Pediatric refractive surgery: current opinion in ophthalmology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pediatric refractive surgery has been growing at a steady pace since its introduction in the early 1980 s. This article will review common laser refractive surgeries performed on pediatric patients along with controversies regarding the practice. RECENT FINDINGS: Pediatric refractive surgery is reserved for a small population of children who fail amblyopic treatment due to high anisometropic refractive errors. Publications over the years have treated these children with various types of laser refractive surgery. SUMMARY: Laser pediatric refractive surgery appears to be well tolerated and effective for the population of children that need it. It provides an alternative for anisometropic amblyopia treatment for children who would have otherwise not been able to improve their vision.

Air or Ground Transport to the Critical Care Resuscitation Unit: Does It Really Matter?

OBJECTIVE: Critically ill patients requiring urgent interventions or subspecialty care often require transport over significant distances to tertiary care centers. The optimal method of transportation (air vs. ground) is unknown. We investigated whether air transport was associated with lower mortality for patients being transferred to a specialized critical care resuscitation unit (CCRU). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all adult patients transferred to the CCRU at the University of Maryland Medical Center in 2018. Our primary outcome was hospital mortality. The secondary outcomes included the length of stay and the time to the operating room (OR) for patients undergoing urgent procedures. We performed optimal 1:2 propensity score matching for each patient's need for air transport. RESULTS: We matched 198 patients transported by air to 382 patients transported by ground. There was no significant difference between demographics, the initial Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, or hospital outcomes between groups. One hundred sixty-four (83%) of the patients transported via air survived to hospital discharge compared with 307 (80%) of those transported by ground (P = .46). Patients transported via air arrived at the CCRU more quickly (127 [100-178] vs. 223 [144-332] minutes, P < .001) and were more likely (60 patients, 30%) to undergo urgent surgical operation within 12 hours of CCRU arrival (30% vs. 17%, P < .001). For patients taken to the OR within 12 hours of arriving at the CCRU, patients transported by air were more likely to go to the OR after 200 minutes since the transfer request (P = .001). CONCLUSION: The transportation mode used to facilitate interfacility transfer was not significantly associated with hospital mortality or the length of stay for critically ill patients.

Adolescent mental health in post-conflict communities: results from a cross-sectional survey in Northern Uganda.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated adolescents' mental health their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about mental health conditions, and their access to critical mental health services in Lira District, northern Uganda. The political history of the region, the epicenter of the decades-long conflict between the Lord's Resistance Army and the Ugandan government, makes for an interesting case study of the political and social determinants of mental health of those directly impacted by conflict, and on subsequent generations growing up in post-conflict communities. METHODS: This paper presents the results of a community-based participatory research study carried out by youth public health ambassadors in Lira District, Uganda. The study consisted of a mixed methods cross-sectional survey of households, schools, and healthcare facilities. RESULTS: The study found 66% of adolescents indicated poor well-being and possible symptoms of depression and 41% of adolescents reported at least 4 childhood trauma events. Over 35% reported feeling extremely sad and 60% reported feeling socially isolated during the COVID lockdowns that lasted from 2020 to 2021. Nearly half of the adolescents aged 14-17 surveyed (N = 306) believed that witchcraft caused mental health problems, while less than 20% believed that traumatic experiences could be a cause. Forty percent of respondents had no idea of where to seek mental health care, and few facilities had mental health services available. DISCUSSION: These findings illustrate the need to study the political and social determinants of mental health, especially on those directly impacted by armed conflict and for the generations growing up in post-conflict communities as they seek to rebuild.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis in Young Children With Burns.

The primary aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young children hospitalized for burns. A secondary aim was to assess partial PTSD in this population. PTSD diagnosis and symptoms were evaluated utilizing both the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents (DICA-P) module and the PTSD semistructured interview and observational report (PTSDSSI). PTSD symptomatology was assessed from parent interviews at 1 month after discharge from a major pediatric burn center. Four of the 42 participants who completed the DICA-P met full criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD (10%).Of the 39 who also completed the PTSDSSI, 1 (3%) met full criteria for PTSD diagnosis on that measure. Twenty-seven percentage of subjects met partial criteria on the DICA-P vs 16% on the PTSDSSI, without impairment. Furthermore, 67% of subjects met DICA-P criteria for the re-experiencing cluster and 54% met the PTSDSSI re-experiencing criteria. Although only a small percentage met full PTSD diagnostic criteria by either measure, a high percentage of young children with burns manifested some posttraumatic symptoms 1 month after discharge. Because PTSDSSI diagnosis is strongly linked to the diagnostic and statistical manual-5 (DSM-5) criteria for "PTSD in children 6 years and younger," these results may offer clues to current diagnoses of PTSD in young children. Future research is needed to improve care by determining the risk factors and course of PTSD to further refine the diagnostic criteria for identifying children most in need of intervention, such as those hospitalized for burn injuries.