Growth and feed efficiency of Nordic Red Dairy Cattle, Holstein, and their F1 crossbreeds when limiting feed energy concentration in prepubertal heifers.

Milk production and overall dairy farm economics depend on rearing dairy heifers. This study investigated the presence of a genotype by environment interaction in Holstein (HOL), Nordic Red Dairy Cattle (RDC), and their F1 crossbreeds (HOLxRDC) when provided different feed rations. The aim of our study was to assess how different energy concentrations in feed rations affect growth, body condition scores, feed intake, and feed efficiency in the 3 groups during the prepubertal period. The 3 breed groups were randomly allocated to receive either a standard or a low energy feed ration. HOL heifers exhibited reduced growth and a lower body condition score when they were fed the low energy feed ration. In contrast, the RDC heifers demonstrated similar growth rates with the different feed rations and maintained similar body condition scores irrespective of feed energy concentration. HOLxRDC crossbred heifers performed as an intermediate between the HOL and RDC groups. There were significant differences in dry matter intake and energy intake in the HOL and HOLxRDC groups depending on feed ration treatment. The RDC heifers had similar feed intake irrespective of treatment. There were no significant differences in the feed conversion ratio between breeds and feed treatments. These results indicate the presence of a genotype by environment interaction in prepubertal HOL and RDC heifers in response to differences in feed ration treatment. Due to the influence of prepubertal growth on future milk production, reproduction, and health status, it is important to be aware of breed-specific requirements during the prepubertal period, particularly in mixed-breed and crossbred groups, to optimize growth rates and production potential.

Strain Modulation of Si Vacancy Emission from SiC Micro- and Nanoparticles.

Single-photon emitting point defects in semiconductors have emerged as strong candidates for future quantum technology devices. In the present work, we exploit crystalline particles to investigate relevant defect localizations, emission shifting, and waveguiding. Specifically, emission from 6H-SiC micro- and nanoparticles ranging from 100 nm to 5 µm in size is collected using cathodoluminescence (CL), and we monitor signals attributed to the Si vacancy (VSi) as a function of its location. Clear shifts in the emission wavelength are found for emitters localized in the particle center and at the edges. By comparing spatial CL maps with strain analysis carried out in transmission electron microscopy, we attribute the emission shifts to compressive strain of 2-3% along the particle a-direction. Thus, embedding VSi qubit defects within SiC nanoparticles offers an interesting and versatile opportunity to tune single-photon emission energies while simultaneously ensuring ease of addressability via a self-assembled SiC nanoparticle matrix.

Reply to Comment on 'Nanoscale mapping of optical band gaps using monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy'.

We respond to the comment by Thomas Walther and reaffirm the findings of our original article.

Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in workers occupationally exposed to swine in Portugal.

The concept of zoonotic hepatitis E in industrialized countries has emerged with the discovery of swine strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3, closely related to human HEV. Different routes of zoonotic HEV transmission have been recognized, including contact with infected pigs. Workers occupationally exposed to swine (WOES) have been considered a risk group for HEV infection, but contradictory results have been reported. In the present study, we searched for anti-HEV IgG in WOES (butchers, slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians and pig farmers; n = 114) and in the general population (n = 804) in order to investigate the potential occupational risk of zoonotic HEV infection in this work group. A significantly higher (p = 0.008) anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence was found in WOES (30.7 %) when compared with the general population (19.9 %). Multivariate analysis showed that having professions with exposure to pigs for more than 16.5 years was a risk factor for being positive for anti-HEV IgG (aOR of 5.4, 95 % CI 1.9-15.6, p = 0.002). To our knowledge, this is the first study on the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in WOES in Portugal, also showing increased probability for infection in this group.

Nanoscale mapping of optical band gaps using monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy.

Using monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy in a probe-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope we demonstrate band gap mapping in ZnO/ZnCdO thin films with a spatial resolution below 10 nm and spectral precision of 20 meV.

Where are we in our understanding of the association between narcolepsy and one of the 2009 adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) vaccines?

Evaluating new rare serious vaccine safety signals is difficult and complex work. To further assess the observed increase in narcolepsy cases seen in Europe with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine, the International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) invited a wide range of experts to a one day meeting in Geneva in October 2015 to present data and to discuss the implications. The presentations covered the following topics: clinical picture of childhood narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination campaigns; epidemiological studies conducted to assess the risk of narcolepsy, other neurological and immune-related diseases following 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine; potential biases influencing the different epidemiological study designs; potential genetic contribution to the development of narcolepsy; potential biological mechanisms for development of narcolepsy in this setting including the role of the virus itself, antigenic differences between the vaccines and differences in AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. The presentations were followed by fulsome roundtable discussions. Members from affected families also attended and made informal comments to round out the day's deliberations. This meeting emphasized the value added in bringing together in a neutral setting a wide range of experts and vaccine producers to discuss such a complex new serious adverse event following immunization.

Estimating seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infections: is it worth standardizing the serological outcomes to adjust for different assays and laboratories?

The aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) project was to estimate age-specific seroprevalence for a number of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. To achieve this serosurveys were collected by 22 national laboratories. To adjust for a variety of laboratory methods and assays, all quantitative results were transformed to a reference laboratory's units and were then classified as positive or negative to obtain age-specific seroprevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the value of standardization by comparing the crude and standardized seroprevalence estimates. Seroprevalence was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, varicella zoster and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and compared before and after serological results had been standardized. The results showed that if no such adjustment had taken place, seroprevalence would have differed by an average of 3·2% (95% bootstrap interval 2·9-3·6) although this percentage varied substantially by antigen. These differences were as high as 16% for some serosurveys (HAV) which means that standardization could have a considerable impact on seroprevalence estimates and should be considered when comparing serosurveys performed in different laboratories using different assay methods.

Large and prolonged food-borne multistate hepatitis A outbreak in Europe associated with consumption of frozen berries, 2013 to 2014.

In May 2013, Italy declared a national outbreak of hepatitis A, which also affected several foreign tourists who had recently visited the country. Molecular investigations identified some cases as infected with an identical strain of hepatitis A virus subgenotype IA. After additional European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries reported locally acquired and travel-related cases associated with the same outbreak, an international outbreak investigation team was convened, a European outbreak case definition was issued and harmonisation of the national epidemiological and microbiological investigations was encouraged. From January 2013 to August 2014, 1,589 hepatitis A cases were reported associated with the multistate outbreak; 1,102 (70%) of the cases were hospitalised for a median time of six days; two related deaths were reported. Epidemiological and microbiological investigations implicated mixed frozen berries as the vehicle of infection of the outbreak. In order to control the spread of the outbreak, suspected or contaminated food batches were recalled, the public was recommended to heat-treat berries, and post-exposure prophylaxis of contacts was performed. The outbreak highlighted how large food-borne hepatitis A outbreaks may affect the increasingly susceptible EU/EEA general population and how, with the growing international food trade, frozen berries are a potential high-risk food.

Olfactory dysfunction in sporadic Parkinson's Disease and LRRK2 carriers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the sense of smell in LRRK2 mutation carriers and in patients with sporadic PD (sPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 343 individuals were included: 275 sPD of whom 90 were de novo patients with sPD, 17 LRRK2 PD, 36 healthy LRRK2 mutation carriers, and 15 healthy family members without mutation. All subjects underwent neurologic examination and olfactory sense testing with B-SIT (a 12-item test). Linear regression analysis was applied to build different models with B-SIT as dependent variable. RESULTS: Sporadic PD had significantly lower scores in olfaction compared with LRRK2 PD (P < 0.001). B-SIT scores were lowest in medicated sPD, and higher scores were found in de novo patients. LRRK2 PD had similar sense of smell to healthy LRRK2 mutation carriers and to healthy family members without mutation when adjusting for age. CONCLUSION: Hyposmia was pronounced already at time of diagnosis in the sPD cases but was not present in healthy LRRK2 mutation carriers and less pronounced in LRRK2 PD compared with sporadic cases. Smell testing may be a preclinical marker in sporadic PD but does not seem applicable in LRRK2 cases.

Characterization of Giardia lamblia genotypes in dogs from Tucson, Arizona using SSU-rRNA and ß-giardin sequences.

The objective of this study was to determine if human genotypes of Giardia lamblia could be found in canine companion animals from urban and peri-urban environments in Tucson, Arizona. Canine fecal samples collected from the Humane Society of Southern Arizona between July 2006 and April 2009 were screened for G. lamblia infection using immunofluorescent microscopy and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 672 samples screened, 196 were found positive by IFA and 185 of those positive were successfully amplified through PCR. Sequencing analysis showed samples were primarily of the C or D genotypes (n =154), or showing a mix of the C and D genotypes (n =10). One sample showed a mixed infection of a human genotype (A) and a dog-specific genotype (C). These data are consistent with previous studies showing dog specific genotypes to be dominant in environments where dog-to-dog transmission is likely to occur, and provides further evidence that multiple genes should be targeted for more accurate genotype characterization.

Ongoing hepatitis A outbreak in Europe 2013 to 2014: imported berry mix cake suspected to be the source of infection in Norway.

On 7 March 2014, an increase in hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections was identified in Norway. As of 12 April, 19 cases of HAV infection with a virus strain identical to an ongoing European outbreak have been identified. Six probable cases are currently under investigation. On 11 April, a frozen berry mix cake imported from another European country was found as the likely source of the outbreak; the importer has withdrawn the product in Norway.

Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996-2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations?

Mumps outbreaks have recently been recorded in a number of highly vaccinated populations. We related seroprevalence, epidemiological and vaccination data from 18 European countries participating in The European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) to their risk of mumps outbreaks in order to inform vaccination strategies. Samples from national population serum banks were collected, tested for mumps IgG antibodies and standardized for international comparisons. A comparative analysis between countries was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information on reported mumps incidence, vaccine strains, vaccination programmes and vaccine coverage 5-12 years after sera collection. Mean geometric mumps antibody titres were lower in mumps outbreak countries [odds ratio (OR) 0·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01-0·71)]. MMR1 vaccine coverage ⩾95% remained protective in a multivariable model (P < 0·001), as did an interval of 4-8 years between doses (OR 0·08, 95% CI 0·01-0·85). Preventing outbreaks and controlling mumps probably requires several elements, including high-coverage vaccination programmes with MMR vaccine with 4-8 years between doses.

Perspectives on the new kidney disease education benefit: early awareness, race and kidney transplant access in a USRDS study.

Education services for Stage-IV chronic kidney disease patients were added in 2010 as a Part B covered benefit under the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act. Desired outcomes include early pursuit of kidney transplantation by more patients and reduction of racial disparities in access to transplantation. During 2005-2007, a United States Renal Data System (USRDS) special study surveyed 1123 patients in a national cohort who had recently started dialysis, identified themselves as black or white, and were reported by their physician as potentially eligible transplant candidates. Patients were asked if kidney transplantation had been discussed with them before they initiated renal replacement therapy, and survey responses were linked with subsequent wait listing and transplant events in USRDS registry files. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed a significant association between early transplant awareness and subsequent wait listing. Adjusted Cox models showed a significant race/early transplant awareness interaction, however, with the impact of early awareness on wait listing much stronger for whites. Ongoing support and education about kidney transplantation for patients after dialysis start could help to build on early education and foster greater quality improvement in patient outcomes.

Mandatory and recommended vaccination in the EU, Iceland and Norway: results of the VENICE 2010 survey on the ways of implementing national vaccination programmes.

This report provides an updated overview of recommended and mandatory vaccinations in the European Union (EU), Iceland and Norway, considering the differences in vaccine programme implementation between countries. In 2010, the Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE) network, conducted a survey among the VENICE project gatekeepers to learn more about how national vaccination programmes are implemented, whether recommended or mandatory. Information was collected from all 27 EU Member States, Iceland and Norway. In total 15 countries do not have any mandatory vaccinations; the remaining 14 have at least one mandatory vaccination included in their programme. Vaccination against polio is mandatory for both children and adults in 12 countries; diphtheria and tetanus vaccination in 11 countries and hepatitis B vaccination in 10 countries. For eight of the 15 vaccines considered, some countries have a mixed strategy of recommended and mandatory vaccinations. Mandatory vaccination may be considered as a way of improving compliance to vaccination programmes. However, compliance with many programmes in Europe is high, using only recommendations. More information about the diversity in vaccine offer at European level may help countries to adapt vaccination strategies based on the experience of other countries. However, any proposal on vaccine strategies should be developed taking into consideration the local context habits.

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination policies and coverage in Europe.

In August 2010 the Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE) project conducted a survey to collect information on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination policies and vaccination coverage in the European Union (EU), Norway and Iceland. Of 29 responding countries, 26 organised national pandemic influenza vaccination and one country had recommendations for vaccination but did not have a specific programme. Of the 27 countries with vaccine recommendations, all recommended it for healthcare workers and pregnant women. Twelve countries recommended vaccine for all ages. Six and three countries had recommendations for specific age groups in children and in adults, countries for specific adult age groups. Most countries recommended vaccine for those in new risk groups identified early in the pandemic such as morbid obese and people with neurologic diseases. Two thirds of countries started their vaccination campaigns within a four week period after week 40/2009. The reported vaccination coverage varied between countries from 0.4% to 59% for the entire population (22 countries); 3% to 68% for healthcare workers (13 countries); 0% to 58% for pregnant women (12 countries); 0.2% to 74% for children (12 countries). Most countries identified similar target groups for pandemic vaccine, but substantial variability in vaccination coverage was seen. The recommendations were in accordance with policy advice from the EU Health Security Committee and the World Health Organization.

Rotavirus genotypes co-circulating in Europe between 2006 and 2009 as determined by EuroRotaNet, a pan-European collaborative strain surveillance network.

EuroRotaNet, a laboratory network, was established in order to determine the diversity of co-circulating rotavirus strains in Europe over three or more rotavirus seasons from 2006/2007 and currently includes 16 countries. This report highlights the tremendous diversity of rotavirus strains co-circulating in the European population during three years of surveillance since 2006/2007 and points to the possible origins of these strains including genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission. Furthermore, the ability of the network to identify strains circulating with an incidence of ≥1% allowed the identification of possible emerging strains such as G8 and G12 since the beginning of the study; analysis of recent data indicates their increased incidence. The introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination in at least two of the participating countries, and partial vaccine coverage in some others may provide data on diversity driven by vaccine introduction and possible strain replacement in Europe.

Parkinson-related genetics in patients treated with deep brain stimulation.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency of mutations associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a general PD population compared to patients with PD selected for deep brain stimulation (DBS) and evaluate the outcome of surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 630 consecutive patients with PD were genetically screened, and 60 had DBS surgery, 37 subthalamic nucleus (STN), 21 ventrointermediate nucleus of thalamus (VIM), and two globus pallidus internus (GPi). RESULTS: Mutations in LRRK2, PRKN, and PINK1 were found: the first two of these being overrepresented in STN-operated patients, but none being found in VIM-operated patients. Clinical outcome of the surgery was similar in patients with mutations compared to those without. CONCLUSIONS: In a consecutive PD population, patients treated with STN-DBS are overrepresented for PD-related mutations and they seem to benefit from DBS as well as patients without mutations.

Postdialysis fatigue is associated with sedentary behavior.

Postdialysis fatigue (PDF) is a common and debilitating phenomenon that adversely affects the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Excessive ultrafiltration and rapid osmolar flux are implicated in the pathogenesis of PDF, but simple adjustments do not always ameliorate this symptom. Increased physical activity has long been associated with reduced fatigue in sedentary fatigued patients. The aim of the study was to examine the extent to which physical activity is associated with PDF. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of hemodialysis patients (n = 58, age 55 ± 13 years, 38 M, 20 F). Physical activity was measured by self-report using the Human Activity Profile (HAP) (n = 58) and accelerometry (n = 26). Postdialysis fatigue was assessed by a questionnaire rating frequency, severity, and duration of symptoms. 86% (50/58) of patients reported PDF ranging from mild to severe. The PDF index was inversely correlated with the adjusted score of the HAP (p < 0.05). Least squares linear regression was used to assess the association of physical activity with PDF, controlling for Kt/V and dialysis vintage. In the adjusted model (R2 = 0.40), physical activity remained the most significant predictor (p < 0.01) of PDF after adjusting for Kt/V and/or vintage. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether increasing habitual physical activity can mitigate PDF symptoms.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Daily Psychological Processes in Family Caregivers: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 24-week aerobic exercise training program on daily psychological processes and occurrence of stressors in a group of previously physically underactive family caregivers of patients with dementia. As part of the Fitness, Aging, and STress (FAST) randomized controlled trial, 68 participants (F = 55; M = 13) were randomized to either a staff-supported, 24-week aerobic training (N = 34) program or waitlist control (N = 34) group. Approximately 2 weeks prior to randomization, ecological momentary assessments were completed 6 times per day for 7 days and again in the 24th week of the trial to assess exposure to levels of momentary positive affect, negative affect, rumination, control, and the occurrence of stressors throughout the day. These secondary analyses with data from 56 of the participants revealed that the intervention group showed a significantly larger increase in daily positive affect and perceptions of control compared to control participants over the course of the intervention. A treatment effect was also found for negative affect and rumination, whereby both decreased to a greater extent in the intervention group when compared with participants in the control condition. The 24-week aerobic training program had significant impacts on daily psychological processes in family caregivers, deepening our understanding of the robust effects of exercise on mental health.

Protection against poliomyelitis in Europe.

The reappearance of circulating wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV 1) in Tajikistan is the first outbreak from imported wild poliovirus since the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region was declared polio-free in 2002. The risk of poliomyelitis importation to the European Union and European Economic Area countries has probably not increased, but the current outbreak is a reminder that high vaccination coverage, monitoring of protective immunity and maintaining surveillance are important to sustain the present polio-free situation.