Diffusion-weighted imaging does not seem to be a predictor of consistency in pituitary adenomas.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the usefulness of T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences in predicting the consistency of macroadenomas. In addition, to determine their values ​​as prognostic factors of surgical outcomes. METHODS: Patients with pituitary macroadenoma and surgical indication were included. All patients underwent pre-surgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that included the sequences T1WI before and after contrast administration and DWI with the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. Post-surgical MRI was performed at least 3 months after surgery. The consistency of the macroadenomas was evaluated at surgery, and they were grouped into soft and intermediate/hard adenomas. Mean ADC values, signal on T1WI and the ratio of tumor ADC values ​​to pons (ADCR) were compared with tumor consistency and grade of surgical resection. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients were included. A softened consistency was found at surgery in 53 patients and hardened in 27 patients. The median ADC in the soft consistency group was 0.532 × 10-3 mm2/sec (0.306 - 1.096 × 10-3 mm2/sec), and in the intermediate/hard consistency group was 0.509 × 10-3 mm2/sec (0.308 - 0.818 × 10-3 mm2/sec). There was no significant difference between the median values ​​of ADC, ADCR and signal on T1W between the soft and hard tumor groups, or between patients with and without tumor residue. CONCLUSION: Our results did not show usefulness of the DWI and T1WI for assessing the consistency of pituitary macroadenomas, nor as a predictor of the degree of surgical resection.

Refractory somatotroph adenomas.

Somatotroph adenomas are usually controlled with standard therapy, which can include surgery, medical treatment and radiotherapy. Some tumors have a more aggressive behavior and are refractory to standard therapy. In this review, we summarize the phenotype of these tumors and the current options for their management.

Importance of 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with acromegaly and correlation with cardiac magnetic resonance findings.

INTRODUCTION: Arterial hypertension (AH) is prevalent in acromegaly, but few studies using 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (24 h-ABPM) suggest that its frequency may be different from office blood pressure (OBP). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is one of the most frequent cardiac abnormalities. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is considered the gold standard to evaluate the heart. OBJECTIVES: To compare the frequency of AH when measured by 24 h-ABPM and by OBP and to correlate BP with cardiac mass. METHODS: Patients over 18 years of age with acromegaly underwent OBP evaluation and were later referred to the 24 h-ABPM. Treatment-naïve patients were submitted to CMR. RESULTS: We evaluated 96 patients. From 29 non hypertensive patients by OBP, 9 had AH on 24 h-ABPM. In the group of patients with a previous diagnosis of AH by OBP, 25 had controlled BP and 42 had abnormal BP on 24 h-ABPM, when analyzed by OBP there were 28 with controlled BP. We observed a positive correlation between diastolic BP measured in 24 h-ABPM and IGF-I levels, but we did not observe the same correlation with age, sex, body mass index and GH levels. The CMR was performed in 11 patients. We found a positive correlation of left ventricular mass (LVM) and BP of 24 h-ABPM. In contrast, there was no correlation of OBP with CMR parameters. CONCLUSIONS: We observed, that 24 h-ABPM in acromegaly allows the diagnosis of AH in some patients with normal BP in OBP and also to allow a better treatment. 24 h-ABPM shows a better correlation with VM by CMR.

miR-383-5p, miR-181a-5p, and miR-181b-5p as Predictors of Response to First-Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands in Acromegaly.

Acromegaly is a chronic systemic disease caused in the vast majority of cases by growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenoma, with surgery being the first-line treatment. When a cure is not attained with surgery, first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (fg-SRLs) are the most common medication prescribed. Predictors of response to fg-SRLs have been studied; however, they cannot fully predict the response to fg-SRL. MicroRNAs are small RNAs, the main role of which is messenger RNA (mRNA) post-transcriptional regulation. This study aimed to identify the microRNAs involved in resistance to treatment with fg-SRLs in acromegaly. Ten patients with acromegaly undergoing treatment with fg-SRLs were selected to undergo miRNA sequencing: five controlled and five uncontrolled with treatment. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to detect differentially expressed miRNAs. Then, the same 10 samples were used for validation by qPCR and an additional 22 samples were analyzed, totaling 32 samples. e We found 59 differentially expressed miRNAs in the first analysis. miR-181a-5p and miR-181b-5p were downregulated, and miR-383-5p was upregulated in the uncontrolled group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of miR-383-5p showed an NPV of 84.3% and a PPV of 84.5%. In summary, miR-181a-5p, miR-181b-5p, and miR-383-5p are biomarkers of response to fg-SRLs, and they can be used individually or included in prediction models as tools to guide clinical decisions.

Characterization of sporadic somatotropinomas with high GIP receptor expression.

PURPOSE: To analyze the expression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) in somatotropinomas specimens and compare clinical, biochemical, radiological, therapeutic, molecular, and pathological data among those who overexpressed (GIPR +) and those who did not overexpress (GIPR - ) GIPR. METHODS: Clinical, biochemical, radiological, molecular, and pathological data were collected. GNAS1 sequencing was performed with the Sanger method. Protein expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 and CAM 5.2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to analyze the mRNA expression of GIPR with the TaqMan® method. Positive expression was considered when the fold change (FC) was above 17.2 (GIPR +). RESULTS: A total of 74 patients (54% female) were included. Eighteen tumors (24%) were GIPR + . Gsp mutation was detected in 30 tumors (40%). GIPR + tumors were more frequently densely granulated adenomas (83% vs 47%, p = 0.028). There was no difference in clinical, biochemical, radiological, therapeutic (surgical cure or response to medical therapy), or other pathological features between GIPR + and GIPR -  tumors. Twenty-eight out of 56 (50%) GIPR -  tumors harbored a gsp mutation, whereas two out of 18 (11%) GIPR + tumors harbored a gsp mutation (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: We described, for the first time, that GIPR + and gsp mutations are not mutually exclusive, but gsp mutations are less common in GIPR + tumors. GIPR + and GIPR -  tumors have similar clinical, biochemical, radiological, therapeutic, and pathological features, with the exception of a high frequency of densely granulated adenomas among GIPR + tumors.

MicroRNA in Acromegaly: Involvement in the Pathogenesis and in the Response to First-Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands.

Acromegaly is a chronic and systemic disease due to excessive growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor type I caused, in the vast majority of cases, by a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. About 40% of these tumors have somatic mutations in the stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit 1 gene. The pathogenesis of the remaining tumors, however, is still not fully comprehended. Surgery is the first-line therapy for these tumors, and first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (fg-SRL) are the most prescribed medications in patients who are not cured by surgery. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that control the translation of many mRNAs, and are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Differentially expressed miRNAs can explain differences in the pathogenesis of acromegaly and tumor resistance. In this review, we focus on the most validated miRNAs, which are mainly involved in acromegaly's tumorigenesis and fg-SRL resistance, as well as in circulating miRNAs in acromegaly.

Identification of mutant K-RAS in pituitary macroadenoma.

PURPOSE: RAS genes are among the most frequently mutated genes in cancer, where their mutation frequency varies according to the distinct RAS isoforms and tumour types. Despite occurring more prevalent in malignant tumours, RAS mutations were also observed in few benign tumours. Pituitary adenomas are examples of benign tumours which vary in size and aggressiveness. The present study was performed to investigate, via liquid biopsy and tissue analysis, the presence of K-RAS mutations in a pituitary macroadenoma. METHODS: Molecular analysis was performed to investigate K-RAS mutations using the droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method by evaluating both plasma (liquid biopsy) and the solid tumour of a patient diagnosed with a giant clinically non-functioning pituitary tumour. RESULTS: The patient underwent surgical resection due to visual loss, and the histopathological analysis showed a gonadotrophic pituitary macroadenoma. The molecular analysis revealed the presence of mutant K-RAS both in the plasma and in the tumour tissue which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported in the literature. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the exceptional capacity of the digital PCR in detecting low frequency mutations (below 1%), since we detected, for the first time, K-RAS mutations in pituitary macroadenoma. The potential impact of K-RAS mutations in these tumours should be further investigated.

Accuracy of microcystic aspect on T2-weighted MRI for the diagnosis of silent corticotroph adenomas.

INTRODUCTION: A single study suggested that silent corticotropinomas (SCAs) have a different imaging phenotype, with microcystic aspect on T2-weighted sequence of magnetic resonance imaging (T2-MRI). This study only analysed manifest and silent corticotropinomas and nonfunctioning gonadotroph adenomas. Therefore, the prevalence of microcystic patterns of other tumours is not known. AIM: To analyse frequency of microcystic patterns on T2-MRI in all subtypes of pituitary adenomas and determine accuracy of this radiological finding for diagnosing SCA. METHODS: Consecutive pituitary adenoma patients who underwent surgery between 2013 and 2016 at a single centre were included. T2-MRIs were evaluated by a radiologist and an endocrinologist blinded to histological diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients (52% female) with median age of 49 years (14-80) were included. Clinically, there were 90 nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), 32 somatotropinomas, 13 corticotropinomas, five prolactinomas and three TSH-secreting adenomas. Of the patients with NFPA, 12 (13%) were SCAs, 73 (79%) were gonadotropinomas and five (6%) were positive for prolactin (three) or TSH (two). A microcystic pattern was observed in 16 tumours (11%): one somatotropinoma, one corticotropinoma, seven SCAs and seven gonadotropinomas, and in no prolactinomas or TSH-secreting adenomas. It was more common in SCAs than in other tumours (58.3% vs 6.9%, respectively, P < .001) and had a sensitivity of 58%, a specificity of 93% and an accuracy of 90% to define an SCA. CONCLUSION: Microcystic aspect on T2-MRI is able to define SCA with a good accuracy and can be a useful tool, considering the more aggressive behaviour of these tumours.

Definition and diagnosis of aggressive pituitary tumors.

Pituitary adenomas are considered benign tumors, but approximately 10% of them can have an aggressive behavior and more rarely (0.2%) can present metastasis, being classified as pituitary carcinomas. Aggressive adenomas are generally large and invasive tumors that present unusually rapid growth and/or that grow irrespective of conventional treatment with surgery, medical therapy and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, large tumors, as well as invasive tumors are not always aggressive, with this definition being possible only after clinical follow-up of these tumors, with growth rate and response to therapies being key points to its diagnosis. The correct identification and diagnosis of aggressive adenomas is of great importance as they are associated with great morbidity and increased mortality.

Molecular evidence and clinical importance of ß-arrestins expression in patients with acromegaly.

ß-arrestins seem to have a role in endocytosis and desensitization of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) and could be associated with the responsiveness to somatostatin receptor ligands (SRL) in patients with acromegaly. To investigate the in vivo correlation between ß-arrestins 1 and 2 with sst2, sst5 and dopamine receptor subtype 2 (D2) expressions, and the association of ß-arrestins with response to first-generation SRL and invasiveness in somatotropinomas. ß-arrestins 1 and 2, sst2, sst5 and D2 mRNA expressions were evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR on tumoral tissue of 96 patients. Moreover, sst2 and sst5 protein expressions were also evaluated in 40 somatotropinomas by immunohistochemistry. Response to SRL, defined as GH <1 µg/l and normal IGF-I levels, was assessed in 40 patients. The Knosp-Steiner criteria were used to define invasiveness. Median ß-arrestin 1, ß-arrestin 2, sst2, sst5 and D2 mRNA copy numbers were 478; 9375; 731; 156; and 3989, respectively. There was a positive correlation between ß-arrestins 1 and 2 (R = 0.444, P < 0.001). However, no correlation between ß-arrestins and sst2, sst5 (mRNA and protein levels) or D2 was found. No association was found between ß-arrestins expression and SRL responsiveness or tumour invasiveness. Although previous data suggest a putative correlation between ß-arrestins and sst2, our data clearly indicated that no association existed between ß-arrestins and sst2, sst5 or D2 expression, nor with response to SRL or tumour invasiveness. Therefore, further studies are required to clarify whether ß-arrestins have a role in the response to treatment with SRL in acromegaly.

Treatment escape reduces the effectiveness of cabergoline during long-term treatment of acromegaly in monotherapy or in association with first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands.

BACKGROUND: Few studies evaluated the use of cabergoline (CAB) for acromegaly treatment in monotherapy or in combination with first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs). AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, predictors of response and safety of CAB treatment in acromegaly both in monotherapy and in combination with SRLs. METHODS: We retrospectively collected demographic, biochemical, tumour and treatment data. Short-term disease control was defined as random GH level < 1.0 µg/L and normal age-matched IGF-I level after 3-6 months of treatment with the higher dose used. Long-term disease control was defined as maintenance of normal GH and IGF-I levels at the last visit (at least 9 months of treatment). RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were studied. The median total time of treatment in monotherapy or in combination with SRLs was 14 months (3-124) and 34 months (3-88), respectively. Short-term disease control was observed in 6 (21%) patients in the monotherapy group and in 20 (32%) in the combination group. Treatment escape was observed in 1 patient after 16 months of CAB monotherapy and in 6 (30%) patients with combination therapy (after a median of 38 months), resulting in long-term disease control of 18% and 23%, respectively. Hyperprolactinemia was a predictor of response to monotherapy and pretreatment GH level to combination treatment. CONCLUSION: We presented the results of the largest single-centre study with CAB in monotherapy and in combination with SRL. The efficacy of CAB in acromegaly seems to be lower than that of other drugs, and treatment escape may occur after a long-term follow-up.

The genetic background of acromegaly.

Acromegaly is caused by a somatotropinoma in the vast majority of the cases. These are monoclonal tumors that can occur sporadically or rarely in a familial setting. In the last few years, novel familial syndromes have been described and recent studies explored the landscape of somatic mutations in sporadic somatotropinomas. This short review concentrates on the current knowledge of the genetic basis of both familial and sporadic acromegaly.

Balance Control and Peripheral Muscle Function in Aging: A Comparison Between Individuals with Acromegaly and Healthy Subjects.

Advances in the knowledge of acromegaly are leading to an increase in the survival rate of acromegalic subjects. This study was conducted to evaluate balance control, risk of falls, and peripheral muscle function in acromegalic older adults. Seventeen older subjects with acromegaly (67 [63-73] years) and 20 paired control subjects were evaluated with balance scales, force platform, and knee isokinetic dynamometry tests. There were significant differences between the groups on several balance and gait scales, with a worse performance and greater risk of falls in the acromegalic older adults. Acromegalic older adults had lower values for peak torque, maximum repetition of the total work, and total work during extension at 240°/s. The acromegalic older adults had higher values in the medial-lateral range. Acromegaly subjects had lateral instability that compromises their body balance and increases the risk of falls. Moreover, there was a propensity for muscle fatigue in these individuals.

Interpreting biochemical control response rates with first-generation somatostatin analogues in acromegaly.

CONTEXT: The somatostatin analogues octreotide LAR and lanreotide Autogel have been evaluated for the treatment of acromegaly in numerous clinical trials, with considerable heterogeneity in reported biochemical response rates. This review examines and attempts to account for these differences in response rates reported in the literature. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: PubMed was searched for English-language studies of a minimum duration of 24 weeks that evaluated ≥10 patients with acromegaly treated with octreotide LAR or lanreotide Autogel from 1990 to March 2015 and reported GH and/or IGF-1 data as the primary objective of the study. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Of the 190 clinical trials found, 18 octreotide LAR and 15 lanreotide Autogel studies fulfilled the criteria for analysis. It is evident from the protocols of these studies that multiple factors are capable of impacting on reported response rates. Prospective studies reporting an intention-to-treat analysis that evaluated medically naïve patients and used the composite endpoint of both GH and IGF-1 control were associated with lower response rates. The use of non-composite biochemical control endpoints, heterogeneous patient populations, analyses that exclude treatment non-responders, assay variability and prior responsiveness to medical therapy are just a few of the factors identified that likely contribute to higher success rates. CONCLUSIONS: The wide range of reported response rates with somatostatin analogues may be confusing and could lead to misinterpretation by both the patient and the physician in certain situations. Understanding the factors that potentially drive the variation in response rates should allow clinicians to better gauge treatment expectations in specific patients.

Growth hormone receptor exon 3 isoforms may have no importance in the clinical setting of multiethnic Brazilian acromegaly patients.

BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality, but has a variable severity phenotype. The presence of the exon 3-deleted isoform of the growth hormone receptor (d3-GHR) may influence the disease phenotype and treatment outcomes, including the frequency of biochemical discordance after medical treatment. AIMS: The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the d3-GHR isoform on clinical and biochemical characteristics and in the treatment outcomes of Brazilian multiethnic acromegaly patients. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed our acromegaly outpatient clinic databank and collected demographic, clinical, biochemical and treatment outcome data from those patients who agreed to participate in the study. A blood sample was collected from all patients, the DNA was extracted and the GHR isoforms were evaluated by PCR, with the full length (fl)-GHR represented by a 935-bp fragment and the d3-GHR represented by a 532-bp fragment. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients were included. Fifty-six patients (46.3 %) were full-length homozygous (fl/fl), 48 (39.7 %) were heterozygous (fl/d3) and 17 (14.0 %) were d3-GHR homozygous (d3/d3). There was no difference between patients homozygous for the fl isoform and those harboring at least one d3-GHR allele in the demographic, clinical and biochemical data or in the treatment outcomes, including somatostatin receptor ligands (SRL) monotherapy, combination therapy with SRL and cabergoline and pegvisomant treatment. There was also no difference between the groups for the frequency of GH and IGF-I discordance after medical treatment. CONCLUSION: GHR exon 3 genotyping appears to have no clinical significance, at least in Brazilian acromegaly patients.

Low frequency of cardniac arrhythmias and lack of structural heart disease in medically-naïve acromegaly patients: a prospective study at baseline and after 1 year of somatostatin analogs treatment.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of arrhythmias may be increased in acromegaly, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved are still unclear, and it has never been correlated with structural heart changes analyzed by the gold-standard method cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). AIM: Evaluate the frequency of arrhythmias in drug-naïve acromegaly patients at baseline and after 1 year of somatostatin analogs (SA) treatment and to correlate the occurrence of arrhythmias with the presence of structural heart changes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive drug-naïve acromegaly patients were recruited. The occurrence of arrhythmias and structural heart changes were studied through 24-h Holter and CMR, respectively, at baseline and after 1-year SA treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were studied at baseline and 28 were re-evaluated after 1 year of SA treatment. There were 13 females and median age was 48 years (20-73 years). Nine patients (32 %) were controlled after treatment. No sustained arrhythmias were reported in the 24-h Holter. No arrhythmia-related symptoms were observed. Only two patients presented left ventricular hypertrophy and three patients presented fibrosis at baseline. There was no correlation of the left ventricular mass with the number of episodes of arrhythmias and they were not more prevalent in the patients presenting cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSION: We found no sustained arrhythmias and a lack of arrhythmia-related symptoms at baseline and after 1 year of SA treatment in a contemporary cohort of acromegaly patients that also present a low frequency of structural heart changes, indicating that these patients may have a lower frequency of heart disease than previously reported.

Dopamine receptor subtype 2 expression profile in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and in vivo response to cabergoline therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the dopamine receptor subtype 2 (DR2) mRNA levels and protein expression and to evaluate the effect of adjuvant cabergoline therapy on tumour volume (TV) in patients with postoperative residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA). METHODS: The mRNA expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan(®)), and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Tumours were classified according to the percentage of immunostained cells for DR2 as scores 1 (<50% of stained cells) or 2 (≥50%). Cabergoline was started at least 6 months after surgery in nine patients with residual tumours (3 mg/week). The cabergoline effect was prospectively evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging using three-dimensional volume calculation. TV reduction >25% was considered significant. RESULTS: The DR2 mRNA expression was variable but was observed in 100% of the samples (N = 20). DR2 protein expression was also observed in all the tumours (N = 34). Twenty-nine tumours (85%) were classified as score 2. The median DR2 mRNA expression was higher in the tumours classified as score 2 compared with score 1 (P = 0·007). TV reduction with cabergoline therapy was observed in 67% of the patients (6/9). The median TV before and after 6 months of treatment was 1·90 cm(3) (0·61-8·74) and 1·69 cm(3) (0·36-4·20) [P = 0·02], respectively. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, DR2 is expressed in all adenomas and the majority of the patients in this study displayed tumour shrinkage on cabergoline (CAB) therapy. Thus, CAB might be useful in adjuvant therapy in NFPA patients with residual tumours after surgery.

What is the effect of peripheral muscle fatigue, pulmonary function, and body composition on functional exercise capacity in acromegalic patients?

[Purpose] The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is increasingly being used as an important tool for analyzing functional capacity in patients with multisystem disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of body composition, peripheral muscle function, and pulmonary function on the six-minute walk distance (6MWD) in acromegalic patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-two patients with active acromegaly, with a mean age of 48.6 ± 12.1 years, underwent an evaluation of body composition using electrical bioimpedance, isometric dynamometry with surface electromyography, tests of pulmonary function, and the 6MWT. [Results] The mean ± SD values for the 6MWD, fat-free mass (FFM), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were 65.5 ± 11.7% predicted, 55.1 ± 10.6 kg, and 55.2 ± 16.8% predicted, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the 6MWD and the following parameters: the angle of the linear regression line obtained using the values of the median frequency electromyography signal over time during the fatigability test for the vastus medialis muscle (MDF, r=0.65), FFM (r=0.62), MEP (r=0.60), height((2))/resistance index (r=0.52), resistance (r=-0.50), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (r=0.50). Multivariate analysis showed that MDF, FFM, and MEP were independent predictors of the 6MWD (R(2)=0.52). [Conclusion] The fatigability of the peripheral muscles, FFM, and MEP are the primary determinants of the 6MWD in acromegalics.

Rotation thromboelastometry and the hypercoagulable state in Cushing's syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) can be used for hypercoagulability evaluation. Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with hypercoagulability; however, ROTEM® has never been evaluated in this setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hypercoagulability in CS using ROTEM® and to correlate these parameters with coagulation markers and with the presence of deep vein thrombosis. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty patients with active CS (26 women) and 30 controls matched for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, ABO blood group and smoking were included. We measured levels of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelets, fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and C-reactive protein. ROTEM® was used to evaluate the intrinsic (INTEM), extrinsic (EXTEM) and fibrinogen (FIBTEM) pathways. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to search for lower limbs deep vein thrombosis. RESULTS: INTEM clotting time using ROTEM® was shorter in patients than in controls (P = 0·04). Other ROTEM® parameters were not different. Mean aPTT was shorter in patients than in controls (P = 0·001). The FVIII, vWF and D-dimer levels were higher in patients than in controls (P = 0·001, 0·001 and 0·02, respectively). Obese CS patients presented higher levels of platelets and alterations in maximum clot formation (MCF), alpha angle and maximum speed of clot formation of INTEM (P = 0·03, 0·02 and 0·02, respectively) and an increase in the MCF of FIBTEM (P = 0·02). No deep vein thrombosis was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although FVIII and vWF were abnormal in CS patients, only the initiation clot formation was different in the ROTEM® methodology and no deep vein thrombosis was found.

Biomarkers of response to treatment in acromegaly.

INTRODUCTION: Medical treatment of acromegaly is based in a `trial and error` approach. First-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (fg-SRL) are prescribed as first-line medical therapy to the vast majority of patients, despite lack of disease control in approximately 60% of patients. However, other drugs used in acromegaly treatment are available (cabergoline, pasireotide and pegvisomant). AREAS COVERED: In this article, we review and discuss the biomarkers of response to medical treatment in acromegaly. EXPERT OPINION: Biomarkers for fg-SRL that can already be applied in clinical practice are: gender, age, pretreatment GH and IGF-I levels, cytokeratin granulation pattern, and the expression of somatostatin receptor type 2. Using biomarkers of response could guide treatment towards precision medicine with greater efficacy and lower costs.