RESUMO
Radiation-induced cutaneous ulcers are a challenging medical problem for patients receiving radiation therapy. The inhibition of cell senescence has been suggested as a prospective strategy to prevent radiation ulcers. However, there is no effective treatment for senescent cells in radiation ulcers. In this study, we investigated whether zileuton alleviated radiation-induced cutaneous ulcer by focusing on cell senescence. We demonstrate increased cell senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in irradiated dermal fibroblasts and skin tissue. The SASP secreted from senescent cells induces senescence in adjacent cells. In addition, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression increased in irradiated dermal fibroblasts and skin tissue, and SASP and cell senescence were regulated by 5-LO through p38 phosphorylation. Finally, the inhibition of 5-LO following treatment with zileuton inhibited SASP and mitigated radiation ulcers in animal models. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of SASP from senescent cells by zileuton can effectively mitigate radiation-induced cutaneous ulcers, indicating that inhibition of 5-LO might be a viable strategy for patients with this condition.
Assuntos
Fibroblastos , Úlcera , Animais , Senescência Celular , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Hidroxiureia/análogos & derivados , Fenótipo , Roedores , Fenótipo Secretor Associado à Senescência , Úlcera/metabolismoRESUMO
Intestinal injury is observed in cancer patients after radiotherapy and in individuals exposed to radiation after a nuclear accident. Radiation disrupts normal vascular homeostasis in the gastrointestinal system by inducing endothelial damage and senescence. Despite advances in medical technology, the toxicity of radiation to healthy tissue remains an issue. To address this issue, we investigated the effect of atorvastatin, a commonly prescribed hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, on radiation-induced enteropathy and inflammatory responses. We selected atorvastatin based on its pleiotropic anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. We found that atorvastatin mitigated radiation-induced endothelial damage by regulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mouse model. PAI-1 secreted by HUVECs contributed to endothelial dysfunction and trans-endothelial monocyte migration after radiation exposure. We observed that PAI-1 production and secretion was inhibited by atorvastatin in irradiated HUVECs and radiation-induced enteropathy mouse model. More specifically, atorvastatin inhibited PAI-1 production following radiation through the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. Together, our findings suggest that atorvastatin alleviates radiation-induced enteropathy and supports the investigation of atorvastatin as a radio-mitigator in patients receiving radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Atorvastatina/farmacologia , Raios gama/efeitos adversos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Enteropatias/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/metabolismo , Migração Transendotelial e Transepitelial , Animais , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/patologia , Humanos , Enteropatias/patologia , Camundongos , Monócitos/patologia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/patologia , Migração Transendotelial e Transepitelial/efeitos dos fármacos , Migração Transendotelial e Transepitelial/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Delayed wound healing after radiation exposure can cause serious cutaneous damage, and its treatment is a major clinical challenge. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in regenerative medicine, they alone do not produce satisfactory effects in a combined radiation and wound injury (CRWI) model. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of combined umbilical cord blood-derived (UCB)-MSCs and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment on wound healing in a CRWI mouse model. First, we assessed the release of cytokines from UCB-MSCs cultured with PRP and observed changes in the expression of angiogenic factors. The angiogenic paracrine factors from UCB-MSCs cultured with PRP were assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To assess therapeutic efficacy, UCB-MSCs and PRP were topically implanted into a CRWT mouse model. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and contributor to VEGF-induced signalling were more highly expressed in conditioned media of UCB-MSCs cultured with PRP than in that of UCB-MSCs alone. Furthermore, conditioned media of UCB-MSCs cultured with PRP increased the formation of tube-like structures in HUVECs. Co-treatment of UCB-MSCs and PRP in a CRWI mouse model increased the wound closure rate and angiogenesis compared with an untreated irradiated group. Moreover, increased expression of VEGF and CD31 were observed in the wound tissue of co-treated mice compared with untreated irradiated mice. PRP stimulates the release of angiogenic factors from UCB-MSCs, and combined therapy of UCB-MSCs and PRP improves regeneration efficacy by enhancing angiogenesis in a CRWI model.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/fisiologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Comunicação Parácrina/fisiologia , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Cicatrização/fisiologia , Animais , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Endotelina-1/genética , Endotelina-1/metabolismo , Sangue Fetal/citologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/genética , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Cicatrização/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Intestinal organoids have recently emerged as an in vitro model relevant to the gut system owing to their recapitulation of the native intestinal epithelium with crypt-villus architecture. However, it is unclear whether intestinal organoids reflect the physiology of the in vivo stress response. Here, we systemically investigated the radiation response in organoids and animal models using mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM), which contains secreted paracrine factors. Irradiated organoids exhibited sequential induction of viability loss and regrowth after irradiation (within 12 days), similar to the response of the native intestinal epithelium. Notably, treatment with MSC-CM facilitated the reproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and restoration of damaged crypt-villus structures in both models. Furthermore, Wnt/Notch signaling pathways were commonly upregulated by MSC-CM, but not radiation, and pharmacologically selective inhibition of Wnt or Notch signaling attenuated the enhanced recovery of irradiated organoids, with increases in ISCs, following MSC-CM treatment. Interestingly, the expression of Wnt4, Wnt7a, and active ß-catenin was increased, but not notch family members, in MSC-CM-treated organoid after irradiation. Treatment of recombinant mouse Wnt4 and Wnt7a after irradiation improved to some extent intestinal epithelial regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results suggested that intestinal organoids recapitulated the physiological stress response of the intestinal epithelium in vivo. Thus, our findings provided important insights into the physiology of intestinal organoids and may contribute to the development of strategies to enhance the functional maturation of engineered organoids.
Assuntos
Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Organoides/metabolismo , Regeneração/efeitos dos fármacos , Raios X/efeitos adversos , Animais , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Regeneração/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Although radiotherapy plays a crucial in the management of pelvic tumors, its toxicity on surrounding healthy tissues such as the small intestine, colon, and rectum is one of the major limitations associated with its use. In particular, proctitis is a major clinical complication of pelvic radiotherapy. Recent evidence suggests that endothelial injury significantly affects the initiation of radiation-induced inflammation. The damaged endothelial cells accelerate immune cell recruitment by activating the expression of endothelial adhesive molecules, which participate in the development of tissue damage. Pravastatin, a cholesterol lowering drug, exerts persistent anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects on irradiated endothelial cells and inhibits the interaction of leukocytes and damaged endothelial cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of pravastatin on radiation-induced endothelial damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cell and a murine proctitis model. Pravastatin attenuated epithelial damage and inflammatory response in irradiated colorectal lesions. In particular, pravastatin improved radiation-induced endothelial damage by regulating thrombomodulin (TM) expression. In addition, exogenous TM inhibited leukocyte adhesion to the irradiated endothelial cells. Thus, pravastatin can inhibit endothelial damage by inducing TM, thereby alleviating radiation proctitis. Therefore, we suggest that pharmacological modulation of endothelial TM may limit intestinal inflammation after irradiation.
Assuntos
Células Endoteliais/citologia , Pravastatina/administração & dosagem , Proctite/tratamento farmacológico , Trombomodulina/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Endoteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/efeitos da radiação , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Pravastatina/farmacologia , Proctite/etiologia , Células THP-1RESUMO
Hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2) is suggested to play a critical role in malignancy and is abnormally expressed in many carcinomas. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) malignancy and specific signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we report that HAS2 was markedly increased in both CRC tissue and malignant CRC cell lines. Depletion of HAS2 in HCT116 and DLD1 cells, which express high levels of HAS2, critically increased sensitivity of radiation/oxaliplatin-mediated apoptotic cell death. Moreover, downregulation of HAS2 suppressed migration, invasion and metastasis in nude mice. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of HAS2 in SW480 cells, which express low levels of HAS2, showed the opposite effect. Notably, HAS2 loss- and gain-of-function experiments revealed that it regulates CRC malignancy through TGF-ß expression and SMAD2/Snail downstream components. Collectively, our findings suggest that HAS2 contributes to malignant phenotypes of CRC, at least partly, through activation of the TGF-ß signaling pathway, and shed light on the novel mechanisms behind the constitutive activation of HAS2 signaling in CRC, thereby highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Hialuronan Sintases/metabolismo , Tolerância a Radiação , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Hialuronan Sintases/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Invasividade Neoplásica , Transplante de Neoplasias , Análise Serial de Tecidos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The skin is impacted by every form of external radiation therapy. However, effective therapeutic options for severe, acute radiation-induced skin reactions are limited. Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known to improve cutaneous wound healing, its effects in the context of high-dose irradiation are still poorly understood. METHODS: We investigated the regenerative functions of PRP by subjecting the dorsal skin of mice to local irradiation (40 Gy) and exposing HaCaT cells to gamma rays (5 Gy). The cutaneous benefits of PRP were gauged by wound size, histologic features, immunostains, western blot, and transepithelial water loss (TEWL). To assess the molecular effects of PRP on keratinocytes of healing radiation-induced wounds, we evaluated AKT signaling. RESULTS: Heightened expression of keratin 14 (K14) was documented in irradiated HaCaT cells and skin tissue, although the healing capacity of injured HaCaT cells declined. By applying PRP, this capacity was restored via augmented AKT signaling. In our mouse model, PRP use achieved the following: (1) healing of desquamated skin, acutely injured by radiation; (2) activated AKT signaling, improving migration and proliferation of K14 cells; (3) greater expression of involucrin in keratin 10 cells and sebaceous glands; and (4) reduced TEWL, strengthening the cutaneous barrier function. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that PRP enhances the functions of K14 cells via AKT signaling, accelerating the regeneration of irradiated skin. These wound-healing benefits may have merit in a clinical setting.
Assuntos
Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Lesões por Radiação/complicações , Transdução de Sinais , Pele/lesões , Cicatrização , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos da radiação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Queratinócitos/patologia , Queratinócitos/efeitos da radiação , Queratinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos da radiação , Pele/patologia , Pele/efeitos da radiação , Cicatrização/efeitos da radiação , Raios XRESUMO
Radiation-induced enteropathy remains a major complication after accidental or therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation. Recent evidence suggests that intestinal microvascular damage significantly affects the development of radiation enteropathy. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a promising tool to regenerate various tissues, including skin and intestine. Further, photobiomodulation (PBM), or low-level light therapy, can accelerate wound healing, especially by stimulating angiogenesis, and stem cells are particularly susceptible to PBM. Here, we explored the effect of PBM on the therapeutic potential of MSCs for the management of radiation enteropathy. In vitro, using human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs, PBM increased proliferation and self-renewal. Intriguingly, the conditioned medium from MSCs treated with PBM attenuated irradiation-induced apoptosis and impaired tube formation in vascular endothelial cells, and these protective effects were associated with the upregulation of several angiogenic factors. In a mouse model of radiation-induced enteropathy, treatment with PBM-preconditioned MSCs alleviated mucosal destruction, improved crypt cell proliferation and epithelial barrier functions, and significantly attenuated the loss of microvascular endothelial cells in the irradiated intestinal mucosa. This treatment also significantly increased angiogenesis in the lamina propria. Together, we suggest that PBM enhances the angiogenic potential of MSCs, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of radiation-induced enteropathy.
Assuntos
Síndrome Aguda da Radiação/terapia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/métodos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/métodos , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Proteínas Angiogênicas/genética , Proteínas Angiogênicas/metabolismo , Animais , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/irrigação sanguínea , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Radiation-induced colitis is a common clinical problem associated with radiotherapy and accidental exposure to ionizing radiation. Goblet cells play a pivotal role in the intestinal barrier against pathogenic bacteria. Rebamipide, an anti-gastric ulcer drug, has the effects to promote goblet cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether radiation-induced colonic injury could be alleviated by rebamipide. METHODS: This study orally administered rebamipide for 6 days to mice, which were subjected to 13 Gy abdominal irradiation, to evaluate the therapeutic effects of rebamipide against radiation-induced colitis. To confirm the effects of rebamipide on irradiated colonic epithelial cells, this study used the HT29 cell line. RESULTS: Rebamipide clearly alleviated the acute radiation-induced colitis, as reflected by the histopathological data, and significantly increased the number of goblet cells. The drug also inhibited intestinal inflammation and protected from bacterial translocation during acute radiation-induced colitis. Furthermore, rebamipide significantly increased mucin 2 expression in both the irradiated mouse colon and human colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, rebamipide accelerated not only the recovery of defective tight junctions but also the differentiation of impaired goblet cells in an irradiated colonic epithelium, which indicates that rebamipide has beneficial effects on the colon. CONCLUSIONS: Rebamipide is a therapeutic candidate for radiation-induced colitis, owing to its ability to inhibit inflammation and protect the colonic epithelial barrier.
Assuntos
Alanina/análogos & derivados , Antiulcerosos/farmacologia , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/patologia , Células Caliciformes/citologia , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/complicações , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Alanina/farmacologia , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Colite/etiologia , Colo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/efeitos da radiação , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HT29 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucina-2/genética , Mucina-2/metabolismo , Radiação IonizanteRESUMO
Radiation-induced skin injury can take the form of serious cutaneous damage and have specific characteristics. Asymptomatic periods are classified as the latent stage. The skin barrier plays a critical role in the modulation of skin permeability and hydration and protects the body against a harsh external environment. However, an analysis on skin barrier dysfunction against radiation exposure in the latent stage has not been conducted. Thus, we investigated whether the skin barrier is impaired by irradiation in the latent stage and aimed to identify the molecules involved in skin barrier dysfunction. We analyzed skin barrier function and its components in SKH1 mice that received 20 and 40 Gy local irradiation. Increased transepidermal water loss and skin pH were observed in the latent stage of the irradiated skin. Skin barrier components, such as structural proteins and lipid synthesis enzymes in keratinocyte, increased in the irradiated group. Interestingly, we noted sebaceous gland atrophy and increased serine protease and inflammatory cytokines in the irradiated skin during the latent period. This finding indicates that the main factor of skin barrier dysfunction in the latent stage of radiation-induced skin injury is sebaceous gland deficiency, which could be an intervention target for skin barrier impairment.
Assuntos
Lesões por Radiação/patologia , Glândulas Sebáceas/patologia , Pele/patologia , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Masculino , Camundongos , Lesões por Radiação/metabolismo , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Radiation-induced enteritis is a major side effect in cancer patients undergoing abdominopelvic radiotherapy. Radiation exposure produces an uncontrolled inflammatory cascade and epithelial cell loss leading to impaired epithelial barrier function. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of rebamipide on regeneration of the intestinal epithelia after radiation injury. The abdomens of C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 13Gy of irradiation (IR) and then the mice were treated with rebamipide. Upon IR, intestinal epithelia were destroyed structurally at the microscopic level and bacterial translocation was increased. The intestinal damage reached a maximum level on day 6 post-IR and intestinal regeneration occurred thereafter. We found that rebamipide significantly ameliorated radiation-induced intestinal injury. In mice treated with rebamipide after IR, intestinal barrier function recovered and expression of the tight junction components of the intestinal barrier were upregulated. Rebamipide administration reduced radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were significantly reduced upon rebamipide administration. Intestinal cell proliferation and ß-catenin expression also increased upon rebamipide administration. These data demonstrate that rebamipide reverses impairment of the intestinal barrier by increasing intestinal cell proliferation and attenuating the inflammatory response by inhibiting MMP9 and proinflammatory cytokine expression in a murine model of radiation-induced enteritis.
Assuntos
Alanina/análogos & derivados , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Alanina/farmacologia , Animais , Translocação Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Translocação Bacteriana/efeitos da radiação , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citoproteção , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Enterite/metabolismo , Enterite/patologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos da radiação , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/metabolismo , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/patologia , Junções Íntimas/efeitos dos fármacos , Junções Íntimas/metabolismo , Junções Íntimas/patologia , Junções Íntimas/efeitos da radiação , Fatores de Tempo , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AIMS: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising agent for treating impaired wound healing, and their therapeutic potential may be enhanced by employing extracellular matrix scaffolds as cell culture scaffolds or transplant cell carriers. Here, we evaluated the effect of human umbilical cord blood-derived (hUCB)-MSCs and a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS)-derived extracellular matrix scaffold in a combined radiation-wound mouse model of impaired wound healing. METHODS: hUCB-MSCs and SIS hydrogel composite was applied to the excisional wound of whole-body irradiated mice. Assessment of wound closing and histological evaluation were performed in vivo. We also cultured hUCB-MSCs on SIS gel and examined the angiogenic effect of conditioned medium on irradiated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. RESULTS: hUCB-MSCs and SIS hydrogel composite treatment enhanced wound healing and angiogenesis in the wound site of mice. Conditioned medium from hUCB-MSCs cultured on SIS hydrogel promoted the chemotaxis of irradiated HUVECs more than their proliferation. The secretion of angiogenic growth factors hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-A and angiopoietin-1 from hUCB-MSCs was significantly increased by SIS hydrogel, with HGF being the predominant angiogenic factor of irradiated HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the wound healing effect of hUCB-MSCs is enhanced by SIS hydrogel via a paracrine factor-mediated recruitment of vascular endothelial cells in a combined radiation-wound mouse model.
Assuntos
Sangue Fetal/citologia , Hidrogel de Polietilenoglicol-Dimetacrilato/farmacologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/métodos , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/terapia , Cicatrização , Angiopoietina-1/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacologia , Matriz Extracelular/química , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/química , Masculino , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neovascularização Fisiológica/fisiologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica/efeitos da radiação , Suínos , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Skin dermis includes various types of multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) and a subpopulation of dermal fibroblasts that exhibit the ability to differentiate. However, characterization of this dermal fibroblast subtype remains less understood. In this study, we isolated dermal cells from the skin of newborn C57/B6 mice and investigated their characteristics. Isolated murine dermal cells exhibited a fibroblast phenotype as judged by accepted criteria including a lack of MSC-related antigens and the differentiation potential of MSCs, and the positive expression of fibroblast markers. A comparative analysis demonstrated that CD73(-) CD105(+) but not CD73(-) CD105(-) dermal fibroblasts exhibited some of the functional properties of MSCs. Furthermore, the multipotent phenotype of CD73(-) CD105(+) cells was diminished by treatment of CD105 siRNA and shRNA, indicating that CD105 expression was critical for the retention of differentiation potential of those cells. Overall, these results suggest that CD73(-) CD105(+) cells are a distinct subset of dermal fibroblasts with multipotency and that their surface antigens could help to classify this subpopulation. These cells may contribute to the regeneration of damaged tissue.
Assuntos
5'-Nucleotidase/biossíntese , Derme/citologia , Endoglina/biossíntese , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , 5'-Nucleotidase/imunologia , 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolismo , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superfície/imunologia , Antígenos de Superfície/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Derme/imunologia , Derme/metabolismo , Endoglina/imunologia , Endoglina/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células-Tronco Multipotentes/classificação , Células-Tronco Multipotentes/metabolismo , Pele/citologia , Pele/imunologia , Pele/metabolismoRESUMO
The molecular events leading to radiation-induced intestinal barrier failure are not well known. The influence of the expression of claudin proteins in the presence and absence of neurotensin was investigated in radiation-exposed rat intestinal epithelium. Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, irradiation, and irradiation+neurotensin groups, and bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph node and expression of claudins were determined. Irradiation led to intestinal barrier failure as demonstrated by significant bacterial translocation. In irradiated terminal ilea, expression of claudin-3 and claudin-4 was significantly decreased, and claudin-2 expression was increased. Administration of neurotensin significantly reduced bacterial translocation and restored the structure of the villi as seen by histologic examination. Among the three subtype of claudins, only claudin-3 expression was restored. These results suggest that the therapeutic effect of neurotensin on the disruption of the intestinal barrier is associated with claudin-3 alteration and that claudin-3 could be used as a marker in evaluating radiation-induced intestinal injury.
Assuntos
Claudina-3/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Íleo/metabolismo , Íleo/efeitos da radiação , Intestinos/efeitos da radiação , Neurotensina/metabolismo , Animais , Translocação Bacteriana , Claudina-4/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Íleo/microbiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/microbiologia , Linfonodos/microbiologia , Masculino , Permeabilidade , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) with mutational activation of KRAS is observed frequently. In addition, PIK3CA mutations commonly coexist with KRAS mutations and lead to additive activation of the PI3K/MTOR signaling pathway. Here, we investigated how CRC cells that harbor KRAS and PIK3CA mutations affect sensitivity to inhibition of PI3K/MTOR with NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235). We selected CRC patient samples and assessed their mutational status. CRC patients with KRAS or PIK3CA mutations show activation of AKT and MTOR, particularly when KRAS and PIK3CA mutations coexist. Suppression of PI3K/MTOR by BEZ235 results in a growth inhibitory effect and enhanced apoptosis via BIM activation in KRAS mutant cells. Mutational activation of KRAS when accompanied by a PIK3CA mutation converges at PI3K/MTOR pathway activation, resulting in resistance to BEZ235. BIM knockdown blocked the apoptotic response to BEZ235 in KRAS mutant cells, suggesting that PI3K inhibition leads to BIM accumulation. Moreover, BEZ235 treatment resulted in induction of FOXO3A activity and its induced transcription of BIM activation, which sensitized cells to cytotoxic agents leading to apoptosis in double mutant cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that targeting PI3K/MTOR sensitizes cells to apoptosis, implying that activation of PI3K/MTOR signaling via KRAS or PIK3CA mutation is an important pathway in CRC cell growth. Based on these results, coexistent KRAS and PIK3CA mutations confer resistance to BEZ235 via suppression of BIM-induced apoptosis, suggesting that combined treatment with conventional chemoagents is a potential strategy in the clinic.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Genes ras , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Mutação , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Classe I de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Neoplasias Colorretais/enzimologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Shoulder disorders impair the ability to work. In most cases, the primary symptoms caused by shoulder disorders consist of pain and limitations in the range of motion. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of motion style acupuncture treatment (MSAT), a conservative treatment modality for shoulder disorders. DESIGN: prospective observational study SETTING: A Korean Medicine hospital PATIENTS: Eighty outpatients with shoulder disorders INTERVENTION: Either MSAT with integrative Korean medicine treatment (MSAT group; n = 40) or integrative Korean medicine treatment only (control group; n = 40). OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the shoulder range of motion (ROM), and the secondary outcomes were the numeric rating scale (NRS), visual analog scale (VAS), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and 5-level EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D-5L) scores. RESULTS: At the primary endpoint (2 weeks from the start of the treatment), the MSAT group showed statistically significantly larger ROM for all motions, except adduction ROM, compared to the control group [Flexion ROM (165.10±4.14 vs. 150.49±4.06; P<0.001), extension ROM (43.24±1.55 vs. 40.56±1.51; P<0.05), abduction ROM (160.92±5.68 vs. 134.95±5.54; P<0.001), internal rotation ROM (73.38±2.96 vs. 65.00±2.89; P<0.001), and external rotation ROM (73.78±3.61 vs. 65.88±3.50; P<0.01)]. Additionally, the MSAT group showed significantly lower NRS, SPADI scores at week 2 than the control group; this trend was maintained until the 3-month follow-up.
Assuntos
Terapia por Acupuntura , Articulação do Ombro , Humanos , Ombro , Dor de Ombro/terapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Terapia por Acupuntura/efeitos adversos , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUD: Exposure to high-dose radiation, such as after a nuclear accident or radiotherapy, elicits severe intestinal damage and is associated with a high mortality rate. In treating patients exhibiting radiation-induced intestinal dysfunction, countermeasures to radiation are required. In principle, the cellular event underlying radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome is intestinal stem cell (ISC) apoptosis in the crypts. High-dose irradiation induces the loss of ISCs and impairs intestinal barrier function, including epithelial regeneration and integrity. Notch signaling plays a critical role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium and regulates ISC self-renewal. Ghrelin, a hormone produced mainly by enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract, has diverse physiological and biological functions. PURPOSE: We investigate whether ghrelin mitigates radiation-induced enteropathy, focusing on its role in maintaining epithelial function. METHODS: To investigate the effect of ghrelin in radiation-induced epithelial damage, we analyzed proliferation and Notch signaling in human intestinal epithelial cell. And we performed histological analysis, inflammatory response, barrier functional assays, and expression of notch related gene and epithelial stem cell using a mouse model of radiation-induced enteritis. RESULTS: In this study, we found that ghrelin treatment accelerated the reversal of radiation-induced epithelial damage including barrier dysfunction and defective self-renewing property of ISCs by activating Notch signaling. Exogenous injection of ghrelin also attenuated the severity of radiation-induced intestinal injury in a mouse model. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that ghrelin may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for radiation-induced enteropathy.
Assuntos
Grelina/farmacologia , Enteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos da radiação , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Enteropatias/etiologia , Enteropatias/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Lesões por Radiação , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos da radiação , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco/patologia , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacos , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Cutaneous radiation injury (CRI) is a skin injury caused by exposure to high dose ionizing radiation (IR). Diagnosis and treatment of CRI is difficult due to its initial clinically latent period and the following inflammatory bursts. Early detection of CRI before clinical symptoms will be helpful for effective treatment, and various optical methods have been applied with limitations. Here we show that optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) could detect changes in the skin during the latent period in CRI mouse models non-invasively. CRI was induced on the mouse hindlimb with exposure to various IR doses and the injured skin regions were imaged longitudinally by OCTA until the onset of clinical symptoms. OCTA detected several changes in the skin including the skin thickening, the dilation of large blood vessels, and the irregularity in vessel boundaries. Some of OCTA findings were confirmed by histology. The study results showed that OCTA could be used for early CRI detection.
RESUMO
Background and Aims: Radiation-induced intestinal injury occurred in application of radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic cancers or in nuclear accidents. Radiation-induced enteritis may be considered an ideal model of gastrointestinal inflammation. The endothelium is a crucial component of inflammation, and the endothelial dysfunction following radiation exposure induces the intestinal proinflammatory response and progression of radiation enteritis. Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavonoid) is a flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis used in oriental herbal medicine. Baicalein has been found to have multiple beneficial properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-cancer activities. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of baicalein on endothelial dysfunction in radiation-induced intestinal inflammation. Materials and Methods: We performed histological analysis, bacterial translocation, and intestinal permeability assays and also assessed infiltration of leukocytes and inflammatory cytokine expression using a mouse model of radiation-induced enteritis. In addition, to investigate the effect of baicalein in endothelial dysfunction, we analyzed endothelial-derived adherent molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and irradiated intestinal tissue. Results: Histological damage such as shortening of villi length and impaired intestinal crypt function was observed in the radiation-induced enteritis mouse model. Intestinal damage was attenuated in baicalein-treated groups with improvement of intestinal barrier function. Baicalein inhibited the expression of radiation-induced adherent molecules in HUVECs and intestine of irradiated mouse and decreased leukocyte infiltration in the radiation-induced enteritis. Conclusions: Baicalein could accelerate crypt regeneration via recovery of endothelial damage. Therefore, baicalein has a therapeutic effect on radiation-induced intestinal inflammation by attenuating endothelial damage.
RESUMO
Cutaneous radiation injury (CRI) is a skin injury caused by high-dose exposure of ionizing radiation (IR). For proper treatment, early detection of CRI before clinical symptoms is important. Optical microscopic techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and 2-photon microscopy (TPM) have been tested as the early diagnosis method by detecting cellular changes. In this study, RCM and TPM were compared in the detection of cellular changes caused by CRI in an in vivo mouse model. CRI was induced on the mouse hindlimb skin with various IR doses and the injured skin regions were imaged longitudinally by both modalities until the onset of clinical symptoms. Both RCM and TPM detected the changes of epidermal cells and sebaceous glands before clinical symptoms in different optical contrasts. RCM detected changes of cell morphology and scattering property based on light reflection. TPM detected detail changes of cellular structures based on autofluorescence of cells. Since both RCM and TPM were sensitive to the early stage CRI by using different contrasts, the optimal method for clinical CRI diagnosis could be either individual methods or their combination.