (2) conduct a pilot randomized controlled trial of the FSI-ECD to assess feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects on caregiver mental health, emotion regulation, caregiving behaviors, and family violence in high-risk families with children aged 6-36 months in comparison with control families receiving standard care. METHODS: We will recruit and enroll CHWs, supervisors, and families with a child aged 6-36 months from community health clinics in Sierra Leone. CHWs and supervisors will participate in 1 problem analysis focus group and 2 user interface/user experience cycles to provide feedback on mHealth tool prototypes. Families will be randomized to mHealth-supported FSI-ECD or standard maternal and child health services. We will collect quantitative data on caregiver mental health, emotion regulation, caregiving behaviors, and family functioning at baseline, postintervention, and 3-month follow up. We will use a mixed methods approach to explore feasibility and acceptability of mHealth tools and the FSI-ECD. Mixed effects linear modeling will assess FSI-ECD effects on caregiver outcomes. Cost-effectiveness analysis will estimate costs across FSI-ECD versus standard care. RESULTS: Funding for this study was received from the National Institutes of Mental Health on August 17, 2020. Institutional Review Board approval was received on September 4, 2020. Data collection is projected to begin on December 15, 2020. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide important data on the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of mHealth-supported delivery of an evidence-based family home-visiting intervention in a postconflict LMIC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04481399; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04481399. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/25443.