L. monocytogens exhibited less cell membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation after plasma-activated water treatment compared to E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium.

This study investigated the bactericidal activity of plasma-activated water (PAW) generated with a remote discharge reactor against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes. PAW-40, -80, and -120, prepared by activating distilled water for 40, 80, and 120 min, respectively, showed inactivation activity against pathogenic bacteria, which increased as the activation time increased due to decrease in pH and increase in oxidation-reduction potential and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) of PAW. In addition, Gram-positive bacteria L. monocytogenes showed superior resistance to PAW than Gram-negative bacteria E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium. Compared with E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogens exhibited less cell membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, and intracellular ROS accumulation after PAW treatment, which indicated that L. monocytogenes exhibited greater resistance because the thick cell wall buffered RONS diffusion into the cell. PAW also showed a control effect on the pathogenic bacteria on cherry tomato, and the effect was maintained throughout five repeated applications; thus, proposing high reusability of PAW. The results of this study propose that PAW generated with a remote discharge reactor can be utilized for pathogen control and provides basic data for related research and practical industrial applications.

Optimal Implementation Parameters of a Nonlinear Electrical Impedance Tomography Method Using the Complete Electrode Model.

This study discusses a nonlinear electrical impedance tomography (EIT) technique under different analysis conditions to propose its optimal implementation parameters. The forward problem for calculating electric potential is defined by the complete electrode model. The inverse problem for reconstructing the target electrical conductivity profile is presented based on a partial-differential-equation-constrained optimization approach. The electrical conductivity profile is iteratively updated by solving the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions and using the conjugate gradient method with an inexact line search. Various analysis conditions such as regularization scheme, number of electrodes, current input patterns, and electrode arrangement were set differently, and the corresponding results were compared. It was found from this study that the proposed EIT method yielded appropriate inversion results with various parameter settings, and the optimal implementation parameters of the EIT method are presented. This study is expected to expand the utility and applicability of EIT for the non-destructive evaluation of structures.

Synergistic bactericidal effect of hot water with citric acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm formed on stainless steel.

This study investigated the antimicrobial effect of hot water with citric acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm on stainless steel (SS). Hot water (50, 60, or 70 °C) with 2% citric acid exhibited a synergistic bactericidal effect on the pathogen biofilm. It was revealed that hot water and citric acid combination induced sub-lethally injured cells. Additionally, mechanisms of the synergistic bactericidal effects of hot water with citric acid were identified through several approaches. In terms of biofilm matrix, hot water removes exopolysaccharides, a major component of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), thereby increasing contact between surface cells and citric acid, resulting in a synergistic bactericidal effect. In terms of the cell itself, increased permeability of citric acid through cell membranes destructed by hot water promotes the inactivation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in E. coli O157:H7, which induce synergistic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promote inactivation of cell by activating lipid peroxidation, resulting in destruction of the cell membrane. Therefore, it is interpreted that when hot water with citric acid is applied to E. coli O157:H7 biofilm, synergy effects on the biofilm matrix and cell itself have a complex interaction with each other, thus causing a dramatic synergistic bactericidal effect.

Application of a Krypton-Chlorine Excilamp To Control Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Spores in Apple Juice and Identification of Its Sporicidal Mechanism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sporicidal effect of a krypton-chlorine (KrCl) excilamp against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores and to compare its inactivation mechanism to that of a conventional UV lamp containing mercury (Hg). The inactivation effect of the KrCl excilamp was not significantly different from that of the Hg UV lamp for A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice despite the 222-nm wavelength of the KrCl excilamp having a higher absorption coefficient in apple juice than the 254-nm wavelength of the Hg UV lamp; this is because KrCl excilamps have a fundamentally greater inactivation effect than Hg UV lamps, which is confirmed under ideal conditions (phosphate-buffered saline). The inactivation mechanism analysis revealed that the DNA damage induced by the KrCl excilamp was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that induced by the Hg UV lamp, while the KrCl excilamp caused significantly higher (P < 0.05) lipid peroxidation incidence and permeability change in the inner membrane of A. acidoterrestris spores than did the Hg UV lamp. Meanwhile, the KrCl excilamp did not generate significant (P > 0.05) intracellular reactive oxygen species, indicating that the KrCl excilamp causes damage only through the direct absorption of UV light. In addition, after KrCl excilamp treatment with a dose of 2,011 mJ/cm2 to reduce A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice by 5 logs, there were no significant (P > 0.05) changes in quality parameters such as color (L*, a*, and b*), total phenolic compounds, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity.IMPORTANCEAlicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores, which have high resistance to thermal treatment and can germinate even at low pH, are very troublesome in the juice industry. UV technology, a nonthermal treatment, can be an excellent means to control heat-resistant A. acidoterrestris spores in place of thermal treatment. However, the traditionally applied UV sources are lamps that contain mercury (Hg), which is harmful to humans and the environment; thus, there is a need to apply novel UV technology without the use of Hg. In response to this issue, excilamps, an Hg-free UV source, have been actively studied. However, no studies have been conducted applying this technique to control A. acidoterrestris spores. Therefore, the results of this study, which applied a KrCl excilamp for the control of A. acidoterrestris spores and elucidated the inactivation principle, are expected to be utilized as important basic data for application to actual industry or conducting further studies.

Interpretation of Impact-Echo Testing Data from a Fire-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Slab Using a Discrete Layered Concrete Damage Model.

The main objectives of this study are to investigate the spectral responses of a fire-damaged concrete slab using Impact-echo (IE) testing, and to develop a simplified model for interpreting the frequency shift due to heat-induced concrete damage after the fire. For these purposes, a reinforced concrete slab specimen (1000 mm (width) by 5000 mm (length) by 210 mm (thickness)) was fabricated in the laboratory. Heat damage in the concrete slab specimen was induced by exposing the bottom of the specimen to the temperatures corresponding to the standard fire curve described in the ASTM E 119 for 3 h. Impact-echo testing was performed on the bottom surface of the concrete slab specimen before and after inducing the fire damage. It was observed that the spectral responses of the fire-damaged concrete were dominated by several non-propagating waves, which resulted in main peak frequencies around 4500 Hz and 5100 Hz. A discrete layered concrete damage model developed in this study was used to reconstruct the variation of the P-wave velocity with the depth of the fire-damaged concrete. It was demonstrated that the predicted P-wave velocity profile using the simplified model showed a good agreement with the measured values from the five core samples, which measured 100 mm (diameter) by 200 mm (height) cylinders, using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements at eight different depths. In addition, the peak frequencies predicted by the simplified model were consistent with the measured peak frequencies. The experimental results in this study demonstrated that IE testing is effective for evaluating the post-fire damage of reinforced concrete slabs. Particularly, the simplified model in this study can be effective for better interpreting the spectral responses of fire-damaged concrete slabs by IE testing.

Decontamination Effect of the Spindle and 222-Nanometer Krypton-Chlorine Excimer Lamp Combination against Pathogens on Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) and Bell Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.).

In this study, we developed a washing system capable of decontaminating fresh produce by combining the Spindle apparatus, which detaches microorganisms on sample surfaces, and a 222-nm krypton-chlorine excimer lamp (KrCl excilamp) (Sp-Ex) and investigated their decontamination effect against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) surfaces. Initial levels of the three pathogens were approximately 108 CFU/sample. Both E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium were reduced to below the detection limit (2.0 log CFU/sample) after 5 and 7 min of treatment on apple and bell pepper surfaces, respectively. The amounts of L. monocytogenes on apple and bell pepper surfaces were reduced by 4.26 and 5.48 logs, respectively, after 7 min of treatment. The decontamination effect of the Sp-Ex was influenced by the hydrophobicity of the sample surface as well as the microbial cell surface, and the decontamination effect decreased as the two hydrophobicity values increased. To improve the decontamination effect of the Sp-Ex, Tween 20, a surfactant that weakens the hydrophobic interaction between the sample surface and pathogenic bacteria, was incorporated into Sp-Ex processing. It was found that its decontamination effect was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by the addition of 0.1% Tween 20. Sp-Ex did not cause significant quality changes in apple or bell pepper surfaces during 7 days storage following treatment (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that Sp-Ex could be applied as a system to control pathogens in place of chemical sanitizer washing by the fresh-produce industry.IMPORTANCE Although most fresh-produce processing currently controls pathogens by means of washing with sanitizers, there are still problems such as the generation of harmful substances and changes in product quality. A combination system composed of the Spindle and a 222-nm KrCl excilamp (Sp-Ex) developed in this study reduced pathogens on apple and bell pepper surfaces using sanitizer-free water without altering produce color and texture. This study demonstrates the potential of the Sp-Ex to replace conventional washing with sanitizers, and it can be used as baseline data for practical application by industry. In addition, implementation of the Sp-Ex developed in this study is expected not only to meet consumer preference for fresh, minimally processed produce but also to reduce human exposure to harmful chemicals while being beneficial to the environment.

Increased Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to 222-Nanometer Krypton-Chlorine Excilamp Treatment by Acid Adaptation.

In this study, we examined the change in resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to 222-nm krypton-chlorine (KrCl) excilamp treatment as influenced by acid adaptation and identified a mechanism of resistance change. In addition, we measured changes in apple juice quality indicators, such as color, total phenols, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, during treatment. Non-acid-adapted and acid-adapted pathogens were induced by growing the cells in tryptic soy broth without dextrose (TSB w/o D) at pH 7.3 and in TSB w/o D at pH 5.0 (adjusted with HCl), respectively. For the KrCl excilamp treatment, acid-adapted pathogens exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher D5d values, which indicate dosages required to achieve a 5-log reduction, than those for non-acid-adapted pathogens in both commercially clarified apple juice and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the pathogens in the juice showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher D5d values than those for pathogens in PBS because of the UV-absorbing characteristics of apple juice. Through mechanism identification, it was found that the generation of lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane, inducing cell membrane destruction, was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in acid-adapted cells than in non-acid-adapted cells for the same amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at the same dose because the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (USFA/SFA) in the cell membrane was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as a result of acid adaptation. Treated apple juice showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference in quality indicators compared to those of untreated controls during treatment at 1,773 mJ/cm2IMPORTANCE There is a need for novel, mercury-free UV lamp technology to replace germicidal lamps containing harmful mercury, which are routinely utilized for UV pasteurization of apple juice. In addition, consideration of the changes in response to antimicrobial treatments that may occur when pathogens are adapted to the acid in an apple juice matrix is critical to the practical application of this technology. Based on this, an investigation using 222-nm KrCl excilamp technology, an attractive alternative to mercury lamps, was conducted. Our study demonstrated increased resistance to 222-nm KrCl excilamp treatment as pathogens adapted to acids, and this was due to changes in reactivity to ROS with changes in the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane. Despite increased resistance, the 222-nm KrCl excilamp achieved pathogen reductions of 5 log or more at laboratory scale without affecting apple juice quality. These results provide valuable baseline data for application of 222-nm KrCl excilamps in the apple juice industry.

The Synergistic Bactericidal Mechanism of Simultaneous Treatment with a 222-Nanometer Krypton-Chlorine Excilamp and a 254-Nanometer Low-Pressure Mercury Lamp.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic bactericidal effect of 222-nm KrCl excilamp and 254-nm low-pressure (LP) Hg lamp simultaneous treatment against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in tap water and to identify the synergistic bactericidal mechanism. Sterilized tap water inoculated with pathogens was treated individually or simultaneously with a 254-nm LP Hg lamp or 222-nm KrCl excilamp. Overall, for all pathogens, an additional reduction was found compared to the sum of the log unit reductions of the individual treatments resulting from synergy in the simultaneous treatment with both kinds of lamps. In order to identify the mechanism of this synergistic bactericidal action, the form and cause of membrane damage were analyzed. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generation as well as the activity of ROS defense enzymes then were measured, and the overall mechanism was described as follows. When the 222-nm KrCl excilamp and the 254-nm LP Hg lamp were treated simultaneously, inactivation of ROS defense enzymes by the 222-nm KrCl excilamp induced additional ROS generation following exposure to 254-nm LP Hg lamp (synergistic) generation, resulting in synergistic lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. As a result, there was a synergistic increase in cell membrane permeability leading to a synergistic bactericidal effect. This identification of the fundamental mechanism of the combined disinfection system of the 222-nm KrCl excilamp and 254-nm LP Hg lamp, which exhibited a synergistic bactericidal effect, can provide important baseline data for further related studies or industrial applications in the future.IMPORTANCE Contamination of pathogenic microorganisms in water plays an important role in inducing outbreaks of food-borne illness by causing cross-contamination in foods. Thus, proper disinfection of water before use in food production is essential to prevent outbreaks of food-borne illness. As technologies capable of selecting UV radiation wavelengths (such as UV-LEDs and excilamps) have been developed, wavelength combination treatment with UV radiation, which is widely used in water disinfection systems, is actively being studied. In this regard, we have confirmed synergistic bactericidal effects in combination with 222-nm and 254-nm wavelengths and have identified mechanisms for this. This study clearly analyzed the mechanism of synergistic bactericidal effect by wavelength combination treatment, which has not been attempted in other studies. Therefore, it is also expected that these results will play an important role as baseline data for future research on, as well as industrial applications for, the disinfection strategy of effective wavelength combinations.

Effect of 222-nm krypton-chloride excilamp treatment on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on alfalfa seeds and seed germination.

We examined the control effect of a 222-nm KrCl excilamp on foodborne pathogens on alfalfa seeds and compared it with a conventional 254-nm low-pressure (LP) Hg lamp. When the 222-nm KrCl excilamp treated seeds at 87, 174 and 261 mJ/cm2, the log reductions of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) were 0.85, 1.77, and 2.77, respectively, and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) experienced log reductions of 1.22, 2.27, and 3.04, respectively. When the 254-nm LP Hg lamp was applied at 87, 174, and 261 mJ/cm2, the log reductions of E. coli O157: H7 were 0.7, 1.16, and 1.43, respectively, and those of S. Typhimurium were 0.75, 1.15, and 1.85, respectively. Therefore, it was shown that the 222-nm KrCl excilamp was more effective than the 254-nm LP Hg lamp in reducing foodborne pathogens. The germination rate decreased to less than 80% after 261 mJ/cm2 treatment with the 254-nm LP Hg lamp, while more than 90% was maintained with 261 mJ/cm2 222-nm KrCl excilamp treatment. DNA damage assay showed that the difference in germination rate was due to DNA damage resulting from 254-nm LP Hg lamp treatment. However, 222 nm KrCl excilamp treatment did not cause DNA damage, resulting in no difference in germination rate compared to that of non-treated alfalfa seeds. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the 222-nm KrCl excilamp as a foodborne pathogen control intervention for the alfalfa seed industry.

Experimental Validation of Slip-Forming Using Ultrasonic Sensors.

Slip-forming in concrete construction enables the continuous placement of concrete using a climbing form, the efficiency of which depends on appropriate slip-up timing. This implies the importance of knowing accurately the development of concrete strength over time, which has been assessed manually to date in construction fields. This paper presents a method for automating the slip-forming process by determining the optimal slip-up time using the in-situ strength of concrete. The strength of concrete is evaluated by a formula relating the strength to the surface wave velocity measured with ultrasonic sensors. Specifically, this study validates the applicability of the slip-form system with ultrasonic sensors for continuously monitoring the hardening of concrete through its application in several construction sites. To this end, a slip-form system with a pair of ultrasonic modules at the bottom of the panel was tested and the time variation of surface wave velocity in the concrete material was monitored during the slip-forming process. The results show that the proposed method can provide the optimal slip-up time of the form to automate the slip-forming process. This approach is expected to apply to other construction technologies that required the continuous monitoring of concrete strength for construction efficiency as well as quality maintenance.

Evaluation of Early-Age Concrete Compressive Strength with Ultrasonic Sensors.

Surface wave velocity measurement of concrete using ultrasonic sensors requires testing on only one side of a member. Thus, it is applicable to concrete cast inside a form and is often used to detect flaws and evaluate the compressive strength of hardened concrete. Predicting the in situ concrete strength at a very early stage inside the form helps with determining the appropriate form removal time and reducing construction time and costs. In this paper, the feasibility of using surface wave velocities to predict the strength of in situ concrete inside the form at a very early stage was evaluated. Ultrasonic sensors were used to measure a series of surface waves for concrete inside a form in the first 24 h after placement. A continuous wavelet transform was used to compute the travel time of the propagating surface waves. The cylindrical compressive strength and penetration resistance tests were also performed during the test period. Four mixtures and five curing temperatures were used for the specimens. The surface wave velocity was confirmed to be applicable to estimating the concrete strength at a very early age in wall-like elements. An empirical formula is proposed for evaluating the early-age compressive strength of concrete considering the 95% prediction intervals.

Cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene by Burkholderia cepacia G4 with poplar leaf homogenate.

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a chlorinated organic solvent, is one of the most common and widespread groundwater contaminants worldwide. Among the group of TCE-degrading aerobic bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia G4 is the best-known representative. This strain requires the addition of specific substrates, including toluene, phenol, and benzene, to induce the enzymes to degrade TCE. However, the substrates are toxic and introducing them into the soil can result in secondary contamination. In this study, poplar leaf homogenate containing natural phenolic compounds was tested for the ability to induce the growth of and TCE degradation by B. cepacia G4. The results showed that the G4 strain could grow and degrade TCE well with the addition of phytochemicals. The poplar leaf homogenate also functioned as an inducer of the toluene-ortho-monooxygenase (TOM) gene in B. cepacia G4.

Removing environmental organic pollutants with bioremediation and phytoremediation.

Hazardous organic pollutants represent a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. If left unmanaged, these pollutants could cause concern. Many researchers have stepped up efforts to find more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to using hazardous chemicals and treatments to remove existing harmful pollutants. Environmental biotechnology, such as bioremediation and phytoremediation, is a promising field that utilizes natural resources including microbes and plants to eliminate toxic organic contaminants. This technology offers an attractive alternative to other conventional remediation processes because of its relatively low cost and environmentally-friendly method. This review discusses current biological technologies for the removal of organic contaminants, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, focusing on their limitation and recent efforts to correct the drawbacks.

Assessing biofilm formation and resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus on UV-aged microplastics in aquatic environments.

UV degradation of marine microplastics (MPs) could increase their vector potential for pathogenic bacteria and threaten human health. However, little is known about how the degree of UV aging affects interactions between MPs and pathogens and how various types of MPs differ in their impact on seafood safety. This study investigated five types of UV-aged MPs and their impact on Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a seafood pathogen. MPs exposed to UV for 60 days showed similar physicochemical changes such as surface cracking and hydrophobicity reduction. Regardless of the type, longer UV exposure of MPs resulted in more biofilm formation on the surface under the same conditions. V. parahaemolyticus types that formed biofilms on the MP surface showed 1.4- to 5.0-fold upregulation of virulence-related genes compared to those that did not form biofilms, independently of UV exposure. However, longer UV exposure increased resistance of V. parahaemolyticus on MPs to chlorine, heat, and human gastrointestinal environment. This study implies that the more UV degradation occurs on MPs, the more microbial biofilm formation is induced, which can significantly increase virulence and environmental resistance of bacteria regardless of the type of MP.

Application of combined treatment of peracetic acid and ultraviolet-C for inactivating pathogens in water and on surface of apples.

In this study, a combined treatment of peracetic acid (PAA) and 280 nm Ultraviolet-C (UVC) - Light emitting diode (LED) was applied for inactivating foodborne pathogens in water and apples. The combined treatment of PAA (50 ppm) and UVC-LED showed synergistic inactivation effects against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in water. In mechanism analysis, PAA/UVC-LED treatment induced more lipid peroxidation, intracellular ROS, membrane, and DNA damage than a single treatment. Among them, membrane damage was the main synergistic inactivation mechanism of combination treatment. Cell rupture and shrink of both pathogens after PAA/UVC-LED treatment were also identified through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. To examine inactivation of pathogens on the surface of apples by PAA, UVC-LED, and their combined treatment, a washing system (WS) was developed and used. Through applying the WS, PAA/UVC-LED treatment effectively inactivated two pathogens in washing solution and on the surface of apples below the detection limit (3.30 log CFU/2000 mL and 2.0 log CFU/apple) within 5 min. In addition, there was no significant difference in color or firmness of apples after PAA/UVC-LED treatment (p > 0.05).

Diversity of rhizobia associated with leguminous trees growing in South Korea.

This study was carried out to examine the diversity of 34 isolates collected from 11 species of leguminous trees growing in South Korea. Phylogenetic relationships between these 34 isolates and reference strains of the Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Ensifer/Sinorhizobium were analysed by using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Twenty-one isolates were related to Mesorhizobium, four isolates to Rhizobium, and nine isolates to Bradyrhizobium. But none of isolates were related to Sinorhizobium/Ensifer and Azorhizobium. Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa were nodulated by various genotypes of rhizobia out of them, most of the isolates belonged to the genus Mesorhizobium. The isolates from Lespedeza bicolar belonged to diverse genera of Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, and Bradyrhizobium. The isolates from Maackia amurensis and Lespedeza maximowiezii var. tomentella were phylogenetically related to the genera of Bradyrhizobium. PCR-based RAPD method and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA results revealed a high phylogenetic diversity of rhizobial strains nodulating leguminous trees in South Korea. Also, the relationships between host and bacterial phylogenies showed that only Robinia pseudoacacia, and Wisteria floribunda have significantly unique branch length than expected by chance based on phylogenetic tree.

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes through the synergistic interaction between plasma-activated water and organic acid.

This study observed that when plasma-activated water (PAW) was combined with organic acid, it showed a synergistic inactivation effect on Listeria monocytogenes, which is highly resistant to PAW. When comparing various organic acids, lactic acid (LA) showed the greatest synergistic effect, followed by malic acid (MA), citric acid (CA), and acetic acid (AA), whereas propionic acid (PA) did not show a synergistic effect. Organic acid lowered the activity of ROS defense enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) by reducing intracellular pH (pHi), which induced the increase in the accumulation of ROS of PAW within the cell. In the end, the synergistic inactivation effect appeared as the increased occurrence of oxidative damage when organic acid was combined as a series of preceding causes. In this case, LA with the greatest ability to lower the pH induced the greatest synergistic effect, suggesting that LA is the best candidate to be combined with PAW. As a result of observing changes in inactivation activity for L. monocytogenes of PAW combined with 1.0% LA while storing at - 80, -20, 4, 25, & 37 °C for 30 days, respectively, it was confirmed that the lower the temperature, the lower the activity loss during the storage period, and that it had an activity of 3.72 log reduction based on 10 min treatment when stored at - 80 °C for 30 days. Application of PAW combined with 1.0% LA stored at - 80 °C for 30 days to mackerel inoculated with L. monocytogenes in ice form resulted in a decrease of 4.53 log after 120 min treatment, without changing the quality of mackerel. These results suggest that combining LA with PAW can be an effective control strategy for L. monocytogenes with high resistance to PAW, and can be effectively utilized, even in ice form.

Isolation and Evaluation of the Antagonistic Activity of Cnidium officinale Rhizosphere Bacteria against Phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani).

Cnidium officinale Makino, a perennial crop in the Umbeliperae family, is one of Korea's representative forest medicinal plants. However, the growing area of C. officinale has been reduced by plant disease and soil sickness caused by fusarium wilt. This study isolated rhizosphere bacteria from C. officinale, and their antagonistic activity was evaluated against Fusarium solani. Particularly, four isolated strains, namely, PT1, ST7, ST8, and SP4, showed a significant antagonistic activity against F. solani. An in planta test showed that the mortality rates of shoots were significantly low in the PT1-inoculated group. The fresh and dry weights of the inoculated plants were also higher than that of the other groups. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the strain PT1 as Leclercia adecarboxylata, and downstream studies confirmed the production of antagonism-related enzymes such as siderophore and N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase. The phosphorous solubilizing ability and secretion of related enzymes were also analyzed. The results showed that PT1 strain could be utilized as promising plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and biocontrol agents (BCAs).

Probiotic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GILA with alleviating intestinal inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis mouse model.

Recently, several probiotic products have been developed; however, most probiotic applications focused on prokaryotic bacteria whereas eukaryotic probiotics have received little attention. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains are eukaryotes notable for their fermentation and functional food applications. The present study investigated the novel yeast strains isolated from Korean fermented beverages and examined their potential probiotic characteristics. We investigated seven strains among 100 isolates with probiotic characteristics further. The strains have capabilities such as auto-aggregation tendency, co-aggregation with a pathogen, hydrophobicity with n-hexadecane,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging effect, survival in simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and the adhesion ability of the strains to the Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, all the strains contained high cell wall glucan content, a polysaccharide with immunological effects. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing identified the Saccharomyces strains selected in the present study as probiotics. To examine the effects of alleviating inflammation in cells, nitric oxide generation in raw 264.7 cells with S. cerevisiae showed that S. cerevisiae GILA could be a potential probiotic strain able to alleviate inflammation. Three probiotics of S. cerevisiae GILA strains were chosen by in vivo screening with a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis murine model. In particular, GILA 118 down-regulates neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and myeloperoxidase in mice treated with DSS. The expression levels of genes encoding tight junction proteins in the colon were upregulated, cytokine interleukin-10 was significantly increased, and tumor necrosis factor-α was reduced in the serum.

Biodegradation of trichloroethylene by an endophyte of hybrid poplar.

We isolated and characterized a novel endophyte from hybrid poplar. This unique endophyte, identified as Enterobacter sp. strain PDN3, showed high tolerance to trichloroethylene (TCE). Without the addition of inducers, such as toluene or phenol, PDN3 rapidly reduced TCE levels in medium from 72.4 µM to 30.1 µM in 24 h with a concurrent release of 127 µM chloride ion, and nearly 80% of TCE (55.3 µM) was dechlorinated by PDN3 in 5 days with 166 µM chloride ion production, suggesting TCE degradation.