Cobalt oxide nanoparticles: An effective growth promoter of Arabidopsis plants and nano-pesticide against bacterial leaf blight pathogen in rice.

Recently, the application of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) has gained popularity owing to its magnetic, catalytic, optical, antimicrobial, and biomedical properties. However, studies on its use as a crop protection agent and its effect on photosynthetic apparatus are yet to be reported. Here, Co3O4NPs were first green synthesized using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract and were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission/scanning electron microscopy methods. Formation of the Co3O4NPs was attested based on surface plasmon resonance at 210 nm. XRD assay showed that the samples were crystalline having a mean size of 34.9 nm. The Co3O4NPs at 200 µg/ml inhibited the growth (OD600 = 1.28) and biofilm formation (OD570 = 1.37) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) respectively, by 72.87% and 79.65%. Rice plants inoculated with Xoo had disease leaf area percentage (DLA %) of 57.25% which was significantly reduced to 11.09% on infected plants treated with 200 µg/ml Co3O4NPs. Also, plants treated with 200 µg/ml Co3O4NPs only had significant increment in shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight in comparison to plants treated with double distilled water. The application of 200 µg/ml Co3O4NPs on the Arabidopsis plant significantly increased the photochemical efficacy of PSII (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching (qP) respectively, by 149.10% and 125.00% compared to the control while the non-photochemical energy dissipation (ΦNPQ) was significantly lowered in comparison to control. In summary, it can be inferred that Co3O4NPs can be a useful agent in the management of bacterial phytopathogen diseases.

Deciphering the Immunomodulatory Role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Cancer is characterized by persistent cell proliferation driven by aberrant cell cycle regulation and stimulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). A very intriguing and potential approach for the development of antitumor medicines is the suppression of CDKs that lead to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The shift of the cell cycle from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase, which is characterized by active transcription and synthesis, depends on the development of the cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex. A precise balance between anticancer activity and general toxicity is demonstrated by CDK inhibitors, which can specifically block CDK4/6 and control the cell cycle by reducing the G1 to S phase transition. CDK4/6 inhibitors have recently been reported to exhibit significant cell growth inhibition via modulating the tumour microenvironment in cancerous cells. One significant new understanding is that these inhibitors serve important functions in the interaction among tumour cells and the host immune system in addition to being cytostatic. Herein, we discuss the biological significance of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer therapeutics, as well as their biological impact on T cells and other important immune cells. Furthermore, we explore the integration of preclinical findings of these pharmaceuticals' ability to enhance antitumor immunity.

Review to Understand the Crosstalk between Immunotherapy and Tumor Metabolism.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have ushered in a new era of cancer treatment by increasing the likelihood of long-term survival for patients with metastatic disease and by introducing fresh therapeutic indications in cases where the disease is still in its early stages. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that target the proteins cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 have significantly improved overall survival in patients with certain cancers and are expected to help patients achieve complete long-lasting remissions and cures. Some patients who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors, however, either experience therapeutic failure or eventually develop immunotherapy resistance. Such individuals are common, which necessitates a deeper understanding of how cancer progresses, particularly with regard to nutritional regulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which comprises metabolic cross-talk between metabolites and tumor cells as well as intracellular metabolism in immune and cancer cells. Combination of immunotherapy with targeted metabolic regulation might be a focus of future cancer research despite a lack of existing clinical evidence. Here, we reviewed the significance of the tumor microenvironment and discussed the most significant immunological checkpoints that have recently been identified. In addition, metabolic regulation of tumor immunity and immunological checkpoints in the TME, including glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and other metabolic pathways were also incorporated to discuss the possible metabolism-based treatment methods being researched in preclinical and clinical settings. This review will contribute to the identification of a relationship or crosstalk between tumor metabolism and immunotherapy, which will shed significant light on cancer treatment and cancer research.

Genomic landscape of prominent XDR Acinetobacter clonal complexes from Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-A. baumannii (ACB) complex pathogens are known for their prevalence in nosocomial infections and extensive antimicrobial resistance (AMR) capabilities. While genomic studies worldwide have elucidated the genetic context of antibiotic resistance in major international clones (ICs) of clinical Acinetobacter spp., not much information is available from Bangladesh. In this study, we analysed the AMR profiles of 63 ACB complex strains collected from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Following this, we generated draft genomes of 15 of these strains to understand the prevalence and genomic environments of AMR, virulence and mobilization associated genes in different Acinetobacter clones. RESULTS: Around 84% (n = 53) of the strains were extensively drug resistant (XDR) with two showing pan-drug resistance. Draft genomes generated for 15 strains confirmed 14 to be A. baumannii while one was A. nosocomialis. Most A. baumannii genomes fell under three clonal complexes (CCs): the globally dominant CC1 and CC2, and CC10; one strain had a novel sequence type (ST). AMR phenotype-genotype agreement was observed and the genomes contained various beta-lactamase genes including blaOXA-23 (n = 12), blaOXA-66 (n = 6), and blaNDM-1 (n = 3). All genomes displayed roughly similar virulomes, however some virulence genes such as the Acinetobactin bauA and the type IV pilus gene pilA displayed high genetic variability. CC2 strains carried highest levels of plasmidic gene content and possessed conjugative elements carrying AMR genes, virulence factors and insertion sequences. CONCLUSION: This study presents the first comparative genomic analysis of XDR clinical Acinetobacter spp. from Bangladesh. It highlights the prevalence of different classes of beta-lactamases, mobilome-derived heterogeneity in genetic architecture and virulence gene variability in prominent Acinetobacter clonal complexes in the country. The findings of this study would be valuable in understanding the genomic epidemiology of A. baumannii clones and their association with closely related pathogenic species like A. nosocomialis in Bangladesh.

Unveiling Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects of Prosopis juliflora Leaves against Human Prostate Cancer LNCaP Cells.

Herbal medications or formulations are regularly recommended by clinicians as a potential therapeutic method for a variety of human ailments, including cancer. Although Prosopis juliflora extracts have shown promise in anticancer activity, the effects on prostate cancer and the accompanying molecular mechanisms of action are still unexplored. This research aims at the antioxidant, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing properties of Prosopis juliflora methanolic leaves extract in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. The antioxidant ability of the extract was assessed using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and two additional reducing power tests. Antitumor activity was determined using MTT cell viability tests and LDH cytotoxicity assays. The probable mechanism of apoptotic cell death was further investigated utilizing a caspase-3 activation assay and qRT-PCR mRNA expression investigations of apoptotic-related genes. The results revealed that the methanol extract of Prosopis juliflora leaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and phenols, all of which have substantial antioxidant activity. In vitro anticancer tests demonstrated that extract therapy resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability of LNCaP prostate cancer cells, but normal HaCaT cells showed no cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, plant extract therapy increased caspase-3 activation and mRNA expression of apoptotic-related genes, suggesting that this could be a mechanism for cancer cell growth suppression. The significance of Prosopis juliflora as a source of new antioxidant compounds against prostate cancer was emphasized in the current study. However, more study is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of Prosopis juliflora leaves extract in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Elucidation of the inhibitory potential of flavonoids against PKP1 protein in non-small cell lung cancer.

PKP1 has been crucially involved in enhancing the MYC translation leading to lung carcinogenesis via evading numerous tumour-suppressing checkpoint systems. Plakophilin 1(PKP1) is the part of armadillo and plakophilin gene families and it is a necessary component of desmosomes. Several researches reported PKP1 protein as one of the most overexpressed proteins in human lung cancer. Therefore, we have designed our research towards elucidating better plant-based compounds as drug candidates for the management of lung cancer with minimal adverse effects over other chemotherapeutic drugs such as afatinib. This study comprises forty-six flavonoids for targeting PKP1 using in silico approaches that were not used earlier as an anti-cancerous agent targeting PKP1 in lung cancer treatment. Flavonoids are plant-derived natural compounds that exhibited enormous anti-cancerous potential against several human cancers. NPACT database was used to screen potent flavonoids that have not been used to target the PKP1 protein in lung cancer. Patch Dock and CB Dock were employed to elucidate the PKP1 (1XM9) inhibitory potential of selected flavonoids. Analysis with both the docking tools has revealed that calyxins I  showed maximum affinity in comparison to the standard drug, afatinib. Further PASS and BAS analyses were performed using SWISS ADME and molinspiration to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiling of potent flavonoids having significant binding energy. Visualization of complexes was done by using UCSF chimera. However, further detailed in vitro studies are needed to validate the candidature of calyxinsI for being developed as an anticancer drug for the management of lung cancer.

Evidence of Metallic and Polyether Ionophores as Potent Therapeutic Drug Candidate in Cancer Management.

Cancer remains one of the most crucial human malignancies with a higher mortality rate globally, and is predicted to escalate soon. Dysregulated ion homeostasis in cancerous cells prompted the researchers to investigate further ion homeostasis impeding agents as potent anticancerous agents. Reutilization of FDA-approved non-cancerous drugs has emerged as a practical approach to developing potent, cost-effective drugs for cancer treatment. Across the globe, most nations are incapable of fulfilling the medical demands of cancer patients due to costlier cancerous drugs. Therefore, we have inclined our review towards emphasizing recent advancements in cancer therapies involving ionophores utilization in exploring potent anticancer drugs. Numerous research reports have established the significant anticancerous potential of ionophores in several pre-clinical reports via modulating aberrant cell signaling pathways and enhancing antitumor immunity in immune cells. This review has mainly summarized the most significant ion homeostasis impeding agents, including copper, zinc, calcium, and polyether, that presented remarkable potential in cancer therapeutics via enhanced antitumor immunity and apoptosis induction. Altogether, this study could provide a robust future perspective for developing cost-effective anticancerous drugs rapidly and cost-effectively, thereby combating the limitations of currently available drugs used in cancer treatment.

Biomedical and Antioxidant Potentialities in Chilli: Perspectives and Way Forward.

Worldwide, since ages and nowadays, traditional medicine is well known, owing to its biodiversity, which immensely contributed to the advancement and development of complementary and alternative medicines. There is a wide range of spices, herbs, and trees known for their medicinal uses. Chilli peppers, a vegetable cum spice crop, are bestowed with natural bioactive compounds, flavonoids, capsaicinoids, phytochemicals, phytonutrients, and pharmacologically active compounds with potential health benefits. Such compounds manifest their functionality over solo-treatment by operating in synergy and consortium. Co-action of these compounds and nutrients make them potentially effective against coagulation, obesity, diabetes, inflammation, dreadful diseases, such as cancer, and microbial diseases, alongside having good anti-oxidants with scavenging ability to free radicals and oxygen. In recent times, capsaicinoids especially capsaicin can ameliorate important viral diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2. In addition, capsaicin provides an ability to chilli peppers to ramify as topical agents in pain-relief and also benefitting man as a potential effective anesthetic agent. Such phytochemicals involved not only make them useful and a much economical substitute to wonder/artificial drugs but can be exploited as obscene drugs for the production of novel stuffs. The responsibility of the TRPV1 receptor in association with capsaicin in mitigating chronic diseases has also been justified in this study. Nonetheless, medicinal studies pertaining to consumption of chilli peppers are limited and demand confirmation of the findings from animal studies. In this artifact, an effort has been made to address in an accessible format the nutritional and biomedical perspectives of chilli pepper, which could precisely upgrade and enrich our pharmaceutical industries towards human well-being.

Jab1 Inhibition by Methanolic Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaves in Cervical Cancer Cells: A Potent Targeted Therapeutic Approach.

Modern research propounded that alteration in signaling pathways have shown strong connection with the progression of cervical cancer and modulation of these pathways by natural compounds could be a better treatment approach for the management of cervical cancer. Additionally, inhibitory role of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves against Jab1 has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, we have elucidated the inhibitory potential of MMLE against Jab1 in cervical cancer by analyzing several In Vitro assays. The MMLE treatment in cervical cancer cells showed decreased cell growth in a dose and time dependent manner. Furthermore, MMLE treated cervical cells have also depicted enhanced nuclear condensation (apoptotic induction potential) confirmed by Hoechst analysis. RT-PCR results clearly illustrated the inhibitory potential of MMLE against Jab1 via down regulating its expression. Conversely, a significant increase in p27 expression was also reported which could explain the cells growth arrest at G0/G1 phase. Additionally, enhanced ROS production and caspase-3 activation explains one of the possible mechanisms behind the inhibitory potential of MMLE against Jab1 in cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Thus our experimental findings may pave a potent phyto compound for targeting a crucial signalosome (Jab1) in cervical cancer.

Vicia plants-A comprehensive review on chemical composition and phytopharmacology.

The plants belonging to the genus Vicia are of great interest as a source of many bioactive compounds and micronutrients. A snapshot of their cultivation, habitat, main components, from which essential oils can be obtained, is given. The traditional medicinal uses of Vicia plants are also reported, as well as the wide spectrum of the main biological activities attributed to Vicia plants is discussed regarding potential health beneficial properties, in particular anti-Parkinson, anticholinesterase, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antinociceptive, antidiabetic, antihemolytic, anticoagulant, estrogenic, diuretic, antihypoxic activities.

A Novel Approach to Unraveling the Apoptotic Potential of Rutin (Bioflavonoid) via Targeting Jab1 in Cervical Cancer Cells.

Rutin has been well recognized for possessing numerous pharmacological and biological activities in several human cancer cells. This research has addressed the inhibitory potential of rutin against the Jab1 oncogene in SiHa cancer cells, which is known to inactivate various tumor suppressor proteins including p53 and p27. Further, the inhibitory efficacy of rutin via Jab1 expression modulation in cervical cancer has not been yet elucidated. Hence, we hypothesized that rutin could exhibit strong inhibitory efficacy against Jab1 and, thereby, induce significant growth arrest in SiHa cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In our study, the cytotoxic efficacy of rutin on the proliferation of a cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) was exhibited using MTT and LDH assays. The correlation between rutin and Jab1 mRNA expression was assessed by RT-PCR analysis and the associated events (a mechanism) with this downregulation were then explored via performing ROS assay, DAPI analysis, and expression analysis of apoptosis-associated signaling molecules such as Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 and -9 using qRT-PCR analysis. Results exhibit that rutin produces anticancer effects via inducing modulation in the expression of oncogenes as well as tumor suppressor genes. Further apoptosis induction, caspase activation, and ROS generation in rutin-treated SiHa cancer cells explain the cascade of events associated with Jab1 downregulation in SiHa cancer cells. Additionally, apoptosis induction was further confirmed by the FITC-Annexin V/PI double staining method. Altogether, our research supports the feasibility of developing rutin as one of the potent drug candidates in cervical cancer management via targeting one such crucial oncogene associated with cervical cancer progression.

Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for the management of scabies.

Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei), a parasite mite which causes scabies disease resulting in serious public health concern. The long-term scabies disease can lead to complications such as septicemia, acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, heart disease, and secondary infections. Timely treatment to the affected patients is required to control the disease and get rid of the causative agent. Delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment can lead to serious consequences. The most common treatment strategy is the use of allopathic medicines which can immediately relieve the patient but have the drawback of side effects. The safe and cost-effective alternative treatment strategy is the use of medicinal plants which have beneficial therapeutic potential against variety of diseases due to the presence of many bioactive phytoconstituents with no or minimal side effects. For the present review, the published articles describing scabies disease and its phytotherapeutic modalities were searched through different data bases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect using the keywords like S. scabiei, prevalence of scabies disease, and phytotherapy of scabies. A large number of medicinal plants, such as Melaleuca alternifolia, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Rosmarinus officinalis, Capsicum annuum, Cinnamomum camphor, Solanum nigrum, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, have been reviewed for the promising future treatments of scabies. All the studied plants have many bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic effects against scabies and can be utilized for therapeutic purposes for this disease. This literature study has limitations because of the lack of sufficient data due to limited pre-clinical trials in this particular area. This review provides a baseline to explore the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants against skin diseases. However, extensive studies are required to identify, authenticate, and characterize the bioactive compounds present in these plants which may lead to value addition in pharmaceutical industries providing the cost-effective way of treatment with minimal side effects.

Microalgal flocculation: Global research progress and prospects for algal biorefinery.

Microalgal research has made significant progress due to versatile and high-value industrial applications of microalgal biomass or its derivatives. However, to explore their full potential and to achieve commercial robustness, microalgal biorefinery needs cost-effective technologies to produce, harvest, and process the microalgal biomass on large scale as higher production and harvesting cost is one of the key hindrances in the commercialization of algae-based products. Among several other algal biomass harvesting technologies, self-flocculation seems to be an attractive, low-cost, and eco-friendly harvesting technology. This review covers various flocculation-based methods that have been employed to harvest microalgal biomass with a special emphasis on self-flocculation in microalgae. Moreover, genetic engineering approaches to induce self-flocculation in non-flocculating microalgae along with the factors affecting self-flocculation and recent research trends have also been discussed. It is concluded that self-flocculation is the most desired approach for the energy- and environment-efficient harvesting of microalgal biomass. However, its poorly understood genetic basis needs to be deciphered through detailed studies to harness its potential for the algal biorefinery.

Progress and prospects in the management of bacterial infections and developments in Phytotherapeutic modalities.

The advent of antibiotics revolutionized medical care resulting in significantly reduced mortality and morbidity caused by infectious diseases. However, excessive use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance and indeed, the incidence of multidrug-resistant pathogens is considered as a major disadvantage in medication strategy, which has led the scholar's attention towards innovative antibiotic sources in recent years. Medicinal plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites with a wide range of therapeutic potential against the resistant microbes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the antibacterial potential of traditional herbal medicine against bacterial infections. More than 200 published research articles reporting the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against drug-resistant microbial infections were searched using different databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), etc., with various keywords like medicinal plants having antibacterial activities, antimicrobial potentials, phytotherapy of bacterial infection, etc. Articles were selected related to the efficacious herbs easily available to local populations addressing common pathogens. Various plants such as Artocarpus communis, Rheum emodi, Gentiana lutea L., Cassia fistula L., Rosemarinus officinalis, Argemone maxicana L, Hydrastis canadensis, Citrus aurantifolia, Cymbopogon citrates, Carica papaya, Euphorbia hirta, etc, were found to have significant antibacterial activities. Although herbal preparations have promising potential in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection, still more research is required to isolate phytoconstituents, their mechanism of action as well as to find their impacts on the human body.

MRI Radiomic Features to Predict IDH1 Mutation Status in Gliomas: A Machine Learning Approach using Gradient Tree Boosting.

Patients with gliomas, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation status have been studied as a prognostic indicator. Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have demonstrated promise in utilizing radiomic features to study disease processes in the brain. We investigate whether ML analysis of multiparametric radiomic features from preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can predict IDH1 mutation status in patients with glioma. This retrospective study included patients with glioma with known IDH1 status and preoperative MRI. Radiomic features were extracted from Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) and Diffused Weighted Imaging (DWI). The dataset was split into training, validation, and testing sets by stratified sampling. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was applied to the training sets. eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifiers were trained, and the hyperparameters were tuned. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), accuracy, and f1-scores were collected. A total of 100 patients (age: 55 ± 15, M/F 60/40); with IDH1 mutant (n = 22) and IDH1 wildtype (n = 78) were included. The best performance was seen with a DWI-trained XGBoost model, which achieved ROC with Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.97, accuracy of 0.90, and f1-score of 0.75 on the test set. The FLAIR-trained XGBoost model achieved ROC with AUC of 0.95, accuracy of 0.90, f1-score of 0.75 on the test set. A model that was trained on combined FLAIR-DWI radiomic features did not provide incremental accuracy. The results show that a XGBoost classifier using multiparametric radiomic features derived from preoperative MRI can predict IDH1 mutation status with > 90% accuracy.

Homocystinuria in a 14-year old girl manifesting as central retinal artery occlusion: A case report.

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is one of the causes of sudden loss of vision. Homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder and is characterized by increased levels of homocysteine in the urine and blood. We present a case of homocyistinuria in a 14-year girl, presenting as CRAO with a family history of vascular thrombotic events. The patient did not have any local predisposing factors or prior history of thromboembolic episodes. Left eye fundus examination revealed a pale retina with sparing of cilioretinal artery. On examination Visual acuity of the right eye was 6/6 and left eye was completely blind with no perception of light. Homocysteine level on admission was 34.60umol/l. Patient was started on Rivaroxaban 10mg, Vitamin B6 , Vitamin B12 and folic acid. On follow up examination after 2 months the visual acuity in the left eye was 6/9. The dramatic improvement in the visual acuity can be attributed to the sparing of the cilioretinal artery. Followup Homocysteine levels after two months of treatment was 12umol/l. Ophthalmologist should be aware of this rare manifestation of homocystinuria as CRAO as they can play an important role of diagnosing the underlying medical illness.

Motivational factors for pursuing dentistry as a profession in colleges of Karachi, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reasons that motivated students to seek admission in dental colleges, and to assess differences in the reasons between students studying in private and public dental colleges. METHODS: The cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at two public-sector and four privatesector dental colleges in Karachi from June to September, 2018, and comprised students of first to final year of studies. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Students were asked to mark all reasons that they considered had been an influencing factor on their decision to opt for dentistry. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 900 forms distributed, 814(90.4%) were collected with complete data; 182(22.4%) males and 632(77.6%) females. The overall mean age was 20.8±1.3 years. Of the total, 324(39.8%) students were from the public sector, while 490(60.2%) were at private colleges. A statistically significant difference was noted in professional and personal reasons cited by the two groups of students (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is of utmost importance that students shall be very clear regarding their expectations from a career to minimise chances of abandoning it midway or being professionally dissatisfied even after completing a degree.

Synthesis, in vitro urease inhibitory potential and molecular docking study of Benzimidazole analogues.

Despite of many diverse biological activities exhibited by benzimidazole scaffold, it is rarely explored for the urease inhibitory potential. For that purpose, benzimidazole analogues 1-19 were synthesized and screened for in vitro urease inhibitory potential. Structures of all synthetic analogues were deduced by different spectroscopic techniques. All analogues revealed inhibition potential with IC50 values of 0.90 ±â€¯0.01 to 35.20 ±â€¯1.10 µM, when compared with the standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.40 ±â€¯0.21 µM). Limited SAR suggested that the variations in the inhibitory potentials of the analogues are the result of different substitutions on phenyl ring. In order to rationalize the binding interactions of most active compounds with the active site of urease enzyme, molecular docking study was conducted.

A Rare Case of Chromoblastomycosis in a 12-year-old boy.

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the subcutaneous tissue. The infection usually results from a traumatic injury and inoculation of the microorganism by a specific group of dematiaceous fungi, resulting in the formation of verrucous plaques. The fungi produce sclerotic or medlar bodies (also called muriform bodies or sclerotic cells) seen on direct microscopic examination of skin smears. The disease is often found in adults due to trauma. We report a case of chromoblastomycosis in a 12-year-old child in whom the infection started when he was only 4 years old with secondary involvement of bones, cartilage, tongue and palatine tonsils. The child was not immunosuppressed.

Submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom in hydrolysate of ligno-cellulosic material.

Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the family Ganodermataceae and found in Japan, China and some other parts of Asia. Traditionally it is used in herbal medicine as anti-diabetic, cancer prevention agent, antitumor, an immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and antiviral agent. Due to difficulty in field cultivation, submerged fermentation was employed as a promising method for efficient and large-scale production of mycelia biomass and bioactive metabolites. Cellulose was used in the form of a lignocellulosic substrate. The Ganoderma lucidum which is medicinal and edible mushrooms were successfully grown in the form of mycelial biomass in static submerged culture in Petri plates and flasks. The present study is based on the utilization of hydrolyzates of lignocellulosic materials such as Peanut cort, Sugarcane bagasse, and Wheat Straw was used after hydrolysis. A Static Fermentation Technique was employed to investigate the mycelial growth, instead of Fruiting Body. Ganoderma lucidum was kept up on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium in Petri dishes at 4°C and brooded at 25°C for 5 days for the development of G. lucidum and generation of Ganoderic Acid. Morphology of G. lucidum on various Hydrolysates was white and delicate like cotton unpredictable shape, Cloud-like appearance spread in general plate and multiple little sporadic white cotton-like shape with string-like projections. We got a Ganoderic Acid from the Hydrolysates of Peanut cort concentrate, Sugarcane bagasse concentrate and Wheat straw concentrate at a concentration of 0.006g/L, 0.011g/L and 0.017g/L respectively.