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1.
Cell ; 184(4): 1064-1080.e20, 2021 02 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33606977

RESUMO

Understanding the functional consequences of single-nucleotide variants is critical to uncovering the genetic underpinnings of diseases, but technologies to characterize variants are limiting. Here, we leverage CRISPR-Cas9 cytosine base editors in pooled screens to scalably assay variants at endogenous loci in mammalian cells. We benchmark the performance of base editors in positive and negative selection screens, identifying known loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 with high precision. To demonstrate the utility of base editor screens to probe small molecule-protein interactions, we screen against BH3 mimetics and PARP inhibitors, identifying point mutations that confer drug sensitivity or resistance. We also create a library of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) predicted to generate 52,034 ClinVar variants in 3,584 genes and conduct screens in the presence of cellular stressors, identifying loss-of-function variants in numerous DNA damage repair genes. We anticipate that this screening approach will be broadly useful to readily and scalably functionalize genetic variants.


Assuntos
Edição de Genes , Variação Genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Alelos , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Sequência de Bases , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Mutação com Perda de Função , Mutagênese/genética , Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides/genética , Mutação Puntual/genética , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/química , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Seleção Genética , Proteína bcl-X/genética
2.
Nature ; 627(8003): 389-398, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38253266

RESUMO

The human blood system is maintained through the differentiation and massive amplification of a limited number of long-lived haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)1. Perturbations to this process underlie diverse diseases, but the clonal contributions to human haematopoiesis and how this changes with age remain incompletely understood. Although recent insights have emerged from barcoding studies in model systems2-5, simultaneous detection of cell states and phylogenies from natural barcodes in humans remains challenging. Here we introduce an improved, single-cell lineage-tracing system based on deep detection of naturally occurring mitochondrial DNA mutations with simultaneous readout of transcriptional states and chromatin accessibility. We use this system to define the clonal architecture of HSCs and map the physiological state and output of clones. We uncover functional heterogeneity in HSC clones, which is stable over months and manifests as both differences in total HSC output and biases towards the production of different mature cell types. We also find that the diversity of HSC clones decreases markedly with age, leading to an oligoclonal structure with multiple distinct clonal expansions. Our study thus provides a clonally resolved and cell-state-aware atlas of human haematopoiesis at single-cell resolution, showing an unappreciated functional diversity of human HSC clones and, more broadly, paving the way for refined studies of clonal dynamics across a range of tissues in human health and disease.


Assuntos
Linhagem da Célula , Hematopoese , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Células Clonais/classificação , Células Clonais/citologia , Células Clonais/metabolismo , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/classificação , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Mutação , Análise de Célula Única , Transcrição Gênica , Envelhecimento
3.
Nature ; 589(7843): 608-614, 2021 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33408413

RESUMO

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS or progeria) is typically caused by a dominant-negative C•G-to-T•A mutation (c.1824 C>T; p.G608G) in LMNA, the gene that encodes nuclear lamin A. This mutation causes RNA mis-splicing that produces progerin, a toxic protein that induces rapid ageing and shortens the lifespan of children with progeria to approximately 14 years1-4. Adenine base editors (ABEs) convert targeted A•T base pairs to G•C base pairs with minimal by-products and without requiring double-strand DNA breaks or donor DNA templates5,6. Here we describe the use of an ABE to directly correct the pathogenic HGPS mutation in cultured fibroblasts derived from children with progeria and in a mouse model of HGPS. Lentiviral delivery of the ABE to fibroblasts from children with HGPS resulted in 87-91% correction of the pathogenic allele, mitigation of RNA mis-splicing, reduced levels of progerin and correction of nuclear abnormalities. Unbiased off-target DNA and RNA editing analysis did not detect off-target editing in treated patient-derived fibroblasts. In transgenic mice that are homozygous for the human LMNA c.1824 C>T allele, a single retro-orbital injection of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) encoding the ABE resulted in substantial, durable correction of the pathogenic mutation (around 20-60% across various organs six months after injection), restoration of normal RNA splicing and reduction of progerin protein levels. In vivo base editing rescued the vascular pathology of the mice, preserving vascular smooth muscle cell counts and preventing adventitial fibrosis. A single injection of ABE-expressing AAV9 at postnatal day 14 improved vitality and greatly extended the median lifespan of the mice from 215 to 510 days. These findings demonstrate the potential of in vivo base editing as a possible treatment for HGPS and other genetic diseases by directly correcting their root cause.


Assuntos
Adenina/metabolismo , Edição de Genes/métodos , Mutação , Progéria/genética , Progéria/terapia , Alelos , Processamento Alternativo , Animais , Aorta/patologia , Pareamento de Bases , Criança , DNA/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Lamina Tipo A/química , Lamina Tipo A/genética , Lamina Tipo A/metabolismo , Longevidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas Mutantes/química , Proteínas Mutantes/genética , Proteínas Mutantes/metabolismo , Progéria/patologia , RNA/genética
4.
Nature ; 595(7866): 295-302, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34079130

RESUMO

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a mutation in the ß-globin gene HBB1. We used a custom adenine base editor (ABE8e-NRCH)2,3 to convert the SCD allele (HBBS) into Makassar ß-globin (HBBG), a non-pathogenic variant4,5. Ex vivo delivery of mRNA encoding the base editor with a targeting guide RNA into haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients with SCD resulted in 80% conversion of HBBS to HBBG. Sixteen weeks after transplantation of edited human HSPCs into immunodeficient mice, the frequency of HBBG was 68% and hypoxia-induced sickling of bone marrow reticulocytes had decreased fivefold, indicating durable gene editing. To assess the physiological effects of HBBS base editing, we delivered ABE8e-NRCH and guide RNA into HSPCs from a humanized SCD mouse6 and then transplanted these cells into irradiated mice. After sixteen weeks, Makassar ß-globin represented 79% of ß-globin protein in blood, and hypoxia-induced sickling was reduced threefold. Mice that received base-edited HSPCs showed near-normal haematological parameters and reduced splenic pathology compared to mice that received unedited cells. Secondary transplantation of edited bone marrow confirmed that the gene editing was durable in long-term haematopoietic stem cells and showed that HBBS-to-HBBG editing of 20% or more is sufficient for phenotypic rescue. Base editing of human HSPCs avoided the p53 activation and larger deletions that have been observed following Cas9 nuclease treatment. These findings point towards a one-time autologous treatment for SCD that eliminates pathogenic HBBS, generates benign HBBG, and minimizes the undesired consequences of double-strand DNA breaks.


Assuntos
Adenina/metabolismo , Anemia Falciforme/genética , Anemia Falciforme/terapia , Edição de Genes , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Globinas beta/genética , Animais , Antígenos CD34/metabolismo , Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Terapia Genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/citologia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos
5.
Nature ; 576(7785): 149-157, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31634902

RESUMO

Most genetic variants that contribute to disease1 are challenging to correct efficiently and without excess byproducts2-5. Here we describe prime editing, a versatile and precise genome editing method that directly writes new genetic information into a specified DNA site using a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease fused to an engineered reverse transcriptase, programmed with a prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) that both specifies the target site and encodes the desired edit. We performed more than 175 edits in human cells, including targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 types of point mutation, without requiring double-strand breaks or donor DNA templates. We used prime editing in human cells to correct, efficiently and with few byproducts, the primary genetic causes of sickle cell disease (requiring a transversion in HBB) and Tay-Sachs disease (requiring a deletion in HEXA); to install a protective transversion in PRNP; and to insert various tags and epitopes precisely into target loci. Four human cell lines and primary post-mitotic mouse cortical neurons support prime editing with varying efficiencies. Prime editing shows higher or similar efficiency and fewer byproducts than homology-directed repair, has complementary strengths and weaknesses compared to base editing, and induces much lower off-target editing than Cas9 nuclease at known Cas9 off-target sites. Prime editing substantially expands the scope and capabilities of genome editing, and in principle could correct up to 89% of known genetic variants associated with human diseases.


Assuntos
DNA/genética , Edição de Genes , Linhagem Celular , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Genoma , Humanos , Mutação Puntual , Saccharomyces cerevisiae
7.
Nat Chem Biol ; 10(8): 656-63, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24997602

RESUMO

The selectivity of an enzyme inhibitor is a key determinant of its usefulness as a tool compound or its safety as a drug. Yet selectivity is never assessed comprehensively in the early stages of the drug discovery process, and only rarely in the later stages, because technical limitations prohibit doing otherwise. Here, we report EnPlex, an efficient, high-throughput method for simultaneously assessing inhibitor potency and specificity, and pilot its application to 96 serine hydrolases. EnPlex analysis of widely used serine hydrolase inhibitors revealed numerous previously unrecognized off-target interactions, some of which may help to explain previously confounding adverse effects. In addition, EnPlex screening of a hydrolase-directed library of boronic acid- and nitrile-containing compounds provided structure-activity relationships in both potency and selectivity dimensions from which lead candidates could be more effectively prioritized. Follow-up of a series of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors showed that EnPlex indeed predicted efficacy and safety in animal models. These results demonstrate the feasibility and value of high-throughput, superfamily-wide selectivity profiling and suggest that such profiling can be incorporated into the earliest stages of drug discovery.


Assuntos
Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala/métodos , Animais , Ácidos Borônicos/química , Ácidos Borônicos/farmacologia , Carbamatos/farmacologia , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/antagonistas & inibidores , Descoberta de Drogas , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Glutamatos/farmacologia , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Nitrilas/química , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Prolina/análogos & derivados , Prolina/farmacologia , Serina Proteases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia
8.
Nat Biotechnol ; 40(5): 731-740, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34887556

RESUMO

The targeted deletion, replacement, integration or inversion of genomic sequences could be used to study or treat human genetic diseases, but existing methods typically require double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) that lead to undesired consequences, including uncontrolled indel mixtures and chromosomal abnormalities. Here we describe twin prime editing (twinPE), a DSB-independent method that uses a prime editor protein and two prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) for the programmable replacement or excision of DNA sequences at endogenous human genomic sites. The two pegRNAs template the synthesis of complementary DNA flaps on opposing strands of genomic DNA, which replace the endogenous DNA sequence between the prime-editor-induced nick sites. When combined with a site-specific serine recombinase, twinPE enabled targeted integration of gene-sized DNA plasmids (>5,000 bp) and targeted sequence inversions of 40 kb in human cells. TwinPE expands the capabilities of precision gene editing and might synergize with other tools for the correction or complementation of large or complex human pathogenic alleles.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edição de Genes , Sequência de Bases , Inversão Cromossômica , DNA/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Humanos , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/genética
9.
Aging Cell ; 20(7): e13388, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34086398

RESUMO

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder with features of accelerated aging. The majority of HGPS cases are caused by a de novo point mutation in the LMNA gene (c.1824C>T; p.G608G) resulting in progerin, a toxic lamin A protein variant. Children with HGPS typically die from coronary artery diseases or strokes at an average age of 14.6 years. Endothelial dysfunction is a known driver of cardiovascular pathogenesis; however, it is currently unknown how progerin antagonizes normal angiogenic function in HGPS. Here, we use human iPSC-derived endothelial cell (iPSC-EC) models to study angiogenesis in HGPS. We cultured normal and HGPS iPSC-ECs under both static and fluidic culture conditions. HGPS iPSC-ECs show reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity compared with normal controls and concomitant decreases in intracellular nitric oxide (NO) level, which result in deficits in capillary-like microvascular network formation. Furthermore, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was reduced in HGPS iPSC-ECs, while the expression of tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (TIMP1 and TIMP2) was upregulated relative to healthy controls. Finally, we used an adenine base editor (ABE7.10max-VRQR) to correct the pathogenic c.1824C>T allele in HGPS iPSC-ECs. Remarkably, ABE7.10max-VRQR correction of the HGPS mutation significantly reduced progerin expression to a basal level, rescued nuclear blebbing, increased intracellular NO level, normalized the misregulated TIMPs, and restored angiogenic competence in HGPS iPSC-ECs. Together, these results provide molecular insights of endothelial dysfunction in HGPS and suggest that ABE could be a promising therapeutic approach for correcting HGPS-related cardiovascular phenotypes.


Assuntos
Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Progéria/genética , Senescência Celular , Regulação para Baixo , Humanos , Progéria/patologia
10.
Nat Biotechnol ; 39(11): 1414-1425, 2021 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34183861

RESUMO

Programmable C•G-to-G•C base editors (CGBEs) have broad scientific and therapeutic potential, but their editing outcomes have proved difficult to predict and their editing efficiency and product purity are often low. We describe a suite of engineered CGBEs paired with machine learning models to enable efficient, high-purity C•G-to-G•C base editing. We performed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen targeting DNA repair genes to identify factors that affect C•G-to-G•C editing outcomes and used these insights to develop CGBEs with diverse editing profiles. We characterized ten promising CGBEs on a library of 10,638 genomically integrated target sites in mammalian cells and trained machine learning models that accurately predict the purity and yield of editing outcomes (R = 0.90) using these data. These CGBEs enable correction to the wild-type coding sequence of 546 disease-related transversion single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) with >90% precision (mean 96%) and up to 70% efficiency (mean 14%). Computational prediction of optimal CGBE-single-guide RNA pairs enables high-purity transversion base editing at over fourfold more target sites than achieved using any single CGBE variant.


Assuntos
Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Edição de Genes , Animais , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Aprendizado de Máquina , Mamíferos/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/genética
11.
Nat Biotechnol ; 38(7): 824-844, 2020 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32572269

RESUMO

The development of new CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools continues to drive major advances in the life sciences. Four classes of CRISPR-Cas-derived genome editing agents-nucleases, base editors, transposases/recombinases and prime editors-are currently available for modifying genomes in experimental systems. Some of these agents have also moved rapidly into the clinic. Each tool comes with its own capabilities and limitations, and major efforts have broadened their editing capabilities, expanded their targeting scope and improved editing specificity. We analyze key considerations when choosing genome editing agents and identify opportunities for future improvements and applications in basic research and therapeutics.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Edição de Genes , Genoma/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Endonucleases/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Humanos , Recombinases/genética , Transposases/genética
13.
Nat Biotechnol ; 38(7): 883-891, 2020 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32433547

RESUMO

Applications of adenine base editors (ABEs) have been constrained by the limited compatibility of the deoxyadenosine deaminase component with Cas homologs other than SpCas9. We evolved the deaminase component of ABE7.10 using phage-assisted non-continuous and continuous evolution (PANCE and PACE), which resulted in ABE8e. ABE8e contains eight additional mutations that increase activity (kapp) 590-fold compared with that of ABE7.10. ABE8e offers substantially improved editing efficiencies when paired with a variety of Cas9 or Cas12 homologs. ABE8e is more processive than ABE7.10, which could benefit screening, disruption of regulatory regions and multiplex base editing applications. A modest increase in Cas9-dependent and -independent DNA off-target editing, and in transcriptome-wide RNA off-target editing can be ameliorated by the introduction of an additional mutation in the TadA-8e domain. Finally, we show that ABE8e can efficiently install natural mutations that upregulate fetal hemoglobin expression in the BCL11A enhancer or in the the HBG promoter in human cells, targets that were poorly edited with ABE7.10. ABE8e augments the effectiveness and applicability of adenine base editing.


Assuntos
Adenina/metabolismo , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , DNA/genética , RNA/genética , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Bacteriófagos/genética , Edição de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Mutagênese/genética , Mutação/genética
14.
Nat Biomed Eng ; 4(1): 97-110, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31937940

RESUMO

The success of base editors for the study and treatment of genetic diseases depends on the ability to deliver them in vivo to the relevant cell types. Delivery via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) is limited by AAV packaging capacity, which precludes the use of full-length base editors. Here, we report the application of dual AAVs for the delivery of split cytosine and adenine base editors that are then reconstituted by trans-splicing inteins. Optimized dual AAVs enable in vivo base editing at therapeutically relevant efficiencies and dosages in the mouse brain (up to 59% of unsorted cortical tissue), liver (38%), retina (38%), heart (20%) and skeletal muscle (9%). We also show that base editing corrects, in mouse brain tissue, a mutation that causes Niemann-Pick disease type C (a neurodegenerative ataxia), slowing down neurodegeneration and increasing lifespan. The optimized delivery vectors should facilitate the efficient introduction of targeted point mutations into multiple tissues of therapeutic interest.


Assuntos
Adenina/metabolismo , Citosina/metabolismo , Dependovirus/fisiologia , Edição de Genes/métodos , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Vetores Genéticos/administração & dosagem , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Retina/metabolismo
15.
Nat Biomed Eng ; 4(1): 125-130, 2020 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31740768

RESUMO

In contrast to traditional CRISPR-Cas9 homology-directed repair, base editing can correct point mutations without supplying a DNA-repair template. Here we show in a mouse model of tyrosinaemia that hydrodynamic tail-vein injection of plasmid DNA encoding the adenine base editor (ABE) and a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) can correct an A>G splice-site mutation. ABE treatment partially restored splicing, generated fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH)-positive hepatocytes in the liver, and rescued weight loss in mice. We also generated FAH+ hepatocytes in the liver via lipid-nanoparticle-mediated delivery of a chemically modified sgRNA and an mRNA of a codon-optimized base editor that displayed higher base-editing efficiency than the standard ABEs. Our findings suggest that adenine base editing can be used for the correction of genetic diseases in adult animals.


Assuntos
Adenina/metabolismo , Edição de Genes/métodos , Tirosinemias/genética , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrolases/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Mutação Puntual , RNA/administração & dosagem
16.
Nat Biotechnol ; 37(9): 1070-1079, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31332326

RESUMO

Base editors use DNA-modifying enzymes targeted with a catalytically impaired CRISPR protein to precisely install point mutations. Here, we develop phage-assisted continuous evolution of base editors (BE-PACE) to improve their editing efficiency and target sequence compatibility. We used BE-PACE to evolve cytosine base editors (CBEs) that overcome target sequence context constraints of canonical CBEs. One evolved CBE, evoAPOBEC1-BE4max, is up to 26-fold more efficient at editing cytosine in the GC context, a disfavored context for wild-type APOBEC1 deaminase, while maintaining efficient editing in all other sequence contexts tested. Another evolved deaminase, evoFERNY, is 29% smaller than APOBEC1 and edits efficiently in all tested sequence contexts. We also evolved a CBE based on CDA1 deaminase with much higher editing efficiency at difficult target sites. Finally, we used data from evolved CBEs to illuminate the relationship between deaminase activity, base editing efficiency, editing window width and byproduct formation. These findings establish a system for rapid evolution of base editors and inform their use and improvement.


Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Evolução Molecular Direcionada , Edição de Genes , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Linhagem Celular , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Marcação de Genes , Humanos , Mutação INDEL , Camundongos
17.
18.
Nat Commun ; 10(1): 1937, 2019 04 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31028261

RESUMO

The development of site-specific recombinases (SSRs) as genome editing agents is limited by the difficulty of altering their native DNA specificities. Here we describe Rec-seq, a method for revealing the DNA specificity determinants and potential off-target substrates of SSRs in a comprehensive and unbiased manner. We applied Rec-seq to characterize the DNA specificity determinants of several natural and evolved SSRs including Cre, evolved variants of Cre, and other SSR family members. Rec-seq profiling of these enzymes and mutants thereof revealed previously uncharacterized SSR interactions, including specificity determinants not evident from SSR:DNA structures. Finally, we used Rec-seq specificity profiles to predict off-target substrates of Tre and Brec1 recombinases, including endogenous human genomic sequences, and confirmed their ability to recombine these off-target sequences in human cells. These findings establish Rec-seq as a high-resolution method for rapidly characterizing the DNA specificity of recombinases with single-nucleotide resolution, and for informing their further development.


Assuntos
DNA Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , DNA/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Genoma Humano , Integrases/genética , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , DNA/metabolismo , DNA Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos/química , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Integrases/metabolismo , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/síntese química , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/genética , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Recombinação Genética
19.
Nat Biotechnol ; 36(9): 843-846, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29813047

RESUMO

Base editors enable targeted single-nucleotide conversions in genomic DNA. Here we show that expression levels are a bottleneck in base-editing efficiency. We optimize cytidine (BE4) and adenine (ABE7.10) base editors by modification of nuclear localization signals (NLS) and codon usage, and ancestral reconstruction of the deaminase component. The resulting BE4max, AncBE4max, and ABEmax editors correct pathogenic SNPs with substantially increased efficiency in a variety of mammalian cell types.


Assuntos
Adenina/metabolismo , Citidina/genética , DNA/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Códon , Edição de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos
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