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1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 118(12)2021 03 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33723037

RESUMO

The major vault protein (MVP) mediates diverse cellular responses, including cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and protection against inflammatory responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Here, we report the use of photoactive probes to identify MVP as a target of the N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl) homoserine lactone (C12), a quorum sensing signal of certain proteobacteria including P. aeruginosa. A treatment of normal and cancer cells with C12 or other N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) results in rapid translocation of MVP into lipid raft (LR) membrane fractions. Like AHLs, inflammatory stimuli also induce LR-localization of MVP, but the C12 stimulation reprograms (functionalizes) bioactivity of the plasma membrane by recruiting death receptors, their apoptotic adaptors, and caspase-8 into LR. These functionalized membranes control AHL-induced signaling processes, in that MVP adjusts the protein kinase p38 pathway to attenuate programmed cell death. Since MVP is the structural core of large particles termed vaults, our findings suggest a mechanism in which MVP vaults act as sentinels that fine-tune inflammation-activated processes such as apoptotic signaling mediated by immunosurveillance cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL).


Assuntos
Acil-Butirolactonas/metabolismo , Apoptose , Bactérias/imunologia , Bactérias/metabolismo , Imunomodulação , Transdução de Sinais , Partículas de Ribonucleoproteínas em Forma de Abóbada/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Cromatografia Líquida , Humanos , Vigilância Imunológica , Espectrometria de Massas , Proteômica/métodos
2.
J Am Chem Soc ; 145(6): 3259-3269, 2023 02 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36734615

RESUMO

The MYC family of oncogenes (MYC, MYCN, and MYCL) encodes a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHLZ) transcriptional regulator that is responsible for moving the cell through the restriction point. Through the HLHZIP domain, MYC heterodimerizes with the bHLHLZ protein MAX, which enables this MYC-MAX complex to bind to E-box regulatory DNA elements thereby controlling transcription of a large group of genes and their proteins. Translationally, MYC is one of the foremost oncogenic targets, and deregulation of expression of the MYC family gene/proteins occurs in over half of all human tumors and is recognized as a hallmark of cancer initiation and maintenance. Additionally, unexpected roles for this oncoprotein have been found in cancers that nominally have a non-MYC etiology. Although MYC is rarely mutated, its gain of function in cancer results from overexpression or from amplification. Moreover, MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor possessing broad pathogenic prominence making it a coveted cancer target. A widely held notion within the biomedical research community is that the reliable modulation of MYC represents a tremendous therapeutic opportunity given its role in directly potentiating oncogenesis. However, the MYC-MAX heterodimer interaction contains a large surface area with a lack of well-defined binding sites creating the perception that targeting of MYC-MAX is forbidding. Here, we discuss the biochemistry behind MYC and MYC-MAX as it relates to cancer progression associated with these transcription factors. We also discuss the notion that MYC should no longer be regarded as undruggable, providing examples that a therapeutic window is achievable despite global MYC inhibition.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina e Hélice-Alça-Hélix Básicos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/química , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Oncogenes , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética
3.
Nature ; 548(7668): 476-479, 2017 08 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28813419

RESUMO

Fenethylline, also known by the trade name Captagon, is a synthetic psychoactive stimulant that has recently been linked to a substance-use disorder and 'pharmacoterrorism' in the Middle East. Although fenethylline shares a common phenethylamine core with other amphetamine-type stimulants, it also incorporates a covalently linked xanthine moiety into its parent structure. These independently active pharmacophores are liberated during metabolism, resulting in the release of a structurally diverse chemical mixture into the central nervous system. Although the psychoactive properties of fenethylline have been reported to differ from those of other synthetic stimulants, the in vivo chemical complexity it manifests upon ingestion has impeded efforts to unambiguously identify the specific species responsible for these effects. Here we develop a 'dissection through vaccination' approach, called DISSECTIV, to mitigate the psychoactive effects of fenethylline and show that its rapid-onset and distinct psychoactive properties are facilitated by functional synergy between theophylline and amphetamine. Our results demonstrate that incremental vaccination against a single chemical species within a multi-component mixture can be used to uncover emergent properties arising from polypharmacological activity. We anticipate that DISSECTIV will be used to expose unidentified active chemical species and resolve pharmacodynamic interactions within other chemically complex systems, such as those found in counterfeit or illegal drug preparations, post-metabolic tissue samples and natural product extracts.


Assuntos
Anfetamina/farmacologia , Anfetaminas/imunologia , Anfetaminas/farmacologia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/antagonistas & inibidores , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Teofilina/análogos & derivados , Teofilina/farmacologia , Vacinas/imunologia , Anfetamina/química , Anfetamina/imunologia , Anfetamina/metabolismo , Anfetaminas/antagonistas & inibidores , Anfetaminas/metabolismo , Animais , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/imunologia , Produtos Biológicos/metabolismo , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/imunologia , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Haptenos/química , Haptenos/imunologia , Haptenos/farmacologia , Hemocianinas/química , Hemocianinas/imunologia , Drogas Ilícitas/química , Drogas Ilícitas/imunologia , Drogas Ilícitas/metabolismo , Drogas Ilícitas/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Fenetilaminas/análise , Fenetilaminas/química , Teofilina/antagonistas & inibidores , Teofilina/química , Teofilina/imunologia , Teofilina/metabolismo , Vacinas/farmacologia
4.
Mol Pharm ; 19(9): 3358-3366, 2022 09 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35984034

RESUMO

Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that has seen a steady uptrend causing severe health problems worldwide. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics for treating cocaine use disorder; hence, there is an urgent need to identify new medications. Immunopharmacotherapeutics is a promising approach utilizing endogenous antibodies generated through active vaccination, and if properly programmed, can blunt a drug's psychoactive and addictive effects. However, drug vaccine efficacy has largely been limited by the modest levels of antibodies induced. Herein, we explored an adjuvant system consisting of a polyphosphazene macromolecule, specifically poly[di(carboxylatoethylphenoxy)-phosphazene] (PCEP), a biocompatible synthetic polymer that was solicited for improved cocaine conjugate vaccine delivery performance. Our results demonstrated PCEP's superior assembling efficiency with a cocaine hapten as well as with the combined adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). Importantly, this combination led to a higher titer response, balanced immunity, successful sequestering of cocaine in the blood, and a reduction in the drug in the brain. Moreover, a PCEP-cocaine conjugate vaccine was also found to function well via intranasal administration, where its efficacy was demonstrated through the antibody titer, affinity, mucosal IgA production, and a reduction in cocaine's locomotor activity. Overall, a comprehensive evaluation of PCEP integrated within a cocaine vaccine established an advance in the use of synthetic adjuvants in the drugs of abuse vaccine field.


Assuntos
Cocaína , Adjuvantes Imunológicos , Adjuvantes Farmacêuticos/farmacologia , Compostos Organofosforados , Polímeros , Desenvolvimento de Vacinas , Vacinas Conjugadas
5.
Biochemistry ; 60(4): 259-273, 2021 02 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33464876

RESUMO

In Pseudomonas putida, the flavoprotein nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) catalyzes the oxidation of (S)-nicotine to N-methyl-myosmine, which is nonenzymatically hydrolyzed to pseudooxynicotine. Structural analysis reveals a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-like fold with a conserved FAD-binding domain and variable substrate-binding domain. The flavoenzyme has a unique variation of the classic aromatic cage with flanking residue pair W427/N462. Previous mechanistic studies using O2 as the oxidizing substrate show that NicA2 has a low apparent Km of 114 nM for (S)-nicotine with a very low apparent turnover number (kcat of 0.006 s-1). Herein, the mechanism of NicA2 was analyzed by transient kinetics. Single-site variants of W427 and N462 were used to probe the roles of these residues. Although several variants had moderately higher oxidase activity (7-12-fold), their reductive half-reactions using (S)-nicotine were generally significantly slower than that of wild-type NicA2. Notably, the reductive half-reaction of wild-type NicA2 is 5 orders of magnitude faster than the oxidative half-reaction with an apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reaction of oxygen similar to kcat. X-ray crystal structures of the N462V and N462Y/W427Y variants complexed with (S)-nicotine (at 2.7 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively) revealed no significant active-site rearrangements. A second substrate-binding site was identified in N462Y/W427Y, consistent with observed substrate inhibition. Together, these findings elucidate the mechanism of a flavoenzyme that preferentially oxidizes tertiary amines with an efficient reductive half-reaction and a very slow oxidative half-reaction when O2 is the oxidizing substrate, suggesting that the true oxidizing agent is unknown.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Nicotina/química , Oxirredutases/química , Pseudomonas putida/enzimologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Cinética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Oxirredução , Oxirredutases/genética , Domínios Proteicos , Pseudomonas putida/genética
6.
J Neurosci Res ; 99(11): 3047-3065, 2021 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34496069

RESUMO

Plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) is strongly influenced by ethanol, and ethanol experience alters long-term memory consolidation dependent on the DG. However, it is unclear if DG plasticity plays a role in dysregulation of long-term memory consolidation during abstinence from chronic ethanol experience. Outbred male Wistar rats experienced 7 weeks of chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure (CIE). Seventy-two hours after CIE cessation, CIE and age-matched ethanol-naïve Air controls experienced auditory trace fear conditioning (TFC). Rats were tested for cue-mediated retrieval in the fear context either twenty-four hours (24 hr), ten days (10 days), or twenty-one days (21 days) later. CIE rats showed enhanced freezing behavior during TFC acquisition compared to Air rats. Air rats showed significant fear retrieval, and this behavior did not differ at the three time points. In CIE rats, fear retrieval increased over time during abstinence, indicating an incubation in fear responses. Enhanced retrieval at 21 days was associated with reduced structural and functional plasticity of ventral granule cell neurons (GCNs) and reduced expression of synaptic proteins important for neuronal plasticity. Systemic treatment with the drug Isoxazole-9 (Isx-9; small molecule that stimulates DG plasticity) during the last week and a half of CIE blocked altered acquisition and retrieval of fear memories in CIE rats during abstinence. Concurrently, Isx-9 modulated the structural and functional plasticity of ventral GCNs and the expression of synaptic proteins in the ventral DG. These findings identify that abstinence-induced disruption of fear memory consolidation occurs via altered plasticity within the ventral DG, and that Isx-9 prevented these effects.


Assuntos
Giro Denteado , Etanol , Animais , Etanol/farmacologia , Medo , Isoxazóis , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tiofenos
7.
Mol Pharm ; 18(1): 228-235, 2021 01 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33301675

RESUMO

The nearly insurmountable adversity that accompanies opioid use disorder (OUD) creates life-altering complications for opioid users. To worsen matters, existing small-molecule drugs continue to inadequately address OUD due to their engagement of the opioid receptor, which can leave the user to deal with side effects and financial hardships from their repeated use. An alternative therapeutic approach utilizes endogenously generated antibodies through active vaccination to reduce the effect of opioids without modulating the opioid receptor. Here, we explore different adjuvants and storage conditions to improve opioid vaccine efficacy and shelf life. Our results revealed that inulin-based formulations (Advax) containing a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) acted as effective adjuvants when combined with a heroin conjugate: immunized mice showed excellent recovery from heroin-induced antinociception accompanied by high titer, high opioid affinity serum antibodies similar to the immunopotentiating properties of traditional alum-based adjuvants. Moreover, nonhuman primates vaccinated with a heroin/fentanyl combination vaccine demonstrated potent antibody responses against opioids when formulated with both inulin and alum adjuvants. Finally, storing a freeze-dried opioid vaccine formulation maintained efficacy for up 1 year at room temperature. The results from our studies represent an advance toward a clinically feasible opioid vaccine.


Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Adjuvantes Farmacêuticos/farmacologia , Fentanila/imunologia , Heroína/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologia , Analgésicos Opioides/imunologia , Animais , Imunização/métodos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/imunologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/imunologia , Vacinação/métodos
8.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 49: 128293, 2021 10 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34332037

RESUMO

PLD3 and PLD4 have recently been revealed to be endosomal exonucleases that regulate the innate immune response by digesting the ligands of nucleic acid sensors. These enzymes can suppress RNA and DNA innate immune sensors like toll-like receptor 9, and PLD4-deficent mice exhibit inflammatory disease. Targeting these immunoregulatory enzymes presents an opportunity to indirectly regulate innate immune nucleic acid sensors that could yield immunotherapies, adjuvants, and nucleic acid drug stabilizers. To aid in delineating the therapeutic potential of these targets, we have developed a high-throughput fluorescence enzymatic assay to identify modulators of PLD3 and PLD4. Screening of a diversity library (N = 17952) yielded preferential inhibitors of PLD3 and PLD4 in addition to a PLD3 selective activator. The modulation models of these compounds were delineated by kinetic analysis. This work presents an inexpensive and simple method to identify modulators of these immunoregulatory exonucleases.


Assuntos
Ativadores de Enzimas/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Exodesoxirribonucleases/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfolipase D/antagonistas & inibidores , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Nitrofenóis/química , Nucleotídeos de Timina/química , Umbeliferonas/química
9.
Bioorg Med Chem ; 41: 116225, 2021 07 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34034147

RESUMO

Unintentional overdose deaths related to opioids and psychostimulants have increased in prevalence due to the adulteration of these drugs with fentanyl. Synergistic effects between illicit compounds and fentanyl cause aggravated respiratory depression, leading to inadvertent fatalities. Traditional small-molecule therapies implemented in the expanding opioid epidemic present numerous problems since they interact with the same opioid receptors in the brain as the abused drugs. In this study, we report an optimized dual hapten for use as an immunopharmacotherapeutic tool in order to develop antibodies capable of binding to fentanyl-contaminated heroin in the periphery, thus impeding the drugs' psychoactive effects on the central nervous system. This vaccine produced antibodies with nanomolar affinities and effectively blocked opioid analgesic effects elicited by adulterated heroin. These findings provide further insight into the development of chemically contiguous haptens for broad-spectrum immunopharmacotherapies against opioid use disorders.


Assuntos
Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Fentanila/imunologia , Haptenos/imunologia , Heroína/efeitos adversos , Heroína/química , Vacinas/imunologia , Animais , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Overdose de Drogas/mortalidade , Fentanila/efeitos adversos , Fentanila/química , Humanos , Camundongos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides
10.
Bioorg Med Chem ; 42: 116246, 2021 07 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34130216

RESUMO

We report the discovery of a fluorescent small molecule probe. This probe exhibits an emission increase in the presence of the oncoprotein MYC that can be attenuated by a competing inhibitor. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis, rationalized by induced-fit docking, suggests it binds to the "coiled-coil" region of the leucine zipper domain. Point mutations of this site produced functional MYC constructs resistant to inhibition in an oncogenic transformation assay by compounds that displace the probe. Utilizing this probe, we have developed a high-throughput assay to identify MYC inhibitor scaffolds. Screening of a diversity library (N = 1408, 384-well) and a library of pharmacologically active compounds (N = 1280, 1536-well) yielded molecules with greater drug-like properties than the probe. One lead is a potent inhibitor of oncogenic transformation and is specific for MYC relative to resistant mutants and transformation-inducing oncogenes. This method is simple, inexpensive, and does not require protein modification, DNA binding, or the dimer partner MAX. This assay presents an opportunity for MYC inhibition researchers to discover unique scaffolds.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Corantes Fluorescentes/farmacologia , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/antagonistas & inibidores , Sítios de Ligação/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Corantes Fluorescentes/síntese química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade
11.
J Am Chem Soc ; 142(31): 13294-13298, 2020 08 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32700530

RESUMO

The United States is in the midst of an unprecedented epidemic of opioid substance use disorder, and while pharmacotherapies including opioid agonists and antagonists have shown success, they can be inadequate and frequently result in high recidivism. With these challenges facing opioid use disorder treatments immunopharmacotherapy is being explored as an alternative therapy option and is based upon antibody-opioid sequestering to block brain entry. Development of a heroin vaccine has become a major research focal point; however, producing an efficient vaccine against heroin has been particularly challenging because of the need to generate not only a potent immune response but one against heroin and its multiple psychoactive molecules. In this study, we explored the consequence of regioselective deuteration of a heroin hapten and its impact upon the immune response against heroin and its psychoactive metabolites. Deuterium (HdAc) and cognate protium heroin (HAc) haptens were compared head to head in an inclusive vaccine study. Strikingly the HdAc vaccine granted greater efficacy in blunting heroin analgesia in murine behavioral models compared to the HAc vaccine. Binding studies confirmed that the HdAc vaccine elicited both greater quantities and equivalent or higher affinity antibodies toward heroin and 6-AM. Blood-brain biodistribution experiments corroborated these affinity tests. These findings suggest that regioselective hapten deuteration could be useful for the resurrection of previous drug of abuse vaccines that have met limited success in the past.


Assuntos
Haptenos/química , Haptenos/imunologia , Heroína/imunologia , Vacinas/química , Vacinas/imunologia , Deutério/química , Heroína/química , Conformação Molecular
12.
Acc Chem Res ; 52(8): 2322-2331, 2019 08 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31322847

RESUMO

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A), marketed commercially as Botox, is the most toxic substance known to man with an estimated intravenous lethal dose (LD50) of 1-2 ng/kg in humans. Despite its widespread use in cosmetic and medicinal applications, no postexposure therapeutics are available for the reversal of intoxication in the event of medical malpractice or bioterrorism. Accordingly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention categorizes BoNT/A as a Category A pathogen, posing the highest risk to national security and public health as a result of the ease with which BoNT/A can be weaponized and disseminated. BoNT/A-mediated lethality results from neurons impeded from releasing acetylcholine, which ultimately causes muscle paralysis and possible death by asphyxiation with the loss of diaphragm function. Currently, the only available respite for BoNT/A poisoning is antibody-based therapy; however, this intervention is only effective within 12-24 h postexposure. Small molecule therapeutics remain the only opportunity to reverse BoNT/A intoxication after neuronal poisoning and are urgently needed. Nevertheless, no small molecule BoNT/A inhibitors have reached the clinic or even advanced to clinical trials. This Account highlights the accomplishments and existing challenges facing BoNT/A drug discovery today. Using the comprehensive body of work from our laboratory, we illustrate our nearly two-decade endeavor to discover a clinically relevant BoNT/A inhibitor. Specifically, a discussion on the identification and characterization of new chemical leads, the development of in vitro and in vivo assays, and pertinent discoveries in BoNT/A structural biology related to small molecule inhibition is presented. Lead discovery efforts in our laboratory have leveraged both in vitro high-throughput screening and rational design, and an array of mechanistic strategies for inhibiting BoNT/A has been discovered, including noncovalent inhibition, metal-binding active site inhibition, covalent inhibition, and α- and ß-exosite inhibition. We contrast the strengths and weaknesses of each of these mechanistic strategies and propose the most favorable approach for success. Finally, we discuss multiple serendipitous discoveries of antibotulism small molecules with alternative mechanisms of action. Remaining challenges facing clinically relevant BoNT/A inhibition are presented and analyzed, including the current inability to reconcile toxin half-life (months to greater than one year) in neurons with in vivo pharmaceutical lifetimes and reoccurring inconsistencies between in vitro, cellular, and in vivo translation. Our Account of BoNT/A chemical research emphasizes the present accomplishments and critically analyzes the remaining obstacles for drug discovery. Importantly, we call for an increased focus on the discovery of safe and effective covalent inhibitors of BoNT/A that compete with the inherent half-life of the toxin.


Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/antagonistas & inibidores , Botulismo/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteases/uso terapêutico , Animais , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/química , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Humanos , Camundongos , Ligação Proteica , Proteólise , Proteína 25 Associada a Sinaptossoma/química , Proteína 25 Associada a Sinaptossoma/metabolismo
13.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 30(17): 127388, 2020 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32738981

RESUMO

Heroin overdose and addiction remain significant health and economic burdens in the world today costing billions of dollars annually. Moreover, only limited pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treatment of heroin addiction. In our efforts to combat the public health threat posed by heroin addiction, we have developed vaccines against heroin. To expand upon our existing heroin-vaccine arsenal, we synthesized new aryl and alkyl sulfonate ester haptens; namely aryl-mono-sulfonate (HMsAc) and Aryl/alkyl-di-sulfonate (H(Ds)2) as carboxyl-isosteres of heroin then compared them to our model heroin-hapten (HAc) through vaccination studies. Heroin haptens were conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197 and the resulting CRM-immunoconjugates were used to vaccinate Swiss Webster mice following an established immunization protocol. Binding studies revealed that the highest affinity anti-heroin antibodies were generated by the HMsAc vaccine followed by the HAc and H(Ds)2 vaccines, respectively (HMsAc > HAc≫HDs2). However, neither the HMsAc nor H(Ds)2 vaccines were able to generate high affinity antibodies to the psychoactive metabolite 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM), in comparison to the HAc vaccine. Blood brain bio-distribution studies supported these binding results with vaccine efficiency following the trend HAc > HMsAc â‰« H(Ds)2 The work described herein provides insight into the use of hapten-isosteric replacement in vaccine drug design.


Assuntos
Alcanossulfonatos/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Haptenos/química , Heroína/química , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos/imunologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Haptenos/imunologia , Heroína/imunologia , Camundongos , Vacinas Sintéticas/sangue , Vacinas Sintéticas/metabolismo
14.
Pharmacol Rev ; 69(3): 298-315, 2017 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28634286

RESUMO

Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial interest exists in developing therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused drugs. A promising universal strategy for antagonizing the pharmacology of virtually any drug involves the development of a conjugate vaccine, wherein a hapten structurally similar to the target drug is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. When formulated with adjuvants and immunized, the immunoconjugate should elicit serum IgG antibodies with the ability to sequester the target drug to prevent its entry to the brain, thereby acting as an immunoantagonist. Despite the failures of first-generation conjugate vaccines against cocaine and nicotine in clinical trials, second-generation vaccines have shown dramatically improved performance in preclinical models, thus renewing the potential clinical utility of conjugate vaccines in curbing substance use disorder. This review explores the critical design elements of drug conjugate vaccines such as hapten structure, adjuvant formulation, bioconjugate chemistry, and carrier protein selection. Methods for evaluating these vaccines are discussed, and recent progress in vaccine development for each drug is summarized.


Assuntos
Drogas Ilícitas/imunologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapia , Vacinas Conjugadas/química , Vacinas Conjugadas/imunologia , Animais , Antagonismo de Drogas , Haptenos/química , Haptenos/imunologia , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/imunologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/administração & dosagem
15.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl ; 59(28): 11491-11500, 2020 07 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32233096

RESUMO

Amyloid-ß (Aß) oligomers are implicated in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, their unstable nature and heterogeneous state disrupts elucidation of their explicit role in AD progression, impeding the development of tools targeting soluble Aß oligomers. Herein parallel and anti-parallel variants of Aß(1-40) dimers were designed and synthesized, and their pathogenic properties in AD models characterized. Anti-parallel dimers induced cognitive impairments with increased amyloidogenesis and cytotoxicity, and this dimer was then used in a screening platform. Through screening, two FDA-approved drugs, Oxytetracycline and Sunitinib, were identified to dissociate Aß oligomers and plaques to monomers in 5XFAD transgenic mice. In addition, fluorescent Astrophloxine was shown to detect aggregated Aß in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid samples of AD mice. This screening platform provides a stable and homogeneous environment for observing Aß interactions with dimer-specific molecules.


Assuntos
Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/química , Amiloide/química , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Amiloide/farmacologia , Animais , Dimerização , Descoberta de Drogas , Feminino , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Camundongos Transgênicos , Placa Amiloide/metabolismo , Placa Amiloide/patologia
16.
J Am Chem Soc ; 141(5): 1798-1806, 2019 02 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30532973

RESUMO

The present United States opioid crisis requires urgent and innovative scientific intervention. This perspective highlights a role for the chemical sciences by expounding upon three key research areas identified as priorities by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Specifically, important advances in chemical interventions for overdose reversal, strategies for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment, including immunopharmacotherapies, and next-generation alternatives for pain management will be discussed. Ultimately, progress made will be presented in light of remaining challenges for the field.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Analgésicos Opioides/química , Overdose de Drogas , Humanos , National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.) , Estados Unidos
17.
J Am Chem Soc ; 141(36): 14089-14092, 2019 09 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31479256

RESUMO

Recent trends in methamphetamine (METH) misuse and overdose suggest society is inadvertently overlooking a brewing METH crisis. In the past decade, psychostimulant-related lethal overdoses and hospitalizations have skyrocketed 127 and 245%, respectively. Unlike the opioid crisis, no pharmaceutical interventions are available for treating METH use disorder or reversing overdose. Herein, we report the first active vaccine that offers protection from lethal (+)-METH challenge in male Swiss Webster mice. This vaccine formulation of (S)MLMH-TT adjuvanted with CpG ODN 1826 + alum successfully raised anti-METH antibodies in high titers, reduced (+)-METH distribution to the brain, and lowered (+)-METH-associated stereotypies in a hyperlocomotion assay. A comparison of enantiomeric haptens and the racemate elucidated the importance of employing (S)-stereochemistry in METH hapten design for optimal protection.


Assuntos
Haptenos/química , Metanfetamina/química , Vacinas/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Animais , Anticorpos/química , Anticorpos/imunologia , Haptenos/imunologia , Masculino , Metanfetamina/síntese química , Metanfetamina/imunologia , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Vacinas/síntese química , Vacinas/imunologia
18.
J Am Chem Soc ; 141(26): 10489-10503, 2019 07 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31187995

RESUMO

Opioid abuse in the United States has been declared a national crisis and is exacerbated by an inexpensive, readily available, and illicit supply of synthetic opioids. Specifically, fentanyl and related analogues such as carfentanil pose a significant danger to opioid users due to their high potency and rapid acting depression of respiration. In recent years these synthetic opioids have become the number one cause of drug-related deaths. In our research efforts to combat the public health threat posed by synthetic opioids, we have developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the fentanyl class of drugs. The mAbs were generated in hybridomas derived from mice vaccinated with a fentanyl conjugate vaccine. Guided by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assay, we selected six hybridomas that produced mAbs with 10-11 M binding affinity for fentanyl, yet broad cross-reactivity with related fentanyl analogues. In mouse antinociception models, our lead mAb (6A4) could blunt the effects of both fentanyl and carfentanil in a dose-responsive manner. Additionally, mice pretreated with 6A4 displayed enhanced survival when subjected to fentanyl above LD50 doses. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the antibody sequesters large amounts of these drugs in the blood, thus reducing drug biodistribution to the brain and other tissue. Lastly, the 6A4 mAb could effectively reverse fentanyl/carfentanil-induced antinociception comparable to the opioid antagonist naloxone, the standard of care drug for treating opioid overdose. While naloxone is known for its short half-life, we found the half-life of 6A4 to be approximately 6 days in mice, thus monoclonal antibodies could theoretically be useful in preventing renarcotization events in which opioid intoxication recurs following quick metabolism of naloxone. Our results as a whole demonstrate that monoclonal antibodies could be a desirable treatment modality for synthetic opioid overdose and possibly opioid use disorder.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/antagonistas & inibidores , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Dor Nociceptiva/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Camundongos , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/química , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície
19.
Chem Res Toxicol ; 32(1): 113-121, 2019 01 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30380840

RESUMO

The leaves of the Mitragynine speciosia tree (also known as Kratom) have long been chewed, smoked, or brewed into a tea by people in Southeastern Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Thailand. Just this past year, the plant Kratom gained popularity in the United States as a "legal opioid" and scheduling it as a drug of abuse is currently pending. The primary alkaloid found in Kratom is a µ-opioid receptor agonist, mitragynine, whose structure contains a promising scaffold for immunopharmacological use. Although Kratom is regarded as a safe opioid alternative, here we report the LD50 values determined for its two main psychoactive alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, as comparable to heroin in mice when administered intravenously. Given Kratom's recent emergence in the U.S., there is currently no diagnostic test available for law enforcement or health professionals, so we sought to design such an assay. Mitragynine was used as a starting point for hapten design, resulting in a hapten with an ether linker extending from the C9 position of the alkaloid. Bacterial flagellin (FliC) was chosen as a carrier protein for active immunization in mice, yielding 32 potential monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for assay development. Antimitragynine mAbs in the range of micro- to nanomolar affinities were uncovered and their utility in producing a convenient lateral flow detection assay of human fluid samples was examined. Antibodies were screened for binding to mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and performance in lateral flow assays. Two monoclonal antibodies were subcloned and further purified with 93 and 362 nM affinity to mitragynine. Test strip assays were optimized with a detection cut off of 0.5 µg/mL for mitragynine in buffer and urine (reflecting projected clinically relevant levels of drug in urine), which could be beneficial to law enforcement agencies and health professionals as the opioid epidemic in America continues to evolve.


Assuntos
Mitragyna/química , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Alcaloides de Triptamina e Secologanina/análise , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/análise , Anticorpos Monoclonais/biossíntese , Injeções Intravenosas , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Alcaloides de Triptamina e Secologanina/administração & dosagem , Alcaloides de Triptamina e Secologanina/toxicidade , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície
20.
Bioorg Med Chem ; 27(1): 125-132, 2019 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30497790

RESUMO

Heroin is a highly abused opioid that has reached epidemic status within the United States. Yet, existing therapies to treat addiction are inadequate and frequently result into rates of high recidivism. Vaccination against heroin offers a promising alternative therapeutic option but requires further development to enhance the vaccine's performance. Hsp70 is a conserved protein with known immunomodulatory properties and is considered an excellent immunodominant antigen. Within an antidrug vaccine context, we envisioned Hsp70 as a potential dual carrier-adjuvant, wherein immunogenicity would be increased by co-localization of adjuvant and antigenic drug hapten. Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 was appended with heroin haptens and the resulting immunoconjugate granted anti-heroin antibody production and blunted heroin-induced antinociception. Moreover, Hsp70 as a carrier protein surpassed our benchmark Her-KLH cocktail through antibody-mediated blockade of 6-acetylmorphine, the main mediator of heroin's psychoactivity. The work presents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-Hsp70 conjugates to elicit anti-drug immune responses.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/imunologia , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP70/química , Haptenos/imunologia , Heroína/imunologia , Imunoconjugados/imunologia , Vacinas/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Compostos de Alúmen/química , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Escherichia coli/genética , Haptenos/química , Imunoconjugados/química , Masculino , Camundongos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Vacinas/síntese química , Vacinas/química
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