Disparities in cause-specific mortality by health insurance type and premium: evidence from Korean NHIS-HEALS cohort study, 2002-2019.

BACKGROUND: Although one's socioeconomic status affects health outcomes, limited research explored how South Korea's National Health Insurance (NHI) system affects mortality rates. This study investigated whether health insurance type and insurance premiums are associated with mortality. METHODS: Based on the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort, 246,172 men and 206,534 women aged ≥ 40 years at baseline (2002-2003) were included and followed until 2019. Health insurance type was categorized as employee-insured (EI) or self-employed-insured (SI). To define low, medium, and high economic status groups, we used insurance premiums at baseline. Death was determined using the date and cause of death included in the cohort. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the association between insurance factors and the overall and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS: The SI group had a significantly higher risk of overall death compared to the EI group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval]: 1.13 [1.10-1.15] for men and 1.18 [1.15-1.22] for women), after adjusting for various factors. This trend extended to death from the five major causes of death in South Korea (cancer, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia, and intentional self-harm) and from external causes, with a higher risk of death in the SI group (vs. the EI group). Further analysis stratified by economic status revealed that individuals with lower economic status faced higher risk of overall death and cause-specific mortality in both sexes, compared to those with high economic status for both health insurance types. CONCLUSION: This nationwide study found that the SI group and those with lower economic status faced higher risk of overall mortality and death from the five major causes in South Korea. These findings highlight the potential disparities in health outcomes within the NHI system. To address these gaps, strategies should target risk factors for death at the individual level and governments should incorporate such strategies into public health policy development at the population level. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chungbuk National University Hospital (CBNUH-202211-HR-0236) and adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975).

Body mass index at baseline directly predicts new-onset diabetes and to a lesser extent incident cardio-cerebrovascular events, but has a J-shaped relationship to all-cause mortality.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) has increased during recent decades. We aimed to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and each of several outcomes (DM, CCVDs, or mortality) based on the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort. METHODS: BMI was categorized as appropriate for Asian populations, into underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5-< 23 kg/m2), overweight (23-< 25 kg/m2), grade 1 obesity (25-< 30 kg/m2), grade 2 obesity (30-< 35 kg/m2), and grade 3 obesity (≥35 kg/m2). In addition, BMI was further stratified into one unit. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between BMI category and the primary outcomes (DM, CCVDs, or mortality). RESULTS: A total of 311,416 individuals were included. The median follow-up was 12.5 years. Compared to normal BMI, underweight, overweight, and grade 1-3 obese individuals had a higher risk of the primary outcomes (hazard ratio [95% confidence intervals] 1.293 [1.224-1.365], 1.101 [1.073-1.129], 1.320 [1.288-1.353], 1.789 [1.689-1.897], and 2.376 [2.019-2.857], respectively, in men and 1.084 [1.010-1.163], 1.150 [1.116-1.185], 1.385 [1.346-1.425], 1.865 [1.725-2.019], and 2.472 [2.025-3.028], respectively, in women). Setting the reference BMI to 20-< 21 kg/m2 and categorizing into one unit increment, BMI was associated with the primary outcomes in a J-shaped manner in both sexes. The risk of DM increased with higher BMI in both sexes, while all-cause mortality decreased in men with a BMI 21-< 31 kg/m2 and women with BMI 22-< 30 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: BMI was associated with all-cause mortality in a J-shaped manner in both sexes, while it was associated with risk of DM in a dose-response relationship. The relationship between BMI and the primary outcomes was J-shaped.

Ten-year trends of utilizing palliative care and palliative procedures in patients with gastric Cancer in the United States from 2009 to 2018 - a nationwide database study.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the current status and the changing trends of hospitalization and palliative care consultation of patients with gastric cancer in the United States. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changing trend in the number of hospitalization, palliative care consultation, and palliative procedures in the US during a recent 10-year period using a nationwide database. METHODS: This was a retrospective study that analyzed the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database of 2009-2018. Patients aged more than 18 years who were diagnosed with a gastric cancer using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and 10 codes were included. Palliative care consultation included palliative care (ICD-9, V66.7; ICD-10, Z51.5) and advanced care planning (ICD-9, V69.89; ICD-10, Z71.89). Palliative procedures included percutaneous or endoscopic bypass, gastrostomy or enterostomy, dilation, drainage, nutrition, and irrigation for palliative purpose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 86,430 patients were selected and analyzed in this study. Using a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) approach, the annual number of hospitalizations of gastric cancer patients was found to be decreased during 2009-2018 (CAGR: -0.8%, P = 0.0084), while utilization rates of palliative care and palliative procedures increased (CAGR: 9.3 and 1.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that palliative care consultation was associated with reduced total hospital charges (-$34,188, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Utilization of palliative care consultation to patients with gastric cancer may reduce use of medical resources and hospital costs.

Positive association between the ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and diabetes incidence in Korean adults.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is associated with the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction. The ratio of triglycerides (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (TG/HDL-C ratio) is positively correlated with insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the incidence of diabetes in Korean adults. METHODS: This retrospective study used data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort. The TG/HDL-C ratio was divided into three tertiles, the T1, T2, and T3 groups, based on sex. We estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for diabetes using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 80,693 subjects aged between 40 and 79 years were enrolled. The median follow-up period was 5.9 years. The estimated cumulative incidence of diabetes in the T1, T2, and T3 groups was 5.94%, 8.23%, and 13.50%, respectively, in men and 4.12%, 4.72%, and 6.85%, respectively, in women. Compared to T1, the fully adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of the T2 and T3 groups for new-onset diabetes were 1.17 (1.06-1.30) and 1.47 (1.34-1.62), respectively, in men and 1.20 (1.02-1.42) and 1.52 (1.30-1.78), respectively, in women. CONCLUSIONS: Increased TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly associated with a higher risk of new-onset diabetes in both sexes.

Statin Use and Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Hypercholesterolemia Patients with Normal Renal Function.

INTRODUCTION: Dyslipidemia is a known risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The effects of statins on CKD have already been studied in patients with CKD; however, data on the general population are limited. This study aimed to determine the relationship between statin use and the incidence of CKD in patients with hypercholesterolemia having normal renal function. METHODS: A total of 7,856 participants aged 40-79 years at baseline (2009-2010) were included in the final analyses. The participants were divided into statin users (n = 4,168) and statin nonusers (n = 3,668), according to the statin usage. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to evaluate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CKD. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 5.8 years. A total of 543 cases of CKD (285 cases in males and 258 cases in females) occurred during the study period. The estimated cumulative incidence of CKD was significantly different between male statin nonusers and users (p < 0.001), while it was not statistically significant between female statin nonusers and users (p = 0.126). Compared with statin nonusers, the fully adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for CKD in statin users were 1.014 (0.773-1.330) in males and 1.117 (0.843-1.481) in females. CONCLUSION: Dyslipidemia is an obvious risk factor for CKD; however, statin use in patients with hypercholesterolemia having normal renal function does not demonstrate a clear relationship with the incidence of CKD.

Metformin usage and the risk of colorectal cancer: a national cohort study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the association between metformin usage and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database. METHODS: Data from the NHIS-HEALS cohort between 2002 and 2015 were longitudinally analyzed. Subjects were divided into three groups: metformin non-users with diabetes mellitus (DM), metformin users with DM, and no DM group. CRC was defined using the ICD-10 code (C18.0-C20.0) at the time of admission. Cox proportional hazard regression models were adopted after stepwise adjustment for confounders to investigate the association between metformin usage and colorectal cancer risk. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, of the total 323,430 participants, 2341 (1.33%) of the 175,495 males and 1204 (0.81%) of the 147,935 females were newly diagnosed with CRC. The estimated cumulative incidence of CRC was significantly different among the three groups based on Kaplan-Meier's survival curve (p values < 0.05 in both sexes). Compared with metformin non-users, hazard ratios (95% CIs) of metformin users and the no DM group were 0.66 (0.51-0.85) and 0.72 (0.61-0.85) in males and 0.59 (0.37-0.92) and 0.93 (0.66-1.29) in females, respectively, after being fully adjusted. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin users with diabetes appear to have a significantly lower risk of CRC compared with metformin non-users.

Association between Second-hand Smoke Exposure and Urinary NNAL Level in Korean Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is a metabolite of tobacco-specific lung carcinogen that can be found in both smokers and non-smokers. Particularly, NNAL levels of children with a history of exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) are higher than those of adults. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between SHS exposure and urine NNAL levels in Korean adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII. Overall, 648 never-smoking adolescents (425 boys and 223 girls) aged 12 to 18 were included in this study. Logistic regression analyses identified the relationship between SHS exposure and elevated urine NNAL levels. RESULTS: The mean urine NNAL levels of the no exposure and exposure group in boys were 1.39 and 2.26 ng/mL, respectively, whereas they were 1.01 and 2.45 ng/mL in girls, respectively (P < 0.001). Among the adolescents exposed to SHS, the confounder-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for elevated urine NNAL levels according to exposure area as overall, home, and public area were 2.68 (1.58-4.53), 31.02 (9.46-101.74), and 1.89 (1.12-3.17) in boys; and 6.50 (3.22-13.11), 20.09 (7.08-57.04), and 3.94 (1.98-7.77) in girls, respectively. CONCLUSION: SHS exposure was significantly associated with elevated urine NNAL levels in Korean adolescents, particularly in female adolescents and in those with home exposure. These findings remind us of the need to protect adolescents from SHS.

Metformin use reduced the risk of stomach cancer in diabetic patients in Korea: an analysis of Korean NHIS-HEALS database.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications and cancer risks. Stomach cancer is the most common cancer in Korea. Although the survival rate of stomach cancer has improved, the disease burden is still high. METHODS: This retrospective study investigated the association between metformin use and stomach cancer incidence in a Korean population using the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database. Participants aged 40-80 years old at the baseline period (2002-2003) were enrolled. The study population was categorized into three groups of metformin non-users with DM, metformin users with DM, and individuals without DM (No DM group). RESULTS: A total of 347,895 participants (14,922 metformin non-users, 9891 metformin users, and 323,082 individuals without DM) were included in the final analysis. The median follow-up duration was 12.70 years. The estimated cumulative incidence of stomach cancer was highest in metformin non-users and lowest in the No DM group (men vs. women: 3.75 vs. 1.97% in metformin non-users, 2.91 vs. 1.53% in metformin users, and 2.54 vs. 0.95% in the No DM group). Compared with metformin non-users, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for stomach cancer incidence of metformin users and the No DM group were 0.710 (0.579-0.870) and 0.879 (0.767-1.006) in men and 0.700 (0.499-0.981) and 0.701 (0.544-0.903) in women, respectively, after full adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin users with DM in the Korean population were at lower risk of stomach cancer incidence after controlling for potential confounding factors.

Metformin use reduced the overall risk of cancer in diabetic patients: A study based on the Korean NHIS-HEALS cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Several studies have reported the preventive effect of metformin on cancer development. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between use of metformin and risk of cancer in Koreans. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was designed retrospectively using the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort conducted between 2002 and 2015. 40 to 69-year-old subjects who received a health screening examination from 2002 to 2003 were enrolled. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer were estimated in a multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis. A total of 323,430 subjects was enrolled (301,905 individuals without diabetes [No DM], 8643 diabetic patients with metformin treatment [metformin users], and 12,882 diabetic patients without metformin treatment [metformin non-users]). The median follow-up period was 12.7 years. Cumulative incidence of overall cancer was 7.9% (7.7, 10.3, and 11.1% in No DM, metformin users and non-users, respectively). Compared to metformin non-users, the fully adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of metformin users and No DM for overall cancer incidence were 0.73 (0.66-0.81) and 0.75 (0.64-0.88), respectively, in men and 0.83 (0.78-0.89) and 0.81 (0.72-0.92) in women. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients receiving metformin treatment, and individuals without diabetes were at lower risk for cancer incidence than diabetic patients without metformin treatment.

Association between statin use and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors, based on the Korean health insurance service between 2002 and 2015.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cancer is the number one cause of death in Korea. This study aimed to investigate if statin use in cancer survivors was inversely associated with all-cause mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from the 2002 to 2015 National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) were used. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the survival function according to statin usage. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adopted after stepwise adjustment for potential confounders to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality. The median follow-up duration was 10.0 years. Statin users had a higher percentage of diabetes and hypertension in both sexes. Survival rates of statin users were higher than non-users (p-values <0.001 in men and 0.021 in women). Compared to non-users, the HRs (95% CIs) of statin users for all-cause mortality were 0.327 (0.194-0.553) in men and 0.287 (0.148-0.560) in women after adjustment for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Statin users in cancer survivors had higher survival rate than non-users in both sexes.

Cigarette Smoking in Men and Women and Electronic Cigarette Smoking in Men are Associated with Higher Risk of Elevated Cadmium Level in the Blood.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between blood concentration of cadmium and smoking status including use of electronic cigarettes (E-cigars). METHODS: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Survey 2013 and 2016. A total of 4,744 participants (2,162 men and 2,582 women) were included and were categorized into five groups (Non-smokers, E-cigar non-users in past-smokers, E-cigar users in past-smokers, E-cigar non-users in cigarette-smokers and E-cigar users in cigarette-smokers). Cadmium blood concentration was categorized into tertiles. All sampling and weight variables were stratified, and analysis to account for the complex sampling design was conducted. RESULTS: In both genders, the geometric cadmium concentration was significantly different according to smoking status (both genders, analysis of variance P value < 0.001). In men, E-cigar users were significantly higher than the non-smokers (P value = past-smokers, 0.017; cigarette-smokers, < 0.001) when fully adjusted. Compared with non-smokers, fully-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest cadmium tertiles of E-cigar non-users in cigarette-smokers and E-cigar users in cigarette-smokers were 6.56 (3.55-12.11) and 5.68 (1.96-16.50) in men and 2.74 (1.42-5.29) and 1.29 (0.10-17.44) in women. CONCLUSION: Conventional cigarette smoking in men and women and E-cigar use in men are associated with higher risk of elevated blood cadmium level. Preventive management of cadmium exposure monitoring in conventional cigarette-smokers and E-cigar users may be needed.

Statin use and site-specific risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with hypercholesterolemia from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We investigated the association between statin use and site-specific risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study is based on the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort, conducted during 2002-2015. Statin users were classified as high and low users according to medication possession ratio (MPR). Statin nonusers comprised participants who did not use statins during the entire follow-up period. In total, 17,737 statin users and 13,412 statin nonusers were included in the analysis, with a median follow-up period of 12.7 years. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adopted after stepwise adjustment for confounders to investigate prospective association between statin usage and colorectal cancer risk. In total, 378 (2.3%) of 16,588 male participants and 239 (1.6%) of 14,561 female participants had colorectal cancer during the follow-up period. Compared to nonusers, fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for colorectal cancer risk in high statin users were 0.56 (0.42-0.75) in men and 0.64 (0.46-0.90) in women. In men, the fully adjusted HRs for proximal and rectal cancer for high users were 0.29 (0.15-0.56) and 0.52 (0.35-0.78), respectively, compared to those for nonusers. In women, statistical significance was seen only in rectal cancer (HR 0.43 [0.25-0.72]) but not in proximal or distal colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: High statin users with hypercholesterolemia were associated with lower risk of overall colorectal cancer, especially proximal colon cancer in men and rectal cancer in both sexes.

Novel Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone Analogue Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells through the Nrf2 Pathway.

Obesity, characterized by excess lipid accumulation, has emerged as a leading public health problem. Excessive, adipocyte-induced lipid accumulation raises the risk of metabolic disorders. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can be obtained from abundant adipose tissue. High fat mass could be caused by an increase in the size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia) of adipocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). Lowering the level of ROS is important to blocking or retarding the adipogenic differentiation of hASCs. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that mediates various antioxidant enzymes and regulates cellular ROS levels. Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), widely used as artificial sweetener, has been shown to have significant free radical scavenging activity. In the present study, (E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (CTP), a novel NHDC analogue, was synthesized and examined to determine whether it could inhibit adipogenic differentiation. The inhibition of adipogenic differentiation in hASCs was tested using NHDC and CTP. In the CTP group, reduced Oil Red O staining was observed compared with the differentiation group. CTP treatment also downregulated the expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α, adipogenic differentiation markers in hASCs, compared to the adipogenic differentiation group. The expression of FAS and SREBP-1 decreased in the CTP group, along with the fluorescent intensity (amount) of ROS. Expression of the Nrf2 protein was slightly decreased in the differentiation group. Meanwhile, in both the NHDC and CTP groups, Nrf2 expression was restored to the level of the control group. Moreover, the expression of HO-1 and NQO-1 increased significantly in the CTP group. Taken together, these results suggest that CTP treatment suppresses the adipogenic differentiation of hASCs by decreasing intracellular ROS, possibly through activation of the Nrf2 cytoprotective pathway. Thus, the use of bioactive substances such as CTP, which activates Nrf2 to reduce the cellular level of ROS and inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of hASCs, could be a new strategy for overcoming obesity.

Recent trends in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Korean adults: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2014.

BACKGROUND: Recent obesity studies have reported that the rising trend in obesity has stabilized or leveled off. Our study aimed to update estimates of the recent prevalence trend in obesity based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998-2014. METHODS: A total of 66,663 subjects were included and defined as being either underweight, overweight, or obese, in accordance with a BMI of 18.5 kg/m2 or lower, 23 kg/m2 or higher, and 25 kg/m2 or higher, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of underweight in KNHANES I through VI surveys was 4.7%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.3%, 2.7%, and 2.6%, respectively, in men (P for trend = 0.03, ß = −0.002) and 5.4%, 6.1%, 5.8%, 6.5%, 7.6%, and 7.5%, respectively, in women (P for trend = 0.04, ß = 0.003). Also for KNHANES I through VI, the respective prevalence of overweight/obesity was 50.3%, 57.2%, 62.5%, 62.3%, 61.4%, and 62.3% in men (p for trend<0.01, ß = 0.009) and 48.3%, 50.3%, 50.0%, 47.8%, 47.0%, and 45.3% in women (p for trend<0.01, ß = -0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The obesity occurrence in men was trending upward with respect to overweight/obesity and for grade 1 and 2 obesity, but not for abdominal obesity. However, the obesity trends in women were leveling off from overweight/obesity, grade 1 obesity, and abdominal obesity measures. Further studies are required with data on muscle mass and adiposity for effective obesity control policies.

Trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Korean adults, 1998-2009: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Although obesity is increasing worldwide and becoming a major public health problem, some countries report a trend toward stabilization. We investigated prevalence trends in overweight/obesity and obesity among Korean adults during a 12-year period. METHODS: This study was based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) I (1998), II (2001), III (2005), and IV (2007-2009). The χ(2) and ANOVA tests were used to compare the prevalence and mean values for age and BMI, respectively. P-values for trends were determined by linear and logistic regression analyses, with KNHANES phase as the continuous variable. RESULTS: The prevalences of overweight/obesity in KNHANES I through IV were 50.8%, 57.4%, 62.5%, and 62.6%, respectively, among men (P for trend = 0.002, ß = 0.021) and 47.3%, 51.9%, 50.0%, and 48.9% among women (P for trend = 0.017, ß = -0.015). The respective prevalences of obesity were 26.0%, 32.4%, 35.1%, and 36.3% among men (P for trend = 0.006, ß = 0.018) and 26.5%, 29.3%, 28.0%, and 27.6% among women (P for trend = 0.143, ß = -0.008). During the same period, the respective prevalences of grade 2 obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) were 1.7%, 2.8%, 3.6%, and 3.8% among men (P for trend = 0.075, ß = 0.005) and 3.0%, 3.5%, 3.4%, and 4.0% among women (P for trend = 0.398, ß = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalences of overweight/obesity and obesity showed an upward trend among men during the 12-year period, whereas the prevalence of overweight/obesity slightly decreased among women from 2001.

Higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased vertebral osteoporotic fracture, but reduced hip fracture in men based on the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Lipids are currently known to play an important role in bone metabolism. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on osteoporotic fractures beyond its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: This was a retrospective, observational study that used data from the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort database. PATIENT SAMPLE: This study included 318,237 participants who were 50 years or older and with HDL-C levels of 10 to 200 mg/dL. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Physiologic measure-Diagnosis of osteoporotic fracture during the follow-up period. METHODS: The study participants were categorized into four quartiles according to baseline HDL-C levels. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess osteoporotic fracture risk according to HDL-C levels. RESULTS: After full adjustment and with the Q1 group as the reference group, estimates of hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for any osteoporotic fracture in men were 1.03 (0.94-1.12), 1.02 (0.93-1.11), and 1.07 (0.98-1.18) for the Q2, Q3, and Q4 groups, respectively. After classifying osteoporotic fractures according to the body location, the fully adjusted HRs for vertebral and hip fractures in the men's Q4 groups were 1.16 (1.02-1.31) and 0.74 (0.57-0.96), respectively. In women, fully adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of the female Q4 group for any osteoporotic, vertebral, and hip fractures were 1.03 (0.95-1.11), 0.96 (0.86-1.07), and 1.06 (0.80-1.41), respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, HDL-C levels were positively associated with vertebral fractures in both men and women but inversely related to hip fractures in men. Therefore, monitoring the lipid profiles of patients with osteoporosis may be beneficial for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures.

Reduced Alcohol Consumption and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Among Individuals With Previously High Alcohol Consumption.

Importance: Cardiovascular benefits of mild to moderate alcohol consumption need to be validated in the context of behavioral changes. The benefits of reduced alcohol consumption among people who drink heavily across different subtypes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are unclear. Objective: To investigate the association between reduced alcohol consumption and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in individuals who drink heavily across different CVD subtypes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study analyzed data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening database and self-reported questionnaires. The nationally representative cohort comprised Korean citizens aged 40 to 79 years who had national health insurance coverage on December 31, 2002, and were included in the 2002 to 2003 National Health Screening Program. People who drank heavily who underwent serial health examinations over 2 consecutive periods (first period: 2005-2008; second period: 2009-2012) were included and analyzed between February and May 2023. Heavy drinking was defined as more than 4 drinks (56 g) per day or more than 14 drinks (196 g) per week for males and more than 3 drinks (42 g) per day or more than 7 drinks (98 g) per week for females. Exposures: Habitual change in heavy alcohol consumption during the second health examination period. People who drank heavily at baseline were categorized into 2 groups according to changes in alcohol consumption during the second health examination period as sustained heavy drinking or reduced drinking. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the occurrence of MACEs, a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction or angina undergoing revascularization, any stroke accompanied by hospitalization, and all-cause death. Results: Of the 21 011 participants with heavy alcohol consumption at baseline (18 963 males [90.3%]; mean [SD] age, 56.08 [6.16] years) included in the study, 14 220 (67.7%) sustained heavy drinking, whereas 6791 (32.2%) shifted to mild to moderate drinking. During the follow-up of 162 378 person-years, the sustained heavy drinking group experienced a significantly higher incidence of MACEs than the reduced drinking group (817 vs 675 per 100 000 person-years; log-rank P = .003). Reduced alcohol consumption was associated with a 23% lower risk of MACEs compared with sustained heavy drinking (propensity score matching hazard ratio [PSM HR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.88). These benefits were mostly accounted for by a significant reduction in the incidence of angina (PSM HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.51-0.97) and ischemic stroke (PSM HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51-0.86). The preventive attributes of reduced alcohol intake were consistently observed across various subgroups of participants. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this cohort study suggest that reducing alcohol consumption is associated with a decreased risk of future CVD, with the most pronounced benefits expected for angina and ischemic stroke.

Changes in alcohol consumption habits and risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based study.

AIMS: Heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the association between habitual changes in heavy habitual drinkers and incident AF remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether absolute abstinence or reduced drinking decreases incident AF in heavy habitual drinkers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Atrial fibrillation-free participants with heavy alcohol consumption registered in the Korean National Health Insurance Service database between 2005 and 2008 were enrolled. Habitual changes in alcohol consumption between 2009 and 2012 were classified as sustained heavy drinking, reduced drinking, and absolute abstinence. The primary outcome measure was new-onset AF during the follow-up. To minimize the effect of confounding variables on outcome events, inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was performed. Overall, 19 425 participants were evaluated. The absolute abstinence group showed a 63% lower incidence of AF (IPTW hazard ratio: 0.379, 95% confidence interval: 0.169-0.853) than did the sustained heavy drinking group. Subgroup analysis identified that abstinence significantly reduced incident AF in participants with normal body mass index and without hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, or coronary artery disease (all P-value <0.05). There was no statistical difference in incident AF in participants with reduced drinking compared with sustained heavy alcohol group. CONCLUSION: Absolute abstinence could reduce the incidence of AF in heavy alcohol drinkers. Comprehensive clinical measures and public health policies are warranted to motivate alcohol abstinence in heavy drinkers.

In this study of 19 425 participants, we investigated whether alcohol consumption reduction was associated with lower risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in individuals with chronic heavy alcohol consumption. The absolute abstinence significantly reduced incident AF, but reducing alcohol consumption was not associated with a lower incident AF. The benefit of absolute abstinence for incidence of AF was significantly identified in participants with normal body mass index and without hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, heart failure, stroke, chronic kidney disease, or coronary artery disease.

Trends in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2009.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a poor quality of life and cardiovascular events and is a great threat to public health. METHODS: We investigated the trends of CKD prevalence over 12 years in Korean adults at least 20 years old using sampling weight methods based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) I (1998), II (2001), III (2005) and IV (2007-09). Of the 135 954 subjects participating in KNHANES I-IV, 33 276 (14 307 men, 18 969 women) were included in the present study. RESULTS: The percentage of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in KNHANES I-IV was 1.0, 5.4, 3.1 and 2.6% in men and 3.4, 9.7, 10.2 and 4.6% in women, respectively. The percentage of proteinuria ≥ 1+ measured by a dipstick method across KNHANES phases gradually declined in men (3.1, 3.0, 2.8 and 2.2% in KNHANES I-IV, respectively), while those in women rebounded in KNHANES IV after reduction through KNHANES III (3.3, 2.3, 1.4 and 1.9%, respectively). The prevalence of CKD (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or proteinuria ≥ 1+) in KNHANES I-IV was 3.9, 7.9, 5.4 and 4.5% in men and 6.4, 11.3, 12.0 and 6.3% in women, respectively. After stratification by age (20-39 years, 40-59 years and ≥ 60 years), the prevalence trends were similar to those before the stratification by sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CKD in Korean adults has decreased since 2001 in men and since 2005 in women.