Neurocritical care complications and interventions influence the outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: This observational study was performed to show the impact of complications and interventions during neurocritical care on the outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: We analyzed 203 cases treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms, which were classified regarding clinical outcome after one year according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). We reviewed the data with reference to the occurrence of typical complications and interventions in neurocritical care units. RESULTS: Decompressive craniectomy (odds ratio 21.77 / 6.17 ; p < 0.0001 / p = 0.013), sepsis (odds ratio 14.67 / 6.08 ; p = 0.037 / 0.033) and hydrocephalus (odds ratio 3.71 / 6.46 ; p = 0.010 / 0.00095) were significant predictors for poor outcome and death after one year beside "World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies" (WFNS) grade (odds ratio 3.86 / 4.67 ; p < 0.0001 / p < 0.0001) and age (odds ratio 1.06 / 1.10 ; p = 0.0030 / p < 0.0001) in our multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression model). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, decompressive craniectomy, sepsis and hydrocephalus significantly influence the outcome and occurrence of death after aneurysmal SAH.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for detection of postoperative intracranial pyogenic abscesses in neurosurgery.

BACKGROUND: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-DWI) is the modality of choice for detecting intracranial abscesses; however, it is unclear whether prior brain surgery has an influence on its diagnostic value. Thus, we assessed the robustness of MRI-DWI and determination of an ADC cutoff value for detecting intracranial abscesses in patients who underwent brain surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 19 patients prior to surgery for postoperative supratentorial parenchymal abscesses by means of MRI-DWI. Forty randomly selected patients with routine postoperative MRI-DWI were used for comparative analyses. Clinical and serum biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, white blood cell count) as well as from results of early postoperative imaging findings (computed tomography and/or MRI scan) were recorded. Additionally, ADC values, T1±gadolinium, and T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences were investigated. RESULTS: After initial surgery, early postoperative control imaging showed evidence of hemorrhage and/or hemostatic agents within the resection cavity in 10/19 patients of the abscess group and in 16/40 patients of the control group. No postoperative ischemia was detected. Neither hemostatic agents nor blood affected the mean ADC values in both the reference group (blood 2.96 ± 0.22 × 10-3 mm2/s vs. no blood 2.95 ± 0.26 × 10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.076) and in the abscess group (blood 0.87 ± 0.07 × 10-3 mm2/s vs. no blood 0.76 ± 0.06 × 10-3 mm2/s, p = 0.128). The mean ADC value within the resection cavity was significantly lower in the abscess group (1.5 T 0.88 ± 0.41 vs. 2.88 ± 0.20 × 10-3 mm2/s, p < .01; 3.0 T 0.75 ± 0.24 vs. 3.02 ± 0.26 × 10-3 mm2/s, p < 0.01). The optimal ADC cut-off for the differentiation of an abscess from normal postoperative findings was found at 1.87 × 10-3 mm2/s (area-under-the-curve 1.0, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 100%). Moreover, no differences between the abscess patients and the control group were seen with respect to the analyzed serum biomarkers. CONCLUSION: MRI-DWI provides a robust tool to discriminate postoperative abscess formation from normal postoperative changes.

Early CT perfusion mismatch in acute stroke is not time-dependent but relies on collateralization grade.

INTRODUCTION: Factors that determine the extent of the penumbra in the initial diagnostic workup using whole brain CT Perfusion (WB-CTP) remain unclear. The purpose of the current study was to determine a possible dependency of the initial mismatch size between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) from time after symptom onset, leptomeningeal collateralization, and occlusion localization in acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarctions. METHODS: Out of an existing cohort of 992 consecutive patients receiving multiparametric CT scans including WB-CTP due to suspected stroke, we included patients who had (1) a witnessed time of symptom onset, (2) an infarction of the MCA territory as documented by follow-up imaging, and (3) an initial CBF volume of >10 ml. CBF and CBV lesion sizes, collateralization grade, and the site of occlusion were determined. RESULTS: We included 103 patients. Univariate analysis showed that time from symptom onset (168 +/- 91.2 min) did not correlate with relative or absolute mismatch volumes (p = 0.458 and p = 0.921). Higher collateralization gradings were associated with small absolute mismatch volumes (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001). Internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusions were associated with large absolute mismatch volumes (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis confirmed that ICA occlusion was associated with large absolute mismatch volumes (p = 0.005), and high collateral grade was associated with small absolute mismatch volumes (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant correlation between initial CTP mismatch and time after symptom onset. Predictors of mismatch size include the extent of the collaterals and a proximal location of the occlusion.

Diagnostic accuracy of whole-brain CT perfusion in the detection of acute infratentorial infarctions.

INTRODUCTION: Although the diagnostic performance of whole-brain computed tomographic perfusion (WB-CTP) in the detection of supratentorial infarctions is well established, its value in the detection of infratentorial strokes remains less well defined. We examined its diagnostic accuracy in the detection of infratentorial infarctions and compared it to nonenhanced computed tomography (NECT), aiming to identify factors influencing its detection rate. METHODS: Out of a cohort of 1380 patients who underwent WB-CTP due to suspected stroke, we retrospectively included all patients with MRI-confirmed infratentorial strokes and compared it to control patients without infratentorial strokes. Two blinded readers evaluated NECT and four different CTP maps independently for the presence and location of infratentorial ischemic perfusion deficits. RESULTS: The study was designed as a retrospective case-control study and included 280 patients (cases/controls = 1/3). WB-CTP revealed a greater diagnostic sensitivity than NECT (41.4 vs. 17.1 %, P = 0.003). The specificity, however, was comparable (93.3 vs. 95.0 %). Mean transit time (MTT) and time to drain (TTD) were the most sensitive (41.4 and 40.0 %) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) the most specific (99.5 %) perfusion maps. Infarctions detected using WB-CTP were significantly larger than those not detected (15.0 vs. 2.2 ml; P = 0.0007); infarct location, however, did not influence the detection rate. CONCLUSION: The detection of infratentorial infarctions can be improved by assessing WB-CTP as part of the multimodal stroke workup. However, it remains a diagnostic challenge, especially small volume infarctions in the brainstem are likely to be missed.

Different Imaging Strategies in Patients With Possible Basilar Artery Occlusion: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of different noninvasive imaging strategies in patients with possible basilar artery occlusion. METHODS: A Markov decision analytic model was used to evaluate long-term outcomes resulting from strategies using computed tomographic angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance imaging, nonenhanced CT, or duplex ultrasound with intravenous (IV) thrombolysis being administered after positive findings. The analysis was performed from the societal perspective based on US recommendations. Input parameters were derived from the literature. Costs were obtained from United States costing sources and published literature. Outcomes were lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, and net monetary benefits, with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $80,000 per QALY. The strategy with the highest net monetary benefit was considered the most cost-effective. Extensive deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to explore the effect of varying parameter values. RESULTS: In the reference case analysis, CTA dominated all other imaging strategies. CTA yielded 0.02 QALYs more than magnetic resonance imaging and 0.04 QALYs more than duplex ultrasound followed by CTA. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $80,000 per QALY, CTA yielded the highest net monetary benefits. The probability that CTA is cost-effective was 96% at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $80,000/QALY. Sensitivity analyses showed that duplex ultrasound was cost-effective only for a prior probability of ≤0.02 and that these results were only minimally influenced by duplex ultrasound sensitivity and specificity. Nonenhanced CT and magnetic resonance imaging never became the most cost-effective strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CTA in patients with possible basilar artery occlusion is cost-effective.

Vertebral artery hypoplasia: frequency and effect on cerebellar blood flow characteristics.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) is supposed to be a risk factor for posterior circulation ischemia (PCI), particularly in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The aim of our study was to determine whether VAH impedes perfusion in the dependent PICA territory even in the absence of manifest PCI. METHODS: VA diameter was retrospectively measured in 934 consecutive patients who underwent whole-brain multimodal computed tomography because of suspected stroke. VAH was defined by a diameter of ≤2 mm and an asymmetry ratio of ≤1:1.7 of both VAs. We performed blinded computed tomography perfusion reading in patients with VAH without PCI (MRI-confirmed) and in control patients (ratio 1:2) with normal VAs. Four different perfusion maps were evaluated for a relative hypoperfusion in the PICA territory. RESULTS: VAH was found in 146 of 934 patients (15.6%). It was more frequent on the right side (66.1%). Of 146 patients, 59 without PCI qualified for computed tomography perfusion analysis. Depending on the perfusion map, ≤42.4% (25/59) of patients with VAH, but only 7.6% (9/118) without VAH, showed an ipsilateral PICA hypoperfusion (P<0.001). Sensitivities in patients with VAH were as follows: time to drain 42.4% (25/59)>mean transit time 39.0% (23/59)>cerebral blood flow 25.4% (15/59). Cerebral blood volume was never affected. CONCLUSIONS: VAH is a frequent vascular variant that can lead to a relative regional hypoperfusion in the PICA territory. Additional research should clarify the pathophysiological role of VAH in PCI.

Enhanced infrared spectroscopy using small-gap antennas prepared with two-step evaporation nanosphere lithography.

We use nanosphere lithography in combination with two evaporation steps to create bow-tie like infrared antennas with small gaps. The angle of the sample with respect to the evaporation source is changed between two evaporation steps resulting in a displacement of the respective antenna arrays and, therefore, in decreased antenna-gaps. Furthermore, we demonstrate the gap-dependency of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy using the absorption band of the natural SiO(2)-layer of the silicon substrate and antennas with different gap size. A multi-oscillator-model is used to describe the Fano-like spectral coupling of the antenna resonances with the SiO(2) absorption band.

Pseudo-subarachnoid haemorrhage due to chronic hypoxaemia: case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The specificity of computed tomography (CT) for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is very high. However, physicians should be aware of rare false positive findings, also referred to as "pseudo-SAH". We present an unusual case in which such a finding was caused by chronic hypoxaemia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old male patient presented with headaches. His CT-scan showed multiple confluent subarachnoid hyperattenuations, which mimicked SAH. However, the headache was chronic and had no features typical for SAH. The patient suffered from severe chronic hypoxaemia due to congenital heart failure. On CT-angiography diffuse intracranial vessel proliferation was found and laboratory results revealed a highly raised level of haematocrit, which had both probably developed as compensatory mechanisms. A combination of these findings explained the subarachnoid hyperdensities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no signs of SAH and visualized hypoxaemia in cerebral veins. A diagnosis of pseudo-SAH was made. The patient's symptoms were likely due to a secondary headache attributed to hypoxia and/or hypercapnia. Therapy was symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Severe chronic hypoxaemia should be recognised as a rare cause of pseudo-SAH. Clinical evaluation and MRI help differentiate SAH from pseudo-SAH.

Femoral placement of totally implantable venous power ports as an alternative implantation site for patients with central vein occlusions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the indication, technical success, clinical outcome and safety of percutaneously placed totally implantable venous power ports (TIVPPs) in a femoral position in patients with contraindications to implantation in a standard position. METHODS: Retrospectively, we screened our interventional radiology department database between 12/2,009 and 3/2,013 to identify 1,729 patients with a port implantation. In 8/1,729 (0.47 %) patients (1 male, 7 female, mean age 55.5 ± 9.6 years) the TIVPP was implanted via the common femoral vein with the port placed in the anterior thigh. All devices were high-pressure injectable, implanted under local anaesthesia with sonographic as well as fluoroscopic guidance, and were tunnelled subcutaneously. Indication, technical success and complications were retrospectively analysed according to the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) criteria. RESULTS: Indications were planned chemotherapy for breast (n = 6) and oesophagus cancer (n = 1) as well as need for long-term central venous access for intravenous therapy (n = 1) with a contraindication to or failed implantation in a standard position owing to central vein occlusions. Technical success was 100 %. A number of five devices were placed in the right, three in the left thigh. Altogether 1,979 catheter days were analysed. One device was explanted owing to infection after 84 days (late complication, 0.05/100 catheter days). No early complication was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that if implantation of a TIVPP is not favourable in a standard chest, upper arm or forearm position, femoral placement of the device may alternatively be used safely and with high technical success.

Brainstem encephalitis in neuroborreliosis: typical clinical course and distinct MRI findings.

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective observational study and referring to a historical case presented in 2009, we searched for typical clinical and imaging features of brainstem encephalitis in neuroborreliosis. METHODS: In addition to the historical case we describe five affected patients. RESULTS: All patients had a very similar prolonged clinical course with unspecific symptoms such as wasting, fatigue and headache. Brainstem signs were irregularly observed. MRI showed symmetrical brainstem alterations in all patients. In coronary FLAIR imaging these changes formed a figure resembling a Philippine tarsier. CONCLUSIONS: A subset of patients with neuroborreliosis develops a brainstem encephalitis with a typical clinical course and distinct MRI findings.

Derivo embolization device in the treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Flow diverters (FD) are used regularly for the endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. We aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of the Derivo embolization device (DED) with respect to long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes. METHODS: A prospective multicenter trial was conducted at 12 centers. Patients presenting with modified Rankin Score (mRS) of 0-1, treated for unruptured intracranial aneurysms with DED were eligible. Primary endpoint was the mRS assessed at 18 months with major morbidity defined as mRS 3-5. Satisfactory angiographic occlusion was defined as 3+4 on the Kamran scale. RESULTS: Between July 2014 and February 2018, 119 patients were enrolled. Twenty-three patients were excluded. Ninety-six patients, 71 (74%) female, mean age 54±12.0 years, were included in the analysis. Mean aneurysm size was 14.2±16.9 mm. The mean number of devices implanted per patient was 1.2 (range 1-3). Clinical follow-up at 18 months was available in 90 (94%) patients, resulting in a mean follow-up period of 14.8±5.2 months. At last available follow-up of 96 enrolled patients, 91 (95%) remained mRS 0-1. The major morbidity rate (mRS 3-5) was 3.1% (3/96), major stroke rate was 4.2% (4/96), and mortality was 0%. Follow-up angiographies were available in 89 (93%) patients at a median of 12.4±5.84 months with a core laboratory adjudicated satisfactory aneurysm occlusion in 89% (79/89). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that DED is a safe and effective treatment for unruptured aneurysms with high rates of satisfactory occlusion and comparably low rates of permanent neurological morbidity and mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: DRKS00006103.

Statistical evaluation of diffusion-weighted imaging of the human kidney.

The signal of diffusion-weighted imaging of the human kidney differs from the signal in brain examinations due to the different microscopic structure of the tissue. In the kidney, the deviation of the signal behavior of monoexponential characteristics is pronounced. The aim of the study was to analyze whether a mono- or biexponential or a distribution function model fits best to describe diffusion characteristics in the kidney. To determine the best regression, different statistical parameters were utilized: correlation coefficient (R(2)), Akaike's information criterion, Schwarz criterion, and F-test (F(ratio)). Additionally, simulations were performed to analyze the relation between the different models and their dependency on signal noise. Statistical tests showed that the biexponential model describes the signal of diffusion-weighted imaging in the kidney better than the distribution function model. The monoexponential model fits the diffusion-weighted imaging data the least but is the most robust against signal noise. From a statistical point of view, diffusion-weighted imaging of the kidney should be modeled biexponentially under the precondition of sufficient signal to noise.

[Acute Neurointerventions, Covid-19 and Chest-CT: SOP and Literature Review]. / Notfällige Neurointerventionen, Covid-19 und Thorax-CT: SOP und Literaturübersicht.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To analyze standard operating procedures (SOP) of acute stroke imaging and interventions during COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on chest CT within a multimodal stroke protocol. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed via email to members of the Professional Organization of German Neuroradiologists (Berufsverband Deutscher Neuroradiologen e.V.). RESULTS: Answers were received from 25 units: eleven of them acquire chest CT, three in any patient and eight, when COVID-19 is suspected due to body temperature increase, patient's history or when the latter cannot be sufficiently obtained. Preliminary data indicate a high sensitivity and moderate negative predictive value. CONCLUSION: Different SOP reflect an uncertainty whether chest CT should be acquired as part of a multimodal stroke protocol. Accuracy of low dose chest CT cannot be determined yet. The strengths and limitations of chest CT are discussed.

Dynamics of outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

In this observational study, we analyzed and described the dynamics of the outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in a collective of 203 cases. We detected a significant improvement of the mean aggregate modified Rankin Score (mRS) in every time interval from discharge to 6 months and up to 1 year. Every forth to fifth patient with potential of recovery (mRS 1-5) at discharge improved by 1 mRS point in the time interval from 6 month to 1 year (22.6%). Patients with mRS 3 at discharge had a remarkable late recovery rate (73.3%, p = 0.000085). Multivariate analysis revealed age ≤ 65 years (odds ratio 4.93; p = 0.0045) and "World Federation of Neurological Surgeons" (WFNS) grades I and II (odds ratio 4.77; p = 0.0077) as significant predictors of early improvement (discharge to 6 months). Absence of a shunting procedure (odds ratio 8.32; p = 0.0049) was a significant predictor of late improvement (6 months to 1 year), but not age ≤ 65 years (p = 0.54) and WFNS grades I and II (p = 0.92). Thus, late recovery (6 month to 1 year) is significant and independent from age and WFNS grade.

Impact of Complications and Comorbidities on the Intensive Care Length of Stay after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.

In this observational study, we analysed a cohort of 164 subarachnoid haemorrhage survivors (until discharge from intensive care) with the aim to detect factors that influence the length of stay (LOS) in intensive care with multiple linear regression methods. Moreover, binary logistic regression methods were used to examine whether the time in intensive care is a predictor of outcome after 1 year. The clinical 1-year outcome was measured prospectively in a 12-month follow-up by telephone interview and categorised by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Patients who died during their stay in intensive care were excluded. Complications like pneumonia (ß = 5.11; 95% CI = 1.75-8.46; p = 0.0031), sepsis (ß = 9.54; 95% CI = 3.27-15.82; p = 0.0031), hydrocephalus (ß = 4.63; 95% CI = 1.82-7.45; p = 0.0014), and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) (ß = 3.38; 95% CI = 0.19-6.56; p = 0.038) were critical factors depending the LOS in intensive care as well as decompressive craniectomy (ß = 5.02; 95% CI = 1.35-8.70; p = 0.0077). All analysed comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, cholesterinemia, and smoking history had no significant impact on the LOS in intensive care. LOS in intensive care (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.03-1.15; p = 0.0023) as well as WFNS grade (OR = 3.72; 95% CI = 2.23-6.21; p < 0.0001) and age (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02-1.10; p = 0.0061) were significant factors that had an impact on the outcome after 1 year. Complications in intensive care but not comorbidities are associated with higher LOS in intensive care. LOS in intensive care is a modest but significant predictor of outcomes after subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Acute thromboses and occlusions of dual layer carotid stents in endovascular treatment of tandem occlusions.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the occurrence and risk factors of acute in-stent thrombosis or stent occlusion in patients with tandem occlusions receiving intracranial mechanical thrombectomy and emergent extracranial internal carotid artery stenting with a dual layer carotid stent. METHODS: Multicenter retrospective data collection and analysis of stroke databases of seven comprehensive stroke centers from three European countries. RESULTS: Overall, 160 patients (mean (SD) age 66 (12) years; 104 men (65%); median (IQR) baseline NIHSS 14 (9-18); IV lysis, n=97 (60.6%)) were treated for a cervical carotid artery occlusion or stenosis using a CASPER stent (MicroVention), and received mechanical thrombectomy for an intracranial occlusion between April 2014 and November 2018. During the procedure or within 72 hours, formation of thrombus and complete occlusion of the CASPER stent was observed in 33/160 (20.8%) and in 12/160 patients (7.5%), respectively. In 25/33 (75.8%) and in 9/12 patients (75%), respectively, this occurred during the procedure. No statistically significant difference was observed between patients with and without thrombus formation with regard to pre-existing long term medication with anticoagulants or intraprocedural administration of heparin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), or heparin and ASA. Favorable early neurological outcome was similar in patients with (n=15; 45.5%) and without (n=63; 49.6%) thrombus formation at the CASPER stent. CONCLUSION: Acute thrombosis or occlusion of CASPER stents in thrombectomy patients receiving emergent extracranial internal carotid artery stenting for tandem occlusions were observed more often during the procedure than within 72 hours of follow-up, were less frequent then previously reported, and showed no impact on early neurological outcome.

Closure of large bore 9 F arterial puncture sites with the AngioSeal STS device in acute stroke patients after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA).

PURPOSE: This retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate whether large bore 9 F puncture sites can be safely closed with the 8 F AngioSeal STS device after endovascular stroke procedures in patients who did or did not receive recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). METHODS: Out of 161 consecutive endovascular stroke procedures we identified 72 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of whom 46 received rt-PA before the endovascular procedure and 26 did not. All groin complications such as major haemorrhage, failure of the device to close the puncture site, delayed haemorrhage, acute lower extremity ischaemia or necessary vascular surgery as well as infections were recorded. RESULTS: Only one patient had delayed groin haemorrhage after closure of the 9 F puncture site with the AngioSeal STS device. There was no significant difference in complications between patients with or without rt-PA treatment. CONCLUSION: The 8 F AngioSeal STS seems to be safe and efficient to close 9 F femoral artery puncture sites, even under active rt-PA thrombolysis.

Comparison of Pipeline Embolization Device and Flow Re-Direction Endoluminal Device Flow Diverters for Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Flow diversion has become an accepted endovascular treatment modality for intracranial aneurysms. Studies comparing different types of flow diverters are currently lacking. OBJECTIVE: To perform a propensity score-matched cohort study comparing the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) and Flow Redirection Endoluminal Device (FRED; MicroVention, Aliso Viejo, California). METHODS: Aneurysms of the internal carotid artery proximal to the communicating segment treated with PED at 2 neurovascular centers in the United States were matched with aneurysms treated in the European FRED study using propensity scoring. Aneurysms treated in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage were excluded from matching. Occlusion rates and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-one internal carotid artery aneurysms were treated with PED and 282 with FRED. Propensity score matching controlling for age, sex, aneurysm size, location, number of flow diverters, and adjunctive coiling resulted in 55 matched pairs. Median angiographic follow-up was nonsignificantly longer for FRED compared to PED (12.2 vs 7.5 mo, P = .28). The rate of complete occlusion did not differ between flow diverters (80% vs 80%, P > .99). Functional outcome and complications were comparable for PED and FRED. CONCLUSION: Propensity score-matched analysis of PED and FRED for internal carotid artery aneurysms revealed comparable angiographic complete occlusion and complication rates. Whether FRED has an advantage in terms of near complete aneurysm occlusion warrants further investigation. Limitations include the retrospective design and lack of an independent assessment of radiographic outcome in a core-laboratory and functional outcomes, among others, and the results should be interpreted as such.

Acute basilar thrombosis: Recanalization following intravenous thrombolysis is dependent on thrombus length.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated whether thrombus length measured in Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is predictive of the success rate of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in acute basilar occlusion and whether recanalization can be achieved by additional mechanical endovascular thrombectomy. METHODS: In 51 patients with acute basilar thrombosis thrombus length was measured on CTA images before intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with rt-PA was started. After 114 minutes on average success of IVT was evaluated either by CTA or DSA. Patients with persistent basilar occlusion and no major brainstem infarction on CT underwent endovascular recanalization. RESULTS: 87% of patients had no recanalization of basilar artery after IVT alone. The average thrombus length was 15 mm in patients with persistent basilar occlusion after IVT and 7 mm in patients with recanalization after IVT. Thrombi longer than 13 mm did not resolve after IVT alone and 80% of thrombi shorter than 13 mm did not resolve either. 41 patients were transferred to endovascular recanalization; endovascular therapy was performed successfully in 90% (37 / 41). CONCLUSIONS: Recanalization rates in acute basilar occlusion after IVT alone are low and dependent on thrombus length. Additional mechanical endovascular thrombectomy showed to be a very successful recanalization therapy.

Impact of Comorbidities and Smoking on the Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

The intention of this observational study is to show the significant impact of comorbidities and smoking on the outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). During this observational study 203 cases of treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms were analyzed. We examined and classified prospectively the 12 month outcome according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) considering retrospectively a history of smoking and investigated prospectively the occurrence of early and delayed cerebral ischemia between 2012 and 2017. Using logistic regression methods, we revealed smoking (odds ratio 0.21; p = 0.0031) and hypertension (odds ratio 0.18; p = 0.0019) to be predictors for a good clinical outcome (mRS 0-2). Age (odds ratio 1.05; p = 0.0092), WFNS Grade (odds ratio 6.28; p < 0.0001), early cerebral ischemia (ECI) (odds ratio 10.06; p < 0.00032) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) (odds ratio 4.03; p = 0.017) were detected as predictors for a poor clinical outcome. Significant associations of occurrence of death with hypertension (odds ratio 0.12; p < 0.0001), smoking (odds ratio 0.31; p = 0.048), WFNS grade (odds ratio 3.23; p < 0.0001) and age (odds ratio 1.09; p < 0.0001), but not with ECI (p = 0.29) and DCI (p = 0.62) were found. Smoking and hypertension seem to be predictors for a good clinical outcome after aneurysmal SAH.