RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the population prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and changes in the prevalence in the adult general population in Estonia during the 1st year of COVID-19 epidemic. STUDY DESIGN: This was a population-based nationwide sequential/consecutive cross-sectional study. METHODS: Using standardised methodology (population-based, random stratified sampling), 11 cross-sectional studies were conducted from April 2020 to February 2021. Data from nasopharyngeal testing and questionnaires were used to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 RNA prevalence and factors associated with test positivity. RESULTS: Between April 23, 2020, and February 2, 2021, results were available from 34,915 individuals and 27,870 samples from 11 consecutive studies. The percentage of people testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 decreased from 0.27% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10%-0.59%) in April to 0.04% (95% CI = 0.00%-0.22%) by the end of May and remained very low (0.01%, 95% CI = 0.00%-0.17%) until the end of August, followed by an increase since November (0.37%, 95% CI = 0.18%-0.68%) that escalated to 2.69% (95% CI = 2.08%-2.69%) in January 2021. In addition to substantial change in time, an increasing number of household members (for one additional odds ratio [OR] = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02-1.29), reporting current symptoms of COVID-19 (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.59-3.09) and completing questionnaire in the Russian language (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.15-2.99) were associated with increased odds for SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 population prevalence needs to be carefully monitored as vaccine programmes are rolled out to inform containment decisions.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Estônia/epidemiologia , Humanos , RNA Viral , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Albuterol (salbutamol), a beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist, produced a dose-dependent decrease in food intake in Sprague-Dawley male control rats. This phenomenon appeared to be impaired in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. The density of beta 2 adrenoreceptors in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus was increased as a function of diabetes. In contrast, a decrease in the ventromedial hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration, an indicator of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) release or turnover rate, was observed in this disease state. Neither the beta 2 adrenoreceptor level nor 5-HT turnover rate was altered in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus of STZ diabetic rats. The concentrations of 5-HT in both hypothalamic nuclei were unchanged in these animals. Neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities featured in the diabetic state were reversed with institution of insulin therapy. These data conclude that diabetes-related impairment in the anorexic action of albuterol may be due to derangements in ventromedial hypothalamic beta 2 adrenoreceptor function.
Assuntos
Albuterol/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Albuterol/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anorexia/induzido quimicamente , Anorexia/fisiopatologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Ventromedial/metabolismoAssuntos
Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Glândula Sublingual/microbiologia , Glândula Submandibular/microbiologia , Animais , Citomegalovirus/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Corpos de Inclusão/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Glândula Sublingual/ultraestrutura , Glândula Submandibular/ultraestrutura , Vacúolos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Chemiluminescence of separate human serum fractions induced by ferrous iron ions was studied. After removal of apoB-containing lipoproteins from serum by ultracentrifugation the bottom fraction demonstrated a more intense chemiluminescence and the whole serum luminescence could not be expressed as a simple sum of its individual components. Among various ultra-weak luminescence parameters the intensity of the slow flash measured at the 15th minute after Fe2+ introduction correlated with the level of malonic dialdehyde in apoB-containing lipoproteins.