Examining the immunological responses to COVID-19 vaccination in multiple myeloma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Impaired immune response in multiple myeloma renders the patients vulnerable to infections, such as COVID-19, and may cause worse response to vaccines. Researchers should analyze this issue to enable the planning for special preventive measures, such as increased booster doses. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the response and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with multiple myeloma. METHODS: This meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, conducting a comprehensive database search using specified keywords. Study selection involved a two-phase title/abstract and full-text screening process. Data extraction was performed by two researchers, and statistical analysis involved meta-analysis, subgroup analysis based on vaccine dosage and study time, random effects meta-regression, and heterogeneity testing using the Q test. RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed that patients with multiple myeloma (MM) had a lower likelihood of developing detectable antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination compared to healthy controls (Log odds ratio with 95% CI: -3.34 [-4.08, -2.60]). The analysis of antibody response after different doses showed consistent lower seropositivity in MM patients (after first dose: -2.09, [-3.49, -0.69], second: -3.80, 95%CI [-4.71, -3.01], a booster dose: -3.03, [-5.91, -0.15]). However, there was no significant difference in the mean level of anti-S antibodies between MM patients and controls (Cohen's d -0.72, [-1.86, 0.43]). Evaluation of T-cell responses indicated diminished T-cell-mediated immunity in MM patients compared to controls. Seven studies reported clinical response, with breakthrough infections observed in vaccinated MM patients. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the impaired humoral and cellular immune responses in MM patients after COVID-19 vaccination, suggesting the need for further investigation and potential interventions.

Identifying determinants for falls among Iranian older adults: insights from the Bushehr Elderly Health Program.

BACKGROUND: Falls are a common cause of fractures in older adults. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with spontaneous falls among people aged ≥ 60 years in southern Iran. METHODS: The baseline data of 2,426 samples from the second stage of the first phase of a prospective cohort, the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program, were included in the analysis. A history of spontaneous falls in the year before recruitment was measured by self-report using a standardized questionnaire. Demographic characteristics, as well as a history of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, and cancer, were measured using standardized questionnaires. A tandem gait (heel-to-toe) exam, as well as laboratory tests, were performed under standard conditions. A multiple logistic regression model was used in the analysis and fitted backwardly using the Hosmer and Lemeshow approach. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 69.34 (6.4) years, and 51.9% of the participants were women. A total of 260 (10.7%, 95% CI (9.5-12.0)%) participants reported a spontaneous fall in the year before recruitment. Adjusted for potential confounders, epilepsy (OR = 4.31), cancer (OR = 2.73), depression (OR = 1.81), low back pain (OR = 1.79), and osteoarthritis (OR = 1.49) increased the risk of falls in older adults, while the ability to stand ≥ 10 s in the tandem gait exam (OR = 0.49), being male (OR = 0.60), engaging in physical activity (OR = 0.69), and having high serum triglyceride levels (OR = 0.72) reduced the risk of falls. CONCLUSION: The presence of underlying diseases, combined with other risk factors, is significantly associated with an increased risk of falls among older adults. Given the relatively high prevalence of falls in this population, it is crucial to pay special attention to identifying and addressing these risk factors.

The burden of childhood and adolescent cancers in North Africa and the Middle East (NAME) region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the significant burden of childhood and adolescent cancers, no specific studies recently discussed the burden of cancer in this group in the North Africa and the Middle East (NAME) region. Therefore, we aimed to study the burden of cancers in this group in this region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data for children and adolescent cancers (0-19 years old) in the NAME region from 1990 to 2019. 21 types of neoplasms were grouped as "neoplasms", comprising 19 specific cancer groups as well as "other malignant neoplasms" and "other neoplasms". Three significant parameters of incidence, deaths, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were studied. The data are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), and reported rates per 100,000. RESULTS: In 2019, almost 6 million (95% UI: 4.166 M-8.405 M) new cases and 11,560(9770-13,578) deaths due to neoplasms occurred in the NAME region. Incidence was higher in females (3.4 M), while deaths (6226 of overall 11,560) and DALYs (501,118 of overall 933,885) were estimated as higher in males. Incidence rates did not significantly change since 1990, while deaths and DALYs rates declined significantly. After excluding "other malignant neoplasms" and "other neoplasms", leukemia was responsible for the highest number of incidence and deaths (incidence: 10,629(8237-13,081), deaths: 4053(3135-5013), followed by brain and central nervous system cancers (incidence: 5897(4192-7134), deaths: 2446(1761-2960)), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (incidence: 2741 (2237-3392), deaths: 790(645-962)). Incidence rates of neoplasms were similar for most countries, but countries varied more in terms of death rates. Afghanistan 8.9(6.5-11.9), Sudan 6.4(4.5-8.6), and the Syrian Arab Republic 5.6(4.3-8.3) had the highest overall death rates. CONCLUSION: The NAME region is observing relatively constant incidence rates and a decreasing pattern in the deaths and DALYs. Despite this success, several countries are lagging behind in development. Different issues such as economic problems, armed conflicts and political instabilities, lack of equipment or experienced staff or poor distribution, stigmatization and disbelief in the healthcare systems account for unfavorable numbers in some countries. Such problems require urgent solutions as new sophisticated and personalized cares raise the alarm for even more inequalities between high and low-income countries.

Thigh Length as the Most Consistent Anthropometric Parameter in Predicting the Size of Hamstring Tendon Autografts in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Individual variability in the length and thickness of hamstring tendon autografts is a serious drawback in using these tendons for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). In this study, we aimed to determine the correlation between the anthropometric parameters and the size of hamstring tendon autografts. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 52 male ACLR candidates were included. The length of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons and the diameter of single, doubled, and quadrupled tendons were measured. A graft sizing block device with an incremental size change of 0.5 mm (range 4.5-12) was used to measure the tendon graft diameter. The evaluated anthropometric parameters included age, gender, height, weight, BMI, thigh length and diameter, calf length, thigh-to-calf ratio, wrist diameter, and ankle diameter. A Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient test was used for evaluating the correlation of anthropometric factors with graft characteristics. Results: The mean age of the patients was 27.1 ± 6.4 years. The semitendinosus length was significantly correlated with the patient's height (r = 0.373, P = 0.007), thigh length (r = 0.364, P = 0.009), and calf length (r = 0.340, P = 0.015). The gracilis length was significantly correlated with thigh length (r = 0.278, P = 0.049). The mean quadruple diameter was 8.56 ± 1.15 mm (range 6.5-11). The quadruple diameter was significantly correlated with the thigh length (r = 0.283, P = 0.044). No other significant correlation was found between the tendons' size and evaluated anthropometric parameters. Conclusion: Thigh length was correlated with the semitendinosus length, gracilis length, and quadruple diameter. Therefore, it could be regarded as the most consistent and promising anthropometric factor in the prediction of hamstring autograft size.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in children.

BACKGROUND: Several individual studies from specific countries have reported rising numbers of pediatric COVID-19 cases with inconsistent reports on the clinical symptoms including respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms as well as diverse reports on the mean age and household exposure in children. The epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in children are not fully understood, hence, comprehensive meta-analyses are needed to provide a better understanding of these characteristics. METHODS: This review was conducted in Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library, Embase, Web of Science, and published reports on COVID-19 in children. Data were extracted by two independent researchers and a third researcher resolved disputes. STATA software and the random-effect model were used in the synthesis of our data. For each model, the heterogeneity between studies was estimated using the Q Cochrane test. Heterogeneity and publication bias were calculated using the I2 statistic and Egger's/Begg's tests. RESULTS: The qualitative systematic review was performed on 32 articles. Furthermore, the meta-analysis estimated an overall rate of involvement at 12% (95% CI: 9-15%) among children, with an I2 of 98.36%. The proportion of household exposure was calculated to be 50.99% (95% CI: 20.80%-80.80%) and the proportion of admitted cases was calculated to be 45% (95% CI: 24%-67%). Additionally, the prevalence of cough, fatigue, fever and dyspnea was calculated to be 25% (95% CI: 0.16-0.36), 9% (95% CI: 0.03-0.18), 33% (95% CI: 0.21-0.47) and 9% (95% CI: 0.04-0.15), respectively. It is estimated that 4% (95% CI: 1-8%) of cases required intensive care unit admission. CONCLUSIONS: The pediatric clinical picture of COVID-19 is not simply a classic respiratory infection, but unusual presentations have been reported. Given the high incidence of household transmission and atypical clinical presentation in children, we strongly recommend their inclusion in research and population-based preventive measures like vaccination as well as clinical trials to ensure efficacy, safety, and tolerability in this age group.

Estimating Hidden Population Size of COVID-19 using Respondent-Driven Sampling Method - A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is posing a challenge to health systems worldwide. Unfortunately, the true number of infections is underestimated due to the existence of a vast number of asymptomatic infected individual's proportion. Detecting the actual number of COVID-19-affected patients is critical in order to treat and prevent it. Sampling of such populations, so-called hidden or hard-to-reach populations, is not possible using conventional sampling methods. The objective of this research is to estimate the hidden population size of COVID-19 by using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) methods. METHODS: This study is a systematic review. We have searched online databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane to identify English articles published from the beginning of December 2019 to December 2022 using purpose-related keywords. The complete texts of the final chosen articles were thoroughly reviewed, and the significant findings are condensed and presented in the table. RESULTS: Of the 7 included articles, all were conducted to estimate the actual extent of COVID-19 prevalence in their region and provide a mathematical model to estimate the asymptomatic and undetected cases of COVID-19 amid the pandemic. Two studies stated that the prevalence of COVID-19 in their sample population was 2.6% and 2.4% in Sierra Leone and Austria, respectively. In addition, four studies stated that the actual numbers of infected cases in their sample population were significantly higher, ranging from two to 50 times higher than the recorded reports. CONCLUSIONS: In general, our study illustrates the efficacy of RDS in the estimation of undetected asymptomatic cases with high cost-effectiveness due to its relatively trouble-free and low-cost methods of sampling the population. This method would be valuable in probable future epidemics.

The effect of macronutrient and micronutrient supplements on COVID-19: an umbrella review.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A healthy diet play an important role in the prevention and even treatment of various diseases. Proper nutrition plays an important role in boosting of immune system. These include the consumption of macronutrients such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and also micronutrients including vitamins. Here, we aimed to systematically review the effects of macronutrients and micronutrients on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. METHODS: We searched the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science on December 23, 2023. The records were downloaded into an EndNote file, the duplicates were removed, and the studies underwent a two-phase screening process based on their title/abstracts and full texts. The included articles were screened and underwent inclusion and exclusion criteria. We included the English systematic reviews and meta-analyses that concurred with the aim of our study. The selected articles were assessed by Cochrane's Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews for the quality check. The data of the eligible studies were extracted in a pre-designed word table and were used for the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 28 reviews were included in this study. Most studies have shown that micronutrients are effective in morbidity and mortality controlling in viral respiratory infections such as COVID-19 but some studies have shown that micronutrients are sometimes not effective in controlling severity. On the other hand, calcifediol was by far the most successful agent in reducing intensive care needs and mortality between studies. CONCLUSION: Individuals without malnutrition had a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease. The administration of Vitamin D is effective in reducing the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. Patients with vitamin D deficiency were more prone to experience severe infection, and they were at higher risk of morbidities and mortality. Other micronutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B, and Zinc also showed some benefits in patients with COVID-19. Vitamin C showed no efficacy in COVID-19 management even in intravenous form or in high doses.

Comparison of Omicron and Delta Variants of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. In early 2020, the disease spread rapidly around the world. Since the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved dramatically into a wide variety of variants endowed with devastating properties. As of March 6, 2022, five SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron strains have been identified. Due to the crucial importance of understanding the differences between the Omicron and Delta variants, this systematic review was conducted. METHODS: This systematic review investigated new variants of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 based on current studies. Online databases were searched for English articles as of January 03, 2023. Selection of publications was a two-step process of title/abstract and full-text assessment against eligibility criteria. The relevant data from the included articles were systematically collected and organized in a designed table for analysis. To ensure the quality of the review, the PRISMA checklist and Newcastle- Ottawa Scale (NOS) of quality assessment were utilized. RESULTS: The data extracted from 58 articles were analyzed, including 10003 pieces of evidence. Lower risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality after vaccination were reported in the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant. Additionally, the Delta variant led to more severe clinical symptoms in comparison to the Omicron variant. CONCLUSION: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 results in less severe disease outcomes as compared to Delta. Nevertheless, it remains crucial to maintain ongoing monitoring, implement containment measures, and adapt vaccination protocols to effectively address the evolving variants.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and review of characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are one of the most promising approaches toward advanced melanoma. Here, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy of all studied ICIs. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search to identify the relevant publications (PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42023470649). Then we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of different ICIs for metastatic melanoma. We used Cochrane's tool to assess the quality of studies. The outcome measures were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: Twenty reports of RCTs entered our systematic review, 18 of which were included in our data analysis. ICIs showed improved survival compared with control group (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.43-0.71; P<0.001). Using a meta-regression, we found a significant relation between patients' mean age and their OS (P<0.001, R2 = 100.00%). Also, our analysis revealed greater HR for CTLA-4 inhibitors than PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (HR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.63-0.79, P<0.001 vs. HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.46-0.79, P<0.001). The effect sizes of different types of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors were comparable. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ICI-based immunotherapy is associated with enhanced OS, PFS, and RFS (P < 0.001) and will assist clinicians in choosing the optimal approach toward treating metastatic melanoma.

Effects of opium use on one-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the patients with ST-segment elevation MI undergoing primary PCI: a propensity score matched - machine learning based study.

BACKGROUND: Considerable number of people still use opium worldwide and many believe in opium's health benefits. However, several studies proved the detrimental effects of opium on the body, especially the cardiovascular system. Herein, we aimed to provide the first evidence regarding the effects of opium use on one-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI) who underwent primary PCI. METHODS: We performed a propensity score matching of 2:1 (controls: opium users) that yielded 518 opium users and 1036 controls. Then, we performed conventional statistical and machine learning analyses on these matched cohorts. Regarding the conventional analysis, we performed multivariate analysis for hazard ratio (HR) of different variables and MACE and plotted Kaplan Meier curves. In the machine learning section, we used two tree-based ensemble algorithms, Survival Random Forest and XGboost for survival analysis. Variable importance (VIMP), tree minimal depth, and variable hunting were used to identify the importance of opium among other variables. RESULTS: Opium users experienced more one-year MACE than their counterparts, although it did not reach statistical significance (Opium: 72/518 (13.9%), Control: 112/1036 (10.8%), HR: 1.27 (95% CI: 0.94-1.71), adjusted p-value = 0.136). Survival random forest algorithm ranked opium use as 13th, 13th, and 12th among 26 variables, in variable importance, minimal depth, and variable hunting, respectively. XGboost revealed opium use as the 12th important variable. Partial dependence plot demonstrated that opium users had more one-year MACE compared to non-opium-users. CONCLUSIONS: Opium had no protective effects on one-year MACE after primary PCI on patients with STEMI. Machine learning and one-year MACE analysis revealed some evidence of its possible detrimental effects, although the evidence was not strong and significant. As we observed no strong evidence on protective or detrimental effects of opium, future STEMI guidelines may provide similar strategies for opium and non-opium users, pending the results of forthcoming studies. Governments should increase the public awareness regarding the evidence for non-beneficial or detrimental effects of opium on various diseases, including the outcomes of primary PCI, to dissuade many users from relying on false beliefs about opium's benefits to continue its consumption.

Evaluating the effects of air disinfectants in decontamination of COVID-19 aerosols.

Introduction: Airborne transmission is the most  crucial mode of COVID-19 transmission. Therefore, disinfecting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) aerosols float can have important implications in limiting COVID-19 transmission. Herein, we aimed to review the studies that utilized various disinfectants to decontaminate and inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 aerosols. Methods: This study was a review that studied related articles published between December 1, 2019 and August 23, 2022. We searched the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, on August 23, 2021. The studies were downloaded into the EndNote software, duplicates were removed, and then the studies were screened based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The screening process involved two steps; first, the studies were screened based on their title and abstract and then their full texts. The included studies were used for the qualitative analysis. Results: From 664 retrieved records, only 31 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final qualitative analysis. Various materials like Ozone, H2O2, alcohol, and TiO2 and methods like heating and using Ultraviolet were described in these studies to disinfect places contaminated by COVID-19. It appeared that the efficacy of these disinfectants varies considerably depending on the situation, time, and ultimately their mode of application. Conclusion: Following reliable protocols in combination with the proper selection of disinfectant agents for each purpose would serve to achieve desired elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

The Effectiveness of Face Masks in Preventing COVID-19 Transmission: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been among the cornerstones of COVID-19 prevention. Therefore, evaluating their preventive effects against COVID-19 is crucial. This review aimed to systematically search for the systematic review articles that explored the role of various types of face masks in preventing COVID-19. METHODS: We browsed the keywords of this study in the online databases of Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane on 10th January 2023 and retrieved all the relevant systematic review articles. The records were downloaded into an Endnote file, and the duplicates were removed. A two-step screening process consisting of title/abstract and full-text screenings was conducted to select the most relevant articles. To ensure the validity and reliability of the results, this study adhered to the PRISMA protocol. RESULTS: A total of 28 systematic reviews were included in this review. Most studies found that face masks are beneficial against viral respiratory infections, such as COVID-19. Different types of masks were evaluated in included studies. It appeared that mask efficacy depends on the material, layers, fitting on the face and user compliance. N 95 respirator had maximum efficacy, especially when used continuously. CONCLUSION: Face masks have a beneficial effect against COVID-19. Home masks are less protective than surgical masks or N95 personal breathing masks. Besides, the use of masks may elicit a false sense of security in people, which may lead to poor hand hygiene and violation of social distancing. Therefore, the necessary training should be provided to the public to increase awareness and encourage the right practice of using the mask, emphasizing the preventive effects of washing hands, social distancing, and using a face mask against COVID-19.

Gut microbiota and COVID-19: A systematic review.

Background and Aims: Alteration in humans' gut microbiota was reported in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The gut and upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota harbor a dynamic and complex population of microorganisms and have strong interaction with host immune system homeostasis. However, our knowledge about microbiota and its association with SARS-CoV-2 is still limited. We aimed to systematically review the effects of gut microbiota on the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity and the impact that SARS-CoV-2 could have on the gut microbiota. Methods: We searched the keywords in the online databases of Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane on December 31, 2021. After duplicate removal, we performed the screening process in two stages; title/abstract and then full-text screening. The data of the eligible studies were extracted into a pre-designed word table. This study adhered to the PRISMA checklist and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Bias Assessment tool. Results: Sixty-three publications were included in this review. Our study shows that among COVID-19 patients, particularly moderate to severe cases, the gut and lung microbiota was different compared to healthy individuals. In addition, the severity, and viral load of COVID-19 disease would probably also be influenced by the gut, and lung microbiota's composition. Conclusion: Our study concludes that there was a significant difference in the composition of the URT, and gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients compared to the general healthy individuals, with an increase in opportunistic pathogens. Further, research is needed to investigate the probable bidirectional association of COVID-19 and human microbiome.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Earlier reports described the possibility of higher SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity in patients with hematological malignancies. Given the importance and incidence of these malignancies, we aimed to systematically review SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity in patients with hematologic cancers. METHODS: We retrieved the relevant records by searching the keywords in online databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus on December 31st, 2021. A two-step screening; title/abstract and full-text screening, was employed to select the eligible studies. These eligible studies entered the final qualitative analysis. The study is adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist to ensure the reliability and validity of the results. RESULTS: Forty studies concerning different hematologic malignancies and the effect of COVID-19 infection on them were included in the final analysis. The findings showed that in general, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of the disease are often higher in hematologic malignancies and the patients could experience higher morbidity and mortality compared to general populations. CONCLUSION: It appeared that individuals with hematologic malignancies are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection and they experience more severe disease with higher mortality rates. The presence of other comorbidities could also deteriorate this situation. Further investigation is recommended to evaluate the outcome of COVID-19 infection in different subtypes of hematologic malignancies.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Levels of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Earlier studies demonstrated a decreased level of physical activity (PA) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the relevant studies among various age groups and explore the impact on physical and mental health. METHODS: We searched and retrieved all relevant articles using the keywords on the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane from the start of the pandemic until May 3rd, 2021. A two-phase screening process of identified records was carried out to shortlist the most relevant studies. First, the studies were evaluated based on their title/abstract, and then the full-text of included studies was thoroughly read. The eligible studies based on the eligibility criteria were included in this review. RESULTS: A total of 57 studies were included based on the eligibility criteria. Lockdowns and infection with SARS-CoV-2 have led to a decreased level of PA in the general population compared to the prepandemic era. Men had significantly less PA compared to women in some studies, probably due to higher pre-pandemic PA. The level of PA among those with chronic diseases also significantly diminished, putting them at a higher risk of cardiovascular incidents. Sedentary lifestyles have dominated people's life, including adolescents and university students. The increased levels of mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, and occupational stress, have been suggested to contribute to the decreased PA. On the other hand, the decreased PA appeared to lead to more mental health issues. Fortunately, the decreasing trend of PA seemed to taper towards the end of the quarantines. CONCLUSION: Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent quarantines reduced PA among all age groups and both sexes and had detrimental effects on people's physical and mental health. We suggest countries implement strategies to alleviate restrictions and encourage people to exercise in safe environments and prepare healthy routines for themselves.

Telemedicine technologies and applications in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Telemedicine services saw substantial surges in their use during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the lockdowns and characteristics of the pandemic. Therefore, the authors aimed to systematically review the telemedicine services provided during the COVID-19 pandemic and their potential applications. METHODS: The authors searched PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases on September 14, 2021. Then, the retrieved records underwent two-step title/abstract and full-text screening processes, and the eligible articles were included for qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: The review of studies demonstrated that the telephone is listed 38 times, making it the most common technology used in telemedicine. Video conferencing is also mentioned in 29 articles, as well as other technologies: Mobile-health (n = 15), Virtual reality (n = 7). According to the findings of the present study, Tele-follow-up (n = 24), Tele-consulting (n = 20), Virtual visits (20), and Tele-monitoring (n = 18) were the most widely used telemedicine applications. CONCLUSION: Telemedicine has been an effective approach to COVID-19 management. Telemedicine technology is going to play a key role in the future of health medicine, patient consultation, and many other extended applications of health care in remote rural locations.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 cause pneumonia can spread across the lung and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe cases. Post-exposure prophylaxis has shown great potential to prevent the transmission of some viral infections; however, such results for COVID-19 are still inconclusive. METHODS: Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically review the resources that utilized postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for COVID-19 and the possible clinical benefits of such drugs. An organized search of relevant literature was done using the keywords and search queries on public databases of Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from December 2019 to August 23, 2021. Original resources that had the inclusion criteria were included after two-phase title/abstract and full-text screenings. This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analysis (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS: Out of 841 retrieved records 17 resources were appropriate to include in the systematic review. Hydroxychloroquine with a daily dose of 400-800 mg and a duration of 5-14 days was the most frequently used agent for PEP. Chloroquine was recommended to use to control treatment in patients with mild to severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Other agents like Lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Vitamin D, arbidol, thymosin drugs, and Xin guan no.1 (XG.1, a Chinese formula medicine) have also been applied in some studies. CONCLUSION: Current evidence demonstrated no established clinical benefits of any drug as PEP in individuals with COVID-19. However, scarce indication occurs for the beneficial effects of some agents, but more studies are needed to explore such effects.

Feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of adult-sized instruments in pediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Little evidence exists regarding the benefits and disadvantages of adult-sized instruments for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in pediatric patients. This systematic review aims to clarify the safety and efficacy of this approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review using databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane and included studies that evaluated PCNL in children. All identified records underwent two-phase title/abstract and full-text screening. Pediatric patients were defined as 17 years or younger, and adult-sized instruments as 24Fr and above. The primary outcomes were success (stone-free) rate and surgical complications obtained from studies comparing adult-sized and pediatric-sized instruments. RESULTS: A total of 84 abstracts and 16 full text article were assessed till July 2021 and 6 studies were included. All studies were retrospective. Number of accesses (Odds ratio (OR), adult-sized to pediatric-sized: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.52-1.78, p = 0.89), initial stone-free rate (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.42-1.27, p = 0.26), final stone-free rate (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.38-3.44, p = 0.82), and residual stones (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.42-1.49, p = 0.46) could be analyzed, none with significant differences. Overall complication rates did not differ significantly between the groups. However, one study reported more grade III/IV complications in the adult-sized instrument group. The adult-sized instrument group had a higher hemoglobin/hematocrit decrease in 3 studies. Duration of surgery, fluoroscopy time, length of hospital stay, times to nephrostomy tube removal, and transfusion rate could not be assessed in meta-analysis; however, they were comparable between the adult-sized and pediatric-sized groups. Studies also showed that adult-sized instruments are applicable in children younger than 3 years and those with staghorn calculi as well as in fluoroscopy-free ultrasound-guided PCNL. CONCLUSION: Adult-sized instruments had comparable outcomes to the pediatric-sized ones and can be applied in pediatric PCNL when factors such as accessibility justify their use. The number and design of the studies restrict the reliability of the comparisons. Therefore, future studies with improved methodology may better reveal the impact of instruments on the outcome of PCNL in children.

Severe hyponatremia in an infant with epidermolysis bullosa: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Epidermolysis bullosa is a rare inherited connective tissue disorder compromising cellular junctions. Blister formation is the first manifestation of epidermolysis bullosa. As cellular adhesion is affected, it can affect many organs. Due to compromised skin integrity, water loss and electrolyte imbalances are prevalent in these patients. However, hypernatremia is the usual observed sodium imbalance rather than hyponatremia. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 48-day-old Iranian male infant born near term. He was diagnosed with epidermolysis bullosa at 1 month of age. The patient was brought to the pediatrics center with apnea and respiratory distress, and was intubated and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. His symptoms started 4 days before the admission with vomiting and poor feeding, and the patient later developed loss of consciousness. Vital signs revealed a pulse rate of 154 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 70 per minute, a temporal temperature of 36.5 °C, nondetectable blood pressure, and oxygen saturation of 96%. The patient was anuric at presentation and was rehydrated. Physical examination showed bolus eruptions all over the body but not in mucosal membranes. Important laboratory findings were white blood cell count of 41,000/mm3 with 68% neutrophils, hemoglobin of 10.8 g/dL, platelet count of 856,000/mm2, negative C-reactive protein (CRP), blood sugar of 514 mg/dL, urea of 129 mg/dL, sodium of 98 mg/dL, corrected sodium of 105 mg/dL, potassium of 5.5 mg/dL, serum creatinine of 1.7 mg/dL, and serum procalcitonin of more than 75 ng/mL. Urine analysis revealed many red blood cells. Brain computed tomography demonstrated loss of differentiation between gray and white matter and effacement of cortical sulci suggesting severe cytotoxic edema. We administered 3% hypertonic saline and corrected the plasma sodium levels, and provided the patient with multiple doses of mannitol as well as antibiotics due to the leukocytosis. Subsequently, after 3 days in pediatric intensive care unit, the symptoms of brain edema resolved, and after 4 days, he was weaned from the ventilator and extubated. Later he was discharged from the pediatric intensive care unit. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the possibility of severe hyponatremia in patients with epidermolysis bullosa to clinicians. Although uncommon, knowledge on such possibilities is vital due to the possible detrimental outcomes for patients.