Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) often develop nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). We aimed to identify determinants and the prognostic significance of NCSE among patients with acute ICH. METHODS: Consecutive patients with acute spontaneous ICH who were admitted to a comprehensive stroke center were enrolled. We diagnosed NCSE using the modified Salzburg Consensus Criteria. Factors associated with NCSE and their significance in relation to clinical outcomes were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of 228 patients (136 men; mean age, 68±14 years), 20 (8.8%) developed NCSE during their hospital stays. In logistic regression models, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for NCSE were 3.5 (1.2-10.7) for craniotomy and 7.0 (2.2-31.2) for lobar involvement. The patients with NCSE had higher modified Rankin Scale scores at discharge, but NCSE was not independently associated with poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score, 4-5) or mortality after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: NCSE is not a rare complication of acute ICH. Craniotomy and lobar involvement are independently associated with NCSE in patients with acute ICH.

Role of a membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase complex AldFGH in acetic acid fermentation with Acetobacter pasteurianus SKU1108.

Acetic acid fermentation is widely considered a consequence of ethanol oxidation by two membrane-bound enzymes-alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-of acetic acid bacteria. Here, we used a markerless gene disruption method to construct a mutant of the Acetobacter pasteurianus strain SKU1108 with a deletion in the aldH gene, which encodes the large catalytic subunit of a heterotrimeric ALDH complex (AldFGH), to examine the role of AldFGH in acetic acid fermentation. The ΔaldH strain grew less on ethanol-containing medium, i.e., acetic acid fermentation conditions, than the wild-type strain and significantly accumulated acetaldehyde in the culture medium. Unexpectedly, acetaldehyde oxidase activity levels of the intact ΔaldH cells and the ΔaldH cell membranes were similar to those of the wild-type strain, which might be attributed to an additional ALDH isozyme (AldSLC). The apparent KM values of the wild-type and ΔaldH membranes for acetaldehyde were similar to each other, when the cells were cultured in nonfermentation conditions, where ΔaldH cells grow as well as the wild-type cells. However, the membranes of the wild-type cells grown under fermentation conditions showed a 10-fold lower apparent KM value than those of the cells grown under nonfermentation conditions. Under fermentation conditions, transcriptional levels of a gene for AldSLC were 10-fold lower than those under nonfermentation conditions, whereas aldH transcript levels were not dramatically changed under the two conditions. We suggest that A. pasteurianus SKU1108 has two ALDHs, and the AldFGH complex is indispensable for acetic acid fermentation and is the major enzyme under fermentation conditions.

Enantioselective synthesis of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1-carbaldehydes by addition of boronates to isochromene acetals catalyzed by tartaric acid.

Tartaric acid is an ideal asymmetric catalyst as it is abundant, cheap, and environmentally friendly. (+)-Tartaric acid was found to catalyze a novel enantioselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition of isochromene acetals and vinylboronates. A variety of substituted isochromene acetals were tolerated, furnishing the desired dihydronaphthalenes and dihydrobenzofluorene products in good yields. High enantiomeric ratios (up to 98.5:1.5) and excellent diastereoselectivities (all >99:1) were observed employing 10 mol % of (+)-tartaric acid as the catalyst, in combination with 5 mol % of Ho(OTf)3.

Non-lesional late-onset epilepsy in the elderly Japanese patients: Presenting characteristics and seizure outcomes with regard to comorbid dementia.

The objective of the present retrospective study was analysis of clinical, radiological, and electrophysiological characteristics of the non-lesional late-onset epilepsy (NLLOE) in the elderly Japanese patients, and comparison of the seizure outcomes in this population with regard to presence of comorbid dementia. The study cohort comprised 89 consecutive patients with NLLOE aged ≥ 65 years. In 49 cases (55%), NLLOE manifested with a single type of seizure. Focal impaired awareness seizures (FIAS) were encountered most often (in 69 patients; 78%). Ten patients (11%) had a history of the status epilepticus. Comorbid dementia was diagnosed in 31 patients (35%). Localized or diffuse white matter hyperintensity was the most common imaging finding (66 cases). Epileptiform discharges in the temporal area represented the most frequent abnormality on interictal EEG (24 cases). Seizure-free status for ≥ 12 months was attained in 46 out of 64 patients (72%), who were followed for ≥ 12 months (range, 12 - 110 months), and 42 of them received monotherapy, mainly with levetiracetam (21 patients), carbamazepine (10 patients), or lacosamide (8 patients). In comparison to their counterparts, the rate of seizure-free status for ≥ 12 months was significantly lower in patients with comorbid dementia (81% vs. 52%; P = 0.0205). In conclusion, the NLLOE among Japanese patients aged ≥ 65 years has variable presenting characteristics, and comorbid dementia is diagnosed in one-third of cases. Seizure-free status for ≥ 12 months may be attained in more than two-thirds of treated patients, but comorbid dementia is associated with significantly worse response to antiseizure therapy.

Enantioselective boronate additions to N-acyl quinoliniums catalyzed by tartaric acid.

Tartaric acid catalyzes the asymmetric addition of vinylboronates to N-acyl quinoliniums, affording highly enantioenriched dihydroquinolines. The catalyst serves to activate the boronate through a ligand-exchange reaction and generates the N-acyl quinolinium in situ from the stable quinoline-derived N,O-acetal.

Deprotection of a silyl group with mesoporous silica.

The triethylsilyl (TES) group of silyl ethers of several types is selectively and easily removed in the presence of a t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) group with a mesoporous silica MCM-41/MeOH heterogeneous system. Comparison of the efficiency was carried out among several solvents, and among such promoters as common zeolites and ion-exchange resins. Furthermore, FSM-16, another mesoporous silica, was examined for the possibility of recycling by re-calcination at 400 degrees C after the reaction.

Oxidative photo-decarboxylation in the presence of mesoporous silicas.

FSM-16, a mesoporous silica, was found to catalyze oxidative photo-decarboxylation of alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid, phenyl acetic acid derivatives and N-acyl-protected alpha-amino acids to afford the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Furthermore, FSM-16 proved to be re-usable by re-calcination at 450 degrees C after the reaction.

Expression and function of 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand on murine dendritic cells.

4-1BB (CDw137) and its ligand (4-1BBL) have been implicated in cellular immune responses. To further characterize the expression and function of 4-1BBL, we newly generated an anti-mouse 4-1BBL mAb (TKS-1), which can inhibit the interaction of 4-1BBL with 4-1BB. Flow cytometric analyses using TKS-1 and an anti-mouse 4-1BB mAb indicated that 4-1BB was inducible on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) splenic T cells by stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb, but 4-1BBL was not expressed on resting or activated T cells. 4-1BBL expression was inducible on splenic B cells by stimulation with anti-IgM antibody plus anti-CD40 mAb, on peritoneal macrophages by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and on splenic dendritic cells (DC) by stimulation with anti-CD40 mAb or LPS. Interestingly, splenic DC expressed 4-1BB constitutively, which was down-regulated by anti-CD40 stimulation. Co-culture of splenic DC with 4-1BBL-transfected cells or 4-1BBL-expressing tumor cell lines led to cytokine (IL-6 and IL-12) production and co-stimulatory molecule up-regulation by splenic DC, indicating that 4-1BBL can directly activate DC. Moreover, IL-12 production by anti-CD40-stimulated DC was partially inhibited by TKS-1. These results suggest that 4-1BB expressed on DC may be involved in DC activation through DC--tumor interaction and DC--DC interaction.