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PURPOSE: Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery (TEES) is an increasingly used surgical approach for otologic surgeries, but no en face preoperative imaging format currently exists. We aim to assess the utility of a transcanal high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) reformat suitable for TEES preoperative planning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative HRCTs of patients with middle ear pathologies (cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, and glomus tympanicum) who underwent TEES were obtained. Axial image series were rotated and reformatted -90 or +90 degrees for left and right ear surgeries, respectively, where additional rotation along the left-right axis was performed to align the transcanal series with the plane of the external auditory canal. Quantitative measurements of middle ear structures were recorded. Consecutive transcanal reformatted sections were then reviewed to identify critical middle ear anatomy and pathology with corresponding TEES cases. RESULTS: The aforementioned methodology was used to create three transcanal view HRCTs. The mean left-right axis degree of rotation was 4.0 ± 2.2 degrees. In the cholesteatoma transcanal HRCT, areas of cholesteatoma involvement in middle ear compartments (e.g. epitympanum) and eroded ossicles were successfully identified in the corresponding case. In the otosclerosis transcanal HRCT, areas for potential otosclerotic involvement were visualized such as the round window as well as a low-hanging facial nerve. In the glomus tympanicum transcanal HRCT, the span of the glomus tympanicum was successfully visualized in addition to a high riding jugular bulb. CONCLUSION: A transcanal HRCT reformat may aid preoperative planning for middle ear pathologies. This novel reformat may help highlight patient-specific anatomy.
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Colesteatoma da Orelha Média , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otológicos , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/patologia , Colesteatoma da Orelha Média/cirurgia , Meato Acústico Externo/cirurgia , Orelha Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Orelha Média/patologia , Orelha Média/cirurgia , Endoscopia/métodos , Humanos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otológicos/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: While hearing loss following temporal bone fracture is a well-described phenomenon, few data exist on auditory dysfunction in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) without temporal bone fracture. Herein, we aim to systematically review hearing loss after TBI without bony fracture and describe its etiologies. DATA SOURCES: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane databases. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 1966 to January 2017 was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses recommendations. Data were obtained from studies that investigated hearing loss in TBI without skull fracture according to an a priori protocol with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables included type and severity of hearing loss, as well as pathophysiology of hearing loss. RESULTS: There were 13 studies with 773 patients that met study criteria. Overall, there was one prospective cohort study, four retrospective cohort studies, two case-control studies, and six case reports. The studies with the highest level of evidence report a change in hearing of at least 10-15â¯dB across a range of frequencies in as many as 58% percent of TBI patients without bony fracture, which was transient or chronic. The mechanism/severity of injury may impact the rate of hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: Hearing loss after TBI in the absence of bony injury appears to be a clinically significant but poorly characterized phenomenon.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/etiologia , Audiometria/métodos , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Escala de Gravidade do Ferimento , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Avaliação das Necessidades , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Osso Temporal/diagnóstico por imagem , Osso Temporal/lesõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Universal mask wearing due to COVID-19 has introduced barriers to clear communication. In hearing impaired individuals this can impact informed surgical consent. For cochlear implant candidates, who do not rely on sign language, real-time transcription with a stenographer (CART) is the gold-standard in assistive technologies. If CART is not available, speech to text (STT) applications have been advertised as solutions, but their transcription accuracy with or without an N95 mask is not well-established. Herein, we sought to investigate the transcription accuracy of three STT solutions for iPhone and compare their performance to the CART service at our institution. METHODS: Three native English speakers and three non-native English speakers read two passages (a cochlear implant consent and the non-medical 'Rainbow passage') with and without an N95 mask. Error rates from the comparison of the transcript (from either the STT app or CART) with the original passage were calculated. RESULTS: The CART service had the lowest error rate of all testing conditions (4.79-7.14%). Ava 24/7 (15.0 ± 9.49%) and the iPhone dictation (15.6 ± 6.65%) had significantly lower average error rates than the Live Transcribe (37.7 ± 20.3%) (P < 0.0001) application. Neither the presence of an N95 nor the type of passage had a statistically significant impact on the error rate. CONCLUSION: CART should be used to augment communication with patients who are hard of hearing. If CART is not available, a STT application such as Ava 24/7 or the native iPhone dictation application may be considered, even in the context of medical terminology.
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COVID-19 , Implante Coclear , Implantes Cocleares , Percepção da Fala , Humanos , FalaRESUMO
Sports-related injuries, such as concussion, during childhood may result in considerable morbidity, including a range of negative developmental consequences. Auditory dysfunction is generally recognized to be a possible sequela of sports-related concussion; however, few epidemiologic studies have quantified the association between hearing quality and sports-related activity in the pediatric population. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the 2015-2016 cycle was utilized to determine the association of sports activities and hearing quality. Subjective abnormal hearing quality was more frequent among children who played football than those that did not (36.5% vs 26.8%; odds ratio, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.23-2.00]; P = .001). Other sports, such as basketball and soccer, did not have this association with hearing quality (P = .496 and P = .852, respectively). Our findings suggest a notable association between practice of a potentially high concussion sport and hearing quality. Children practicing football are 1.56 times more likely to report abnormal hearing quality.Level of Evidence: 4.
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Traumatismos em Atletas , Concussão Encefálica , Futebol Americano , Traumatismos em Atletas/complicações , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Concussão Encefálica/complicações , Criança , Futebol Americano/lesões , Audição , Humanos , Inquéritos NutricionaisRESUMO
Otolaryngology surgical education continues to evolve where trainees increasingly use videos to learn technical skills. Trainees commonly use YouTube, but no study to date has evaluated the educational quality (EQ) of otologic surgical videos on YouTube. We aim to assess the EQ of cholesteatoma surgical videos. Cholesteatoma surgical videos were queried using YouTube search terms, assessed using LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS), a validated assessment tool for publication, and categorized into low (0-6), medium (7-12), and high (13-18) EQ groups. In total, 74 videos were identified (mean LAP-VEGaS score = 9.6 ± 4.0) and 44.6% had medium EQ. Videos commonly lacked graphic aids to highlight anatomy (71.6%) and postprocedural outcomes (68.9%). LAP-VEGaS scores were greater in videos originating from US surgeons compared to non-US surgeons (12.4 ± 3.4 vs 8.0 ± 3.5; P < .001). Our study highlights that otolaryngology trainees may experience difficulty finding high-EQ cholesteatoma surgery videos on YouTube. Areas for improved EQ content are discussed. Level of evidence: IV.
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OBJECTIVE: We aim to assess the histopathology of human temporal bones (TBs) with evidence of cochlear implantation (CI) electrode scalar translocation. STUDY DESIGN: Otopathology study. SETTING: Otopathology laboratory. PATIENTS: TBs from patients who had a history of CI and histopathological evidence of interscalar translocation. Specimens with electrode placed entirely within the ST served as controls. INTERVENTION: Histopathological assessment of human TBs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: TBs from each patient were harvested postmortem and histologically analyzed for intracochlear changes in the context of CI electrode translocation and compared to controls. Intracochlear new fibro-ossification, and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) counts were assessed. Postoperative word recognition scores (WRS) were also compared. RESULTS: Nineteen human TBs with electrode translocation and eight controls were identified. The most common site of translocation was the ascending limb of the basal turn (nâ=â14 TBs). The average angle of insertion at the point of translocation was 159°â±â79°. Eighteen translocated cases presented moderate fibroosseous changes in the basal region of the cochlea, extending to the translocation point and/or throughout the electrode track in 42%. Lower SGN counts were more pronounced in translocated cases compared to controls, with a significant difference for segment II (pâ=â0.019). Although final postoperative hearing outcomes were similar between groups, translocated cases had slower rate of improvement in WRS (pâ=â0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Cochlear implant electrode translocation was associated with greater fibroosseous formation and lower SGN population. Our findings suggest that scalar translocations may slow the rate of improvement in WRS overtime as compared to atraumatic electrode insertions.Level of evidence: IV.
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Implante Coclear , Implantes Cocleares , Cóclea/cirurgia , Humanos , Osteogênese , Osso Temporal/patologia , Osso Temporal/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Vestibular schwannomas (VS) commonly undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance, but long-term data to support the ideal frequency is limited. Herein, we aim to investigate intracanalicular VS growth predictors and long-term growth rates (GR). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Two tertiary care centers. PATIENTS: Sporadic intracanalicular VS with initial conservative management and at least two sequential MRIs. INTERVENTION: Serial MRI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: VS were categorized by baseline internal auditory canal tertile sublocalization (fundus, midpoint, porus) and size (≤100, 100-200, >200âmm3). Throughout follow-up, volumetric GR (mm3/yr) were determined (baseline-3âyrs, 3-5âyrs, 5-10âyrs) and treatment rates were assessed. RESULTS: Ninety-nine intracanalicular VS were identified (mean follow-up of 6.1â±â4.5âyrs). Mean GR before 5-year follow-up were comparable for baseline tertile involvement and size. After 5-year follow-up, mean GR of VS involving the fundus at baseline were lower than those involving the midpoint and fundus (6.17â±â21.16 and 119.74â±â117.57âmm3/yr, respectively; pâ=â0.034). Mean GR of VS with less than or equal to 100âmm3 at baseline (-7.29â±â25.44âmm3/yr) were lower than those with 100 to 200âmm3 (86.55â±â103.99âmm3/yr; pâ=â0.011) and more than 200âmm3 (45.70â±â35.71âmm3/yr; pâ=â0.031). Vestibular schwannomas involving the midpoint and fundus had greater treatment rates compared with VS involving only the fundus (pâ<â0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline tertile involvement and size may predict long-term intracanalicular VS growth where fundal tumors or those less than or equal to 100âmm3 exhibit little long-term growth. Extending surveillance after 5-year follow-up may be reasonable for fundal VS.
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Orelha Interna , Neuroma Acústico , Orelha Interna/patologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Neuroma Acústico/complicações , Neuroma Acústico/diagnóstico por imagem , Neuroma Acústico/patologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Ménière's disease is an inner ear disorder classically characterized by fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness accompanied by episodic vertigo. While the pathogenesis of Ménière's remains under debate, histopathological analyses implicate endolymphatic sac dysfunction with inner ear fluid homeostatic dysregulation. Little is known about whether external impingement of the endolymphatic sac by tumors may present with Ménière's-like symptoms. The authors present a case series of 7 patients with posterior fossa meningiomas that involved the endolymphatic sac and new onset of Ménière's-like symptoms and review the literature on this rare clinical entity. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing resection of a posterior petrous meningioma was performed at the authors' institution. Inclusion criteria were age older than 18 years; patients presenting with Ménière's-like symptoms, including episodic vertigo, aural fullness, tinnitus, and/or hearing loss; and tumor location overlying the endolymphatic sac. RESULTS: There were 7 cases of posterior petrous face meningiomas involving the vestibular aperture presenting with Ménière's-like symptoms. Imaging and intraoperative examination confirmed no cranial nerve VIII compression or labyrinthine artery involvement accounting for audiovestibular symptoms. Of the 7 patients in the series, 6 experienced significant improvement or resolution of their vertigo, and all 7 had improvement or resolution of their tinnitus after resection. Of the 5 patients who had preoperative hearing loss, 2 experienced improvement or resolution of their ipsilateral preoperative hearing deficit, whereas the other 3 had unchanged hearing loss compared to preoperative evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Petrous face meningiomas overlying the endolymphatic sac can present with a Ménière's syndrome. Early recognition and microsurgical excision of these tumors is critical for resolution of most symptoms and stabilization of hearing loss.
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Saco Endolinfático , Doença de Meniere , Neoplasias Meníngeas , Meningioma , Zumbido , Adolescente , Saco Endolinfático/cirurgia , Humanos , Doença de Meniere/complicações , Doença de Meniere/diagnóstico , Doença de Meniere/cirurgia , Neoplasias Meníngeas/complicações , Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Meníngeas/cirurgia , Meningioma/complicações , Meningioma/diagnóstico por imagem , Meningioma/cirurgia , Síndrome , Vertigem/complicaçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Internal auditory canal (IAC) diverticula, also known as IAC cavitary lesions or anterior cupping of the IAC, observed in otopathologic specimens and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans of the temporal bone are thought to be related to otosclerosis. Herein, we examined the usefulness of CT scans in identifying diverticula and determined whether IAC diverticula are associated with otosclerosis on otopathology. METHODS: One hundred five consecutive specimens were identified from the National Temporal Bone Hearing and Balance Pathology Resource Registry. Inclusion criteria included the availability of histologic slides and postmortem specimen CT scans. Exclusion criteria included cases with severe postmortem changes or lesions causing bony destruction of the IAC. RESULTS: Ninety-seven specimens met criteria for study. Of these, 42% of the specimens were from male patients, and the average age of death was 77 years (SD = 18 yr). IAC diverticula were found in 48 specimens, of which 46% were identified in the CT scans. The mean area of the IAC diverticula was 0.34 mm 2 . The sensitivity and specificity of detecting IAC diverticula based on CT were 77% and 63%, respectively. Overall, 27% of specimens had otosclerosis. Histologic IAC diverticula were more common in specimens with otosclerosis than those without (37.5% versus 16%; p = 0.019). Cases with otosclerosis had a greater mean histologic diverticula area compared with nonotosclerosis cases (0.69 mm 2 versus 0.14 mm 2 ; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: IAC diverticula are commonly found in otopathologic specimens with varied etiologies, but larger diverticula are more likely to be associated with otosclerosis. The sensitivity and specificity of CT scans to detect IAC diverticula are limited.
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Divertículo , Orelha Interna , Otosclerose , Idoso , Divertículo/complicações , Divertículo/diagnóstico por imagem , Orelha Interna/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Otosclerose/complicações , Otosclerose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osso Petroso/patologia , Osso Temporal/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired long-term disability during childhood, and it may result in wide range of negative developmental consequences. Auditory dysfunction is generally recognized to be a possible sequela of pediatric TBI. Unfortunately, few contemporary studies have quantified the association between head injury and hearing loss in the pediatric population. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) for the combined years 2017-2018 was used to determine the association of hearing loss with TBI. Deafness or problems with hearing were more commonly reported in children with a history or current brain injury/concussion compared to those without any such history (3.2% [70,000] and 1.2% [830,000] children, respectively; odds ratio, 2.67; P < .001). Findings suggest a notable association between TBI and hearing loss. Children with a history of TBI are 2.67 times more likely to have concurrent hearing complaints.Level of Evidence: IV.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Perda Auditiva/etiologia , Adolescente , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Perda Auditiva/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Labyrinthitis ossificans (LO) may occur following meningitis and, in cases where cochlear implantation is indicated, complicate electrode insertion. LO is critical to identify for successful cochlear implantation, and histopathology is more sensitive than imaging for identification of LO. Herein we utilize otopathologic techniques to study the timing and location of intracochlear tissue formation following meningitic labyrinthitis (ML). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Academic institution. METHODS: Temporal bone specimens with a history of bacterial ML were histologically evaluated. The location and extent of intracochlear tissue formation within the scala tympani (ST) and scala vestibuli (SV) were graded, and spiral ganglion neurons were counted. RESULTS: Fifty-one temporal bones were identified: 32 with no intracochlear tissue formation, 9 with fibrosis alone, and 10 with LO. Fibrosis was identified as early as 1.5 weeks after ML, while ossification was found only in specimens that survived multiple years after ML. All LO cases showed ossification of the ST at the round window membrane (RWM) with continuous extension throughout the basal turn. Extent of SV ossification correlated with that in the ST but showed frequent isolated distal involvement of the cochlea. Spiral ganglion neuron counts were lower than those in age-matched controls. CONCLUSION: In this human temporal bone study, we found that postmeningitic LO results in ossification at the RWM with continuous extension into the ST of the basal turn and variable involvement of the SV. Identification of a patent basal turn beyond RWM ossification of the ST should permit full electrode insertion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective review.
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Implante Coclear , Labirintite/etiologia , Labirintite/cirurgia , Meningites Bacterianas/complicações , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Cóclea/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Labirintite/microbiologia , Masculino , Meningites Bacterianas/microbiologia , Ossificação Heterotópica , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rampa do Tímpano/microbiologia , Gânglio Espiral da Cóclea/microbiologia , Osso Temporal/microbiologiaRESUMO
The pathophysiology of eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) remains poorly characterized, and it may result in significant patient morbidity. A recent study has identified a collection of previously unidentified salivary glands in the nasopharynx that overlay the torus tubarius. While salivary gland tissue has been described in the nasopharynx, the newly discovered salivary gland tissue has been denoted tubarial glands (TGs) and theorized to be a distinct organ. The TGs have been suggested to aid in lubrication of the oropharynx and nasopharynx. However, the exact clinical significance of TGs is unknown. Given the proximity of the TG to the eustachian tube, it is possible that the TGs may be related to the development of ETD. Future studies of the TGs and related pathophysiology may improve approaches to developing future ETD treatments.
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Tuba Auditiva/fisiopatologia , Nasofaringe/anatomia & histologia , Glândulas Salivares/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Glândulas Salivares/fisiologiaRESUMO
Objective Transcanal endoscopic operative approaches provide for a minimally invasive surgical portal to the lateral skull base. Traditional preoperative imaging evaluation involves computed tomography (CT) acquisition in the axial and coronal planes that are not optimized for the transcanal surgical corridor. Herein, we describe a novel CT-based "transcanal view" for preoperative surgical planning and intraoperative navigation. Study Design Present study is a cadaveric imaging study. Methods Cadaveric temporal bones ( n = 6) from three specimens underwent high-resolution CT (0.625 mm slice thickness). Using three-dimensional (3D) Slicer 4.8, reformatted "transcanal" views in the plane of the external auditory canal (EAC) were created. Axial and coronal reformats were used to compare and measure distances between anatomic structures in the plane of the EAC. Results The degree of oblique tilt for transcanal CT reformats was 6.67 ± 1.78 degrees to align the EAC in axial and coronal planes. Anticipated critical landmarks were identified easily using the transcanal view. Mean values were 8.68 ± 0.38 mm for annulus diameter, 9.5 ± 0.93 mm for isthmus diameter, 10.27 ± 0.73 mm for distance between annulus and isthmus, 2.95 ± 0.13 mm for distance between annulus and stapes capitulum, 5.12 ± 0.35 mm for distance between annulus and mastoid facial nerve, and 19.54 ± 1.22 mm for EAC length. Conclusion This study is the first to illustrate a novel "transcanal" CT sequence intended for endoscopic lateral skull base surgery. Future studies may address how incorporation of a transcanal CT reformat may influence surgical decision making.
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OBJECTIVES: Nonautologous graft materials may solve several dilemmas in tympanoplasty by obviating the need for graft harvest, facilitating consistent wound healing, and permitting graft placement in the clinical setting. Prior studies of nonautologous grafts in humans have shown variable outcomes. In this systematic review, we aim to 1) summarize clinical outcomes and 2) discuss limitations in the literature regarding nonautologous grafts for tympanoplasty in humans. METHODS: A literature review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The study size, etiology and duration of perforation, type of nonautologous graft, and postoperative closure rate were assessed. RESULTS: The PRISMA approach yielded 61 articles, including 3,247 ears that met inclusion criteria. Studies evaluated nonautologous grafts including paper patch, gelatin sponge, growth factors, porcine small-intestinal submucosa, among others. Traumatic perforations (62.3%) were most commonly studied, whereas postinfectious perforations (31.9%) and other etiologies (5.8%) comprised a minority of cases. Acute perforations of <8 weeks duration constituted just over half of all treated ears. Overall closure rate was 82.1%, with significantly higher closure rates in acute (89.9%) versus chronic perforations (64.9%, P < .01), regardless of material. A median postoperative air-bone gap of 5.6 dB was found in the 23% of studies reporting this metric. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of publications reviewing nonautologous materials in tympanoplasty evaluate acute or traumatic perforations, and few rigorously report hearing outcomes. Given available data, porcine submucosa and basic fibroblast growth factor may hold promise for chronic perforation closure. Future studies should report closure rates and hearing outcomes in perforations >8 weeks duration. Laryngoscope, 131:392-400, 2021.
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Bioprótese , Xenoenxertos , Transplantes/transplante , Perfuração da Membrana Timpânica/cirurgia , Membrana Timpânica/transplante , Timpanoplastia/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Feminino , Audição , Humanos , Masculino , Período Pós-Operatório , Desenho de Prótese , Suínos , Resultado do Tratamento , Perfuração da Membrana Timpânica/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Objective: We aim to examine the existing literature on, and identify knowledge gaps in, the study of adverse animal and human audiovestibular effects from exposure to acoustic or electromagnetic waves that are outside of conventional human hearing. Design/Setting/Participants: A review was performed, which included searches of relevant MeSH terms using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Primary outcomes included documented auditory and/or vestibular signs or symptoms in animals or humans exposed to infrasound, ultrasound, radiofrequency, and magnetic resonance imaging. The references of these articles were then reviewed in order to identify primary sources and literature not captured by electronic search databases. Results: Infrasound and ultrasound acoustic waves have been described in the literature to result in audiovestibular symptomology following exposure. Technology emitting infrasound such as wind turbines and rocket engines have produced isolated reports of vestibular symptoms, including dizziness and nausea and auditory complaints, such as tinnitus following exposure. Occupational exposure to both low frequency and high frequency ultrasound has resulted in reports of wide-ranging audiovestibular symptoms, with less robust evidence of symptomology following modern-day exposure via new technology such as remote controls, automated door openers, and wireless phone chargers. Radiofrequency exposure has been linked to both auditory and vestibular dysfunction in animal models, with additional historical evidence of human audiovestibular disturbance following unquantifiable exposure. While several theories, such as the cavitation theory, have been postulated as a cause for symptomology, there is extremely limited knowledge of the pathophysiology behind the adverse effects that particular exposure frequencies, intensities, and durations have on animals and humans. This has created a knowledge gap in which much of our understanding is derived from retrospective examination of patients who develop symptoms after postulated exposures. Conclusion and Relevance: Evidence for adverse human audiovestibular symptomology following exposure to acoustic waves and electromagnetic energy outside the spectrum of human hearing is largely rooted in case series or small cohort studies. Further research on the pathogenesis of audiovestibular dysfunction following acoustic exposure to these frequencies is critical to understand reported symptoms.
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OBJECTIVE: While cochlear ossification is a common sequalae of meningitic labyrinthitis, less is known about the effects of meningitis on peripheral vestibular end organs. Herein, we investigate histopathologic changes in the peripheral vestibular system and cochlea in patients with a history of meningitic labyrinthitis. METHODS: Temporal bone (TB) specimens from patients with a history of meningitis were evaluated and compared to age-matched controls. Specimens were evaluated by light microscopy and assessed for qualitative changes, including the presence of vestibular and/or cochlear endolymphatic hydrops, presence and location of inflammatory cells, new bone formation, and labyrinthitis ossificans; and quantitative changes, including Scarpa's ganglion neuron (ScGN) and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) counts. RESULTS: Fifteen TB from 10 individuals met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Presence of inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue was found in 5 TB. Of these, evidence of labyrinthitis ossificans was found in 2 TB. In the peripheral vestibular system, mild to severe degeneration of the vestibular membranous labyrinth was identified in 60% of cases (n = 9 TBs). There was a 21.2% decrease (range, 3%-64%) in the mean total count of ScGN in patients with meningitis, compared to age-matched controls. In the cochlea, there was a 45% decrease (range, 25.3%-80.9%) in the mean total count of SGN compared to age-matched controls (n = 14 TBs). CONCLUSIONS: Otopathologic analysis of TB from patients with a history of meningitic labyrinthitis demonstrated distinct peripheral vestibular changes. Future research may help to delineate potential mechanisms for the observed otopathologic changes following meningitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.
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OBJECTIVE: The term "labyrinthine concussion" has evolved to mean audiovestibular dysfunction in the absence of a temporal bone fracture (TBF). Despite a multitude of case descriptions of labyrinthine concussion, the precise pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we explore the historical otopathologic underpinnings of the diagnosis of labyrinthine concussion with a focus on the auditory pathway during the late 19th to the mid-20th centuries and conclude with a discussion of its contemporary relevance. METHODS AND DATA SOURCES: A review of primary and secondary medical sources written in English, German, and French on otopathology labyrinthine concussion studies from the late-19th to the mid-20th centuries. RESULTS: Around the turn of the 20th century, otopathologists identified histologic changes in the temporal bones of individuals that sustained head injury without TBFs. Based on these otopathologic findings in humans, early experiments investigating the pathophysiology of labyrinthine concussion were performed in animals through either the delivery of blows to the head or direct introduction of a pressure wave into the labyrinthine fluid. Collectively, otopathologists hypothesized that predominant mechanisms for labyrinthine concussion included inner ear hemorrhage, cochleovestibular nerve traction injury, direct damage from a labyrinthine fluid pressure wave, or vasomotor dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Historical study shows a variety of inner ear pathologies potentially responsible for auditory dysfunction following head injury. Understanding the history and otopathology of labyrinthine concussion may help clinicians focus on new pathways toward novel research and improved patient care.
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OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Few studies have specifically addressed auditory complaints in patients with nonblast mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Herein, we aimed to investigate auditory symptoms in patients following mTBI using patient-reported outcome measures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in a tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: The patients included those with mTBI (cases) and those without mTBI (controls). Individuals (≥18 years old) with and without mTBI were screened. Exclusion criteria included history of otologic disorders, blast injury, or occupational noise exposure. Primary outcomes included the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), and Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ). Secondary outcomes included subjective auditory complaints. RESULTS: From September 2017 to September 2018, 52 patients with mTBI and 55 controls met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean time between mTBI and survey intake was 70.6 months. The mean age and gender were 51.5 years old and 73% female in the mTBI group, and 46.1 years old and 56.3% female in the control group (P = .112 and P = .105, respectively). Patients with mTBI reported hyperacusis (67.3% of all mTBI patients), hearing loss (61.5%), and tinnitus (61.5%), compared to 8.3%, 12.7%, and 16.4%, respectively, for control subjects (P < .0001). The mean HHIA score in the mTBI group was 38.3 versus 8.5 in controls (P = .002). The mean THI score was 27.4 in the mTBI group and 3.1 in controls (P < .0001). The mean HQ score was 26.5 in mTBI group and 7.3 in controls (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Auditory symptoms and associated handicap were common in patients with nonblast mTBI compared to age-matched controls. Findings have implications for the pathophysiology and management of symptoms in this patient population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 130:761-767, 2020.
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Concussão Encefálica/complicações , Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Avaliação da Deficiência , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/etiologia , Hiperacusia/diagnóstico , Hiperacusia/etiologia , Zumbido/diagnóstico , Zumbido/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Vestibular symptoms are a common sequela of temporal bone fractures (TBFs). The mechanisms of injury to the peripheral vestibular system following TBF, however, are not well described. Herein, we aimed to investigate the histopathology of the peripheral vestibular system in patients who sustained TBFs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective human specimen analysis. METHODS: Specimens from the National Temporal Bone Pathology Registry with (cases) and without (controls) TBFs were evaluated. Specimens were analyzed by light microscopy for vestibular hair cell and/or dendritic degeneration, presence of endolymphatic hydrops, blockage of the endolymphatic duct, and number of Scarpa ganglion cells (ScGCs) in the superior and inferior vestibular nerves. RESULTS: Seven temporal bones (TBs) from five individuals with TBFs, and seven TBs from six age-matched individuals without a history of head injury met inclusion and exclusion criteria. All fractures involved the otic capsule. Severe degeneration of the cristae was identified in the semicircular canals in all TBF cases. The utricular and saccular maculae showed mild to severe degeneration in the TBF cases. Vestibular hydrops (n = 2 TBs) and blockage of the endolymphatic duct (n = 3 TBs) were also present in the TBF cases. There was a decrease of 52.6% in the mean total ScGC count in the TBF cases (n = 3 TBs) compared to age-matched controls (n = 7 TBs, P = .015). There was a mean loss of 53% of the ScGCs in the superior vestibular nerve and a mean loss of 52.3% of the ScGCs in the inferior vestibular nerve compared to age-matched controls (P = .033 and P = .021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients with TBFs, there were distinct peripheral vestibular changes including reduction of ScGCs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 130:752-760, 2020.
Assuntos
Fraturas Ósseas/complicações , Osso Temporal/lesões , Doenças Vestibulares/etiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Osso Temporal/patologia , Doenças Vestibulares/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In cases of a severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss following head injury, the cochlear implant (CI) is the primary option for auditory rehabilitation. Few studies, however, have investigated long-term CI outcomes in patients following head trauma, including those without temporal bone fracture (TBF). Herein, the aim of this study is to examine CI outcomes following cases of head injury with and without TBF. METHODS: Audiometric outcomes of patients who received a CI due to a head injury resulting in severe to profound hearing loss at two tertiary care hospitals were analyzed. Patients were divided into those who received a CI in a fractured temporal bone (group A, n = 11 patients corresponding to 15 ears) and those who received a CI in a non-fractured temporal bone (group B, n = 8 patients corresponding to nine ears). Primary outcomes included duration of deafness prior to CI and postoperative consonant-nucleus-constant whole word (CNC) scores. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (84% male), corresponding to 24 CIs, were identified. Fifteen CI were performed on ears with TBF (group A), and nine CI were performed on ears without TBF (group B). No patients had an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA). The mean duration of deafness was 5.7 and 11.3 years in group A and group B, respectively. The mean duration of CI follow-up (CI experience) was 6.5 years in group A and 2.1 years in group B. The overall mean postoperative CNC score for all subjects was 68.6% (±21.2%, n = 19 with CNC testing). There was no difference in CNC score between group A and group B (69.8% and 66% respectively, P = .639). CONCLUSION: The study is among the largest series examining long-term outcomes of CI after head injury. CI is an effective method for auditory rehabilitation in patients after head injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.