Dioxathion (Delnav) residues in milk in Kenya.

Dioxathion residues in milk (expressed as the sum of the cis and trans isomers) have been determined by gas liquid chromatography using the N-P thermionic detector. It was found that dioxathion residues of 0.06 to 2.29 ppm (fat basis) are present in milk and are associated with tick control procedures of spraying cows with 0.05% w/v dioxathion (Delnav) twice weekly. Average concentrations from bulked milk were 0.96 ppm after 10 hours, 0.54 ppm after 34 hours and 0.4 ppm after 58 hours following spraying. The levels of residues in the milk differed greatly in different animals.

Renal clearance of pentavalent antimony (sodium stibogluconate).

Kenyan kala-azar is sometimes unresponsive to a standard course of sodium stibogluconate. The renal excretion of sodium stibogluconate was therefore studied in patients with kala azar and in volunteers; both urine and serum levels of sodium stibogluconate were measured. After intravenous injection sodium stibogluconate seemed to be distributed throughout the extracellular fluid and to have a renal clearance similar to that of inulin. At 6 h blood levels had fallen to less than 1% of peak values. After intramuscular injection, peak blood levels were lower and more sustained. However, more than 80% was excreted in the first 6 h, and blood levels fell to around 1% of peak values in 16 h. The dangers of cumulative toxicity may be exaggerated, and restriction of courses of sodium stibogluconate to 30 days or even to 10 days (in the U.S.A.) may not be necessary. If shorter courses are ineffective prolonged and continued courses may be given provided that renal function is assessed and the dosage is adjusted when indicated.