Lymph nodes detection and the mesorectal excision quality evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Detection and examination of proper number of lymph nodes in patients after rectal resection is important for next treatment and management of patients with rectal carcinoma. There are no clear guideliness for minimal count of lymph nodes, variant recommendations agree on the number of 12 (1014) nodes. There are situations, when is not easy to reach this count, mainly in older age groups and in patients after neoadjuvant, especially radiation therapy. As a modality for improvement of lymph nodes harvesting seems to be establishing of defined protocols originally designed for mesorectal excision quality evaluation. METHODS: The investigation group was formed by patients examined in 2 three-years intervals before and after implementation of the protocol. Elevation in count of harvested lymph nodes was rated generaly and in relation to age groups and gender. RESULTS: The average count of lymph nodes increased from 10 to 15 nodes, in subset of patients whose received neoadjuvant therapy from 7 to almost 14 nodes. The recommended number of lymph nodes was obtained in all investigated age groups. By the increased number of lymph nodes, rises also possibility of positive nodes found, that can lead to upstaging of the disease, in subset of patients whose received neoadjuvant therapy it is more than 4%. CONCLUSION: Our conclusions show, that forming of multidisciplinary cooperative groups (chiefly surgeon-pathologist), implementation of defined protocol of surgery, specimen manipulation and investigation by detached specialists lead to benefit consequences for further management and treatment of the patients with colorectal cancer.

Cyclin D1 mRNA as a molecular marker for minimal residual disease monitoring in patients with mantle cell lymphoma.

Chromosomal translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) is a characteristic molecular marker of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and leads to the fusion of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer-promoter with the cyclin D1 gene. Both aberrant cyclin D1 expression and underlying chromosomal aberration may be used as molecular targets for monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD). The present study aims to assess the usefulness of quantitative cyclin D1 gene expression compared to the standardised but more technologically demanding DNA-based method for immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) or t(11;14) clone-specific gene rearrangement quantification in a cohort of bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) samples from patients with MCL. We simultaneously evaluated DNA-MRD and cyclin D1 expression levels in 234 samples from 57 patients. We observed that both in DNA-MRD positive and negative BM/PB pairs from the same time points the expression levels of cyclin D1 are lower in PB than in BM (median 19×, BM/PB range 0.41-352). The correlation of cyclin D1 transcript levels with DNA-MRD or with flow cytometry was good only in samples with a very high infiltration. In DNA-MRD-negative BM samples, we observed a significant heterogeneity of cyclin D1 expression (in the range of more than three orders of magnitude). This is in contrast to previous reports demonstrating the usefulness of cyclin D1 for MRD monitoring that did not use DNA-based method as a reference. In PB, the specificity of cyclin D1 expression was better due to a lower physiological background. In conclusion, we show that cyclin D1 is unsuitable for MRD monitoring in BM.

An undifferentiated sarcoma with BCOR-CCNB3 fusion transcript - pathological and clinical retrospective study.

The BCOR-CCNB3 positive sarcoma is a recently identified sarcoma morphologically and clinically similar to Ewing sarcoma in adolescents and young adults. The BCOR-CCNB3 fusion transcript originates from a paracentric inversion on the X chromosome with an in-frame fusion between the last codon of BCOR and the exon 5 of CCNB3 gene. We report morphological and molecular genetic analysis of 8 undifferentiated sarcomas positive for the BCOR-CCNB3 fusion. Six of the eight BCOR-CCNB3 positive sarcoma patients were male. Five of the eight patients were in their second decade of life (median of all patients 14 years at diagnosis). The bone marrow involvement was demonstrated in 2 of 4 patients tested. Detection of the fusion transcripts BCOR-CCNB3 in the bone marrow suggests that patients with positive findings are at high risk of the tumor progression.

[Multidisciplinary approach to surgical disorders of the pancreas in children]. / Multidisciplinární prístup k chirurgickému onemocnení pankreatu v detském veku.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical diseases of the pancreas in children are not common and may be associated with significant morbidity and potential mortality. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for correct diagnosis, surgical strategy and postoperative as well as follow-up care. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of patients operated on due to a pathological lesion of the pancreas focused on diagnostics, operating procedures, postoperative complications, and long-term results. Between 1991 and 2016, eighty-nine children were treated in our department for a pathologic lesion of the pancreas. 39 of them were boys and 50 were girls. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 9.3 years (1 month-18.4 years). Patients were followed from the operation to the age of 19, after which they were referred for follow-up to adult specialists. The indications for surgery were trauma in 34 children, solid pseudopapillary tumor in 23 children, biopsy in 10, hyperinsulinism in 8, chronic pancreatitis in 4, pancreatic cyst in 3, insulinoma in 3, carcinoma in 2, and serous cystadenoma and pancreas divisum in one patient. The most frequent procedures performed on the pancreas were distal pancreatectomy in 35 cases, the duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection in 23 cases, pseudocystogastroanastomosis in 11 cases, 9095% pancreatic resection in 5 cases, Whipple operation in two cases, Puestow procedure in one case, tumor enucleation in one case, and tumor biopsy for cancer in one case. In 5 patients after major pancreatic injury, ERCP and papillotomy with insertion of a stent into the pancreatic duct was performed. 3 patients died, one after a polytrauma with severe pancreatic injury and two patients with pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic surgery in children is not a common operation, and individual as well as institutional experience remains limited. After more than 20 years of experience with pancreatic surgery, we believe that close cooperation with surgeons, pediatric gastroenterologists, radiologists, anesthesiologists, intensivist, pathologists and ERCP specialists is necessary for successful diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease in children.Key words: pancreas pancreatic surgery in children duodenum preserving head resection of the pancreas.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors - quantitative detection of the Ki-67, TPX2, TOP2A, and hTERT telomerase subunit mRNA levels to determine proliferation activity and a potential for aggressive biological behavior.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have an unpredictable biological potential ranging from benign to malignant. Molecular markers involved in the mechanisms of proliferation and cellular senescence may provide additional information about biological behavior of the tumor. The aim of the present study was to investigate Ki-67, TPX2, TOP2A and hTERT mRNA expression levels in specimens from patients with GISTs to define relationships between proliferation activity and biological potential and progression of the disease. We measured Ki-67, TPX2, TOP2A and hTERT mRNA levels using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RQ RT PCR). The highest Ki-67, TPX2, TOP2A and hTERT mRNA expression levels were found in the highly proliferative BLs (18 specimens), in comparison with GISTs (137 specimens) and LMSs (9 specimens). Patients with GISTs and adequate information about mitotic activity, tumor size and anatomical site (84 specimens) were divided into two groups - GISTs with benign (29 patients) and with malignant (55 patients) potential. We observed association between higher Ki-67, TPX2 and hTERT mRNA levels and the GISTs with malignant potential. Univariate analysis (57 patients with available follow-up information) of survival (Kaplan Meier curves method) revealed a correlation between higher levels of TPX2, Ki-67 and hTERT markers and shorter event-free survival (EFS) or poorer overall survival (OS). The results demonstrate the importance of quantitative assessment of the proliferation activity in GISTs. Proliferation markers of Ki-67, TPX2, TOP2A and hTERT are suitable markers for detection the proliferation activity and telomerase activity of these tumors. Furthermore, the assessment of TPX2, Ki-67 and hTERT expression levels is appropriate for determination of malignant potential of GISTs.

[Clinical and Functional Importance of Selected CASP8 and CASP9 Polymorphisms in Breast Carcinoma]. / Klinický a funkcní význam vybraných polymorfizmu CASP8 a CASP9 u karcinomu prsu.

BACKGROUND: Caspase-8 and caspase-9 (encoded by CASP8 and CASP9) are executive caspases of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dysregulation of apoptosis plays an important role in cancer development, progression, and resistance to anticancer therapy. The goal of this work was to evaluate potential associations between polymorphisms in CASP8 and CASP9, previously linked to breast cancer risk, and the transcript levels of these genes (including their alternative anti-apoptotic variants) in tumor tissues and the clinical characteristics of the patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sanger sequencing, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis, and allelic discrimination were used to identify polymorphisms in DNA samples isolated from tumor tissues and peripheral blood lymphocytes of 60 breast carcinoma patients. Total transcript levels of CASP8 and CASP9, and levels of alternative splicing variants CASP8L and CASP9B, were quantified by real-time PCR in tumor tissues. Clinically interesting associations were validated in DNA from lymphocytes of 615 breast carcinoma patients. RESULTS: A haplotype in CASP9 composed of three polymorphisms rs4645978-rs2020903-rs4646034 was significantly associated with CASP9 expression in tumors, with the expression of the progesterone receptor and ERBB2, and with the TNBC subtype of breast carcinoma in the validation study. The associations between the rs3834129 polymorphism in CASP8 and stage of disease, rs6435074 with grade, expression of estrogen receptor and ERBB2, and rs6723097 with ERBB2 expression have not yet been validated. However, rs6723097 was associated with disease-free survival in patients treated with hormonal therapy. CONCLUSION: This study reveals a previously unknown and presumably functional (in silico) association between a haplotype in CASP9 and molecular and clinical phenotypes of breast carcinoma. The potential clinical utility of this association for prognostication of breast carcinoma should be evaluated by independent studies.Key words: breast carcinoma - caspases - polymorphisms - functional - clinical - importanceThis work was supported by grant of the CU Grant Agency No. 1444313, and grant of the Internal Grant Agency of the Czech Ministry of Health No. 15-25618A.The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 3. 3. 2016Accepted: 26. 10. 2016.

[Hepatoblastoma, Etiology, Case Reports]. / Hepatoblastom, etiologie, kazuistiky.

Hepatoblastoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm in general, yet, it is the most common liver malignancy in children with the incidence about one per milion children. This type of liver tumor usually occurs before the age of three years. The etiology of hepatoblastoma remains unknown. However, there are some genetic conditions known to be associated with an increased risk of developing hepatoblastoma such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, hemihypertrophy, APC-associated polyposis, α-1-antitrypsin defficiency and some metabolic disorders including tyrosinemia, galactosemia and glycogen storage disease type 1. There is a higher risk of hepatoblastoma in children with very low birthweight, children who acquire hepatitis B at an early age and children with congenital biliary atresia.

[Fanconi Anemia, Complementation Group D1 Caused by Biallelic Mutations of BRCA2 Gene--Case Report]. / Fanconiho anémie, komplementacní skupina D1 v dusledku bialelické mutace genu BRCA2--kazuistika.

Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, clinically and genetically heterogeneous, characterized by typical clinical features, such as short stature, microcephaly, skeletal abnormalities, abnormal skin pigmentations, developmental delay and congenital heart, kidney anomalies etc. Pancytopenia leading to bone marrow failure occurs in the first decade. Patients with Fanconi anemia have a high risk of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. The diagnosis of Fanconi anemia is based on cytogenetic testing for increased rates of spontaneous chromosomal breakage and increased sensitivity to diepoxybutane or mitomycin C. Fanconi anemia is a heterogeneous disorder, at least 15 complementation groups are described, and 15 genes in which mutations are responsible for all of the 15 Fanconi anemia complementation groups have been identified. Unlike other Fanconi anemia complementation groups, for complementation group D1 (FANCD1), the bone marrow failure is not a typical feature, but early-onset leukemia and specific solid tumors, most often medulloblastoma and Wilms tumor, are typical for this complementation group.

[Parametric monitoring of the quality of total mesorectal excision and surgical treatment of rectal carcinoma results of a multicenter study]. / Parametrické sledování kvality totální mezorektální excize a chirurgické lécby karcinomu rekta výsledky multicentrické studie.

INTRODUCTION: Tumour size and the quality of its complete surgical removal are the main prognostic factors in rectal cancer treatment. The number of postoperative local recurrences depends on whether the mesorectum has been completely removed - total mesorectal excision (TME) - and whether tumour-free resection margins have been achieved. The surgery itself and its quality depend on the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis and detection of risk areas in the rectum and mesorectum, on the surgeons skills, and finally on pathological assessment evaluating whether complete tumour excision has been accomplished including circumferential margins of the tumour, and whether mesorectal excision is complete. The aim of our study was to implement and standardize a new method of evaluation of the quality of the surgical procedure - TME - in rectal cancer treatment using an assessment of its circumferential margins (CRO) and completeness of the excision. METHODS: The study consisted of two parts. The first, multi-centre retrospective phase with 288 patients analysed individual partial parameters of the diagnosis, operations and histological examinations of the rectal cancer. Critical points were identified and a unified follow-up protocol was prepared. In the second, prospective part of this study 600 patients were monitored parametrically focusing on the quality of the TME and its effect on the oncological treatment results. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with restaging following neoadjuvant therapy increased from 60.0% to 81.7% based on preoperative diagnosis. The number of specimens missing an assessment of the mesorectal excision quality decreased from 52.9% in the retrospective part of to the study to 22.8% in the prospective part. The proportion of actually complete TMEs rose from 22.6% to 26.0%, and that of nearly complete TMEs from 10.1% to 24.0%. CONCLUSION: The introduction of parametric monitoring into routine clinical practice improved the quality of pre-treatment and preoperative diagnosis, examination of the tissue specimen, and consequently improved quality of the surgical procedure was achieved. KEY WORDS: rectal cancer TME - parametric monitoring - quality control.

Expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) in malignant mesothelioma. An immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical study.

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a membranously located metalloenzyme involved in pH homeostasis with influence on regulation of cell proliferation, oncogenesis and tumor progression. Much attention has been paid recently to carboanhydrases and their inhibitors as they offer an opportunity for both developing novel anticancer drugs, as well as diagnostic and prognostic tools. This study was designed to assess the expression of CAIX in malignant pleural and peritoneal mesotheliomas, their benign counterparts, and in pleural effusions from patients with malignant mesothelioma, metastatic carcinoma or a benign disease. Tissue blocks from 51 malignant mesotheliomas of pleura (47 cases; 41 epithelioid, 2 biphasic, 4 sarcomatoid) and peritoneum (4 cases; all epithelioid), 14 cases with normal or reactive pleural tissue, and 19 cell blocks were analyzed. CAIX expression was determined using immunohistochemistry and its membranous immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively evaluated. Specimens were divided into five subgroups according to the staining pattern and intensity.Overall, 92.2% (47/51) of mesotheliomas expressed CAIX. All epithelioid mesotheliomas showed CAIX positivity, which was predominantly strong and diffuse (73.3%, 33/45). Sarcomatoid mesotheliomas and sarcomatoid areas in biphasic mesotheliomas were negative. A strong diffuse staining was observed in all cases of normal mesothelia. In pleural effusions, CAIX expression was observed in malignant cells as well as in benign mesothelial cells. In conclusion, CAIX is expressed virtually in all mesotheliomas except for sarcomatoid subtype, and in benign mesothelia. There are probably more mechanisms of CAIX overexpression than hypoxia-induced in malignant mesothelioma, with the influence of other tissue specific transcription or growth factors depending on the type of the cell lineage. CAIX immunoreactivity is not a reliable diagnostic marker for distinguishing malignant cells from benign mesothelia in pleural effusions. Nevertheless, our data support the potential use of therapeutics targeting CAIX in patients with advanced mesothelioma.

Influence of neoadjuvant treatment of rectal carcinoma on operability and incidence of distant metastases.

In the Czech Republic, rectal carcinoma does not only represent a medical problem, but also a socio-economic one. At our department, we treated totally 266 patients with rectal carcinoma in the years 1998 through 2006. Among our patients, neoadjuvant treatment led to a reduction in size of the tumour in 37.6 %, in 50.8 % the size did not change. In T3 tumours, the reduction in size was observed in 36.7 % of the patients and did not change in 56 %; in T4 tumours, the reduction in size was observed in 60% of the patients. In 88 % of the patients who underwent the operation, no residual tumour was found, in 9 % of patients, a residual tumour was detected. In 19 % of the patients, a local recurrence of the tumour was detected. A statistically significant relationship was proved between the appearance of the metastatic disease and the presence of angioinvasion and the size of the primary tumour according to the Duke's classification (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 20).

[Nephroblastoma -  30-years period of its treatment in the University Hospital Motol, Prague]. / Nefroblastom -  30 let lécby ve Fakultní nemocnici v Motole.

INTRODUCTION: Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor - WT) is the most common solid tumor of kidney in children. We present treatment development of WT at the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charles University in Prague, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol (KDHO) in the Czech Republic over 30 years. Patients that were treated prior to access to the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) protocols are considered to be the historical group, then we have patients treated according to SIOP 9, SIOP 93-01 and SIOP 2001 protocols as full participants of SIOP studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1980 and April 2009, we treated 330 patients with WT at KDHO: 91 patients in historical group (1980-1988), 94 pts in SIOP 9 (1988-1993), 80 pts in SIOP 93-01 (1994-2001) and 65 pts in SIOP 2001 (2002-2009). Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier test. RESULTS: The overall ten-year EFS was 81.2% and OS 87.6%. Fifty-eight patients from the 330 (17.6%) had metastases at diagnosis, EFS without metastatic process was 84.6% compared to 65.4% with metastasis presented at diagnosis (p = 0.0003), OS was 70.7% compared to 91.2% (p < 0.0001). One hundred and seventy patients (51.5%) were treated with preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, whereas 158 patients (47.5%) underwent primary nephrectomy; EFS and OS did not differ: neoadjuvant vs primary nephrectomy EFS was 81.2% vs 80.9% (p = 0.85), OS 89.4% vs 85.4% (p = 0.38). Sixty (18%) patients experienced disease recurrence; OS after relapse was 33%. In the historical group, EFS and OS were 85.7% and 91.2%. In patients treated according to the SIOP 9 protocol, EFS and OS were 68.1% and 74.5%, resp. In patients treated according to SIOP 93-01, it was 83.6% and 93.7%, resp. and in patients treated according to 87 SIOP 2001, it was 7% and 95.4% (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0008), resp. CONCLUSION: WT is a well treatable disease. The aim for the future is to maintain the current very good survival while minimizing the treatment intensity.

[Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis / Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (HNL/K-F) and its differential diagnosis: analysis of 19 patients]. / Histiocytární nekrotizující lymfadenitida /Kikuchiho-Fujimotova choroba (HNL/K-F) a její diferenciální diagnostika: analýza 19 prípadu

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis / Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (HNL/K-F) is being recognized with an increasing frequency not only in the East Asia but also on the American continents and in the Europe. Still the diagnostics of HNL/K-F is not easy and difficulties with its proper classification persist. In a group of 19 patients diagnosed primarily or as consults at our department there were 12 woman and 7 men. An average age at diagnosis was 28 years, median 25 years. Cervical lymph nodes were involved in 18 patients. Bilateral lymphadenopathy was present in one patient, the remaining 17 were unilateral. Inguinal lymph node was affected in one patient. In one other patient there were enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes simultaneously with a cervical lymphadenopathy. The size of the lymph nodes varied between 5 mm to 32 mm. The subclassification showed the necrotizing type in 14 patients, in one there was a predominant xanthomatous tissue reaction around the necrotic areas (xanthomatous type), and in 4 patients the disease was recognized as the proliferative type without necrosis (in two with a variously intense apoptosis of the proliferating lymphocytes). Of 10 consult cases the tumor was primarily evaluated as B cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (1x), peripheral T cell lymphoma (1x), classical Hodgkin lymphoma of mixed cellularity (1x); two patients were submitted with a differential diagnosis between peripheral T cell lymphoma and HNL/K-F; in one diagnosis of probable EBV lymphadenitis and in one diagnosis HNL/K-F was made. There were no data submitted in the remaining three cases. The authors stress diagnostic features which should lead to the diagnosis of the disease and should prevent unnecessary oncological staging investigations and potential chemotherapy for a lymphoma. Among diagnostic features of HNL/K-F identification of the proliferating cells - CD8 activated lymphocytes with apoptotic decay prevail, there are frequent plasmacytoid monocytes and a striking reaction of macrophages which are CD68/myeloperoxidase positive. There are virtually no neutrophil granulocytes and there is a miminal participation of plasma cells. In case of necrotizing and xanthomatous type infectious causes are to be ruled out as well. In case we still need to distinguish HNL/K-F from a lymphoma PCR analysis of a rearrangement of the immunoreceptor gene in T cell population should be investigated.

[Lenalidomide induced therapeutic response in a patient with aggressive multi-system Langerhans cell histiocytosis resistant to 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine and early relapsing after high-dose BEAM chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation]. / Lenalidomid indukoval lécebnou odpoved u pacienta s agresivní multisystémovou formou histiocytózy z Langerhansových bunek (LCH), rezistentní ke 2-chlorodeoxyadenosinu a casne relabující po vysokodávkované chemoterapii BEAM s autologní transplantací kmenových hemopoetických bunek.

Adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) usually follows a favorable course. Very rarely, however, multi-system (multi-organ) LCH difficult to manage either with traditional first line treatment (vinblastine, mercaptopurine, prednisone or etoposide) or 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine occurs. In these patients, other treatment modalities have to be used. We describe a patient with LCH manifesting with generalized lymphadenopathy and infiltrating the pulmonary parenchyma and skin. The disease activity was always associated with B-symptoms (weight loss, subfebrile states, night sweats). Histological investigations repeatedly showed higher proliferation activity than that usual in adult patients with LCH. Expression of Ki-67 proliferation marker was up to 30% and there were 8-10 cells in mitosis in the microscope viewing field. Therefore, therapy started with the application of stimulation regimen (cyclophosphamide 2 g/m2 on day 1 and etoposide 200 mg/m2 on days 1-3) followed by collection of peripheral blood stem cells. Then, treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, the first 3 cycles as monotherapy of 5 mg/m2 SC on days 1-5 in 28-day cycles, the next 3 cycles in combination with cyclophosphamide 150 mg/m2 on days 1-5 and methylprednisolone 250 mg on days 1-5, was used. However, the disease relapsed 2 months after completion of the therapy. This early relapse was treated with 4 cycles of CHOEP chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, prednisone). Following the 4th cycle of CHOEP, high-dose BEAM chemotherapy (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan) with autologous stem cell transplantation were administered. According to the follow-up PET-CT examination, this treatment resulted in complete disease remission. However, the disease relapsed again in the lymph nodes, lungs, skin and bones 5 months after the high-dose chemotherapy. The progression was documented on PET-CT scanning. Lenalidomide 25 mg daily for 21 days in 28-day cycles with dexamethasone 20 mg once a week were administered as the 4th line treatment. After the 4th cycle of lenalidomide, PET-CT was performed, where the CT component suggested a significant reduction (more than 50%) in the size of the lymph nodes and the PET component showed substantial reduction in fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation in the affected lymph nodes as well as in the bone lesions. HRCT showed disappearance of pulmonary nodules. During the treatment, CRP levels declined and hemoglobin rose from 110 to 141 g/l, i.e. partial remission was achieved after 4 cycles. Etoposide (100 mg IV) was added to lenalidomide and dexamethasone on days 22, 23 and 24 of the above mentioned 28-day cycle. The added etoposide further intensified treatment response. In all, 11 cycles of this chemotherapy were given, resulting in complete remission confirmed by follow-up PET-CT. The achieved remission was consolidated using allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after FLAMSA reduced intensity conditioning without amsacrine. Four months after allogeneic transplantation, the patient has been relapse free. Herein we presented treatment response of highly aggressive LCH to lenalidomide. The used four cycles led to partial remission only and with the combination of lenalidomide, dexamethasone and etoposide the treatment response was further intensified to complete remission.

[K-ras mutational status and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in human colon cancer: state of the art and future perspectives]. / K-ras mutace a nádory infiltrující lymfocyty u karcinomu kolon, soucasnost a výhledy.

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, the prognosis of newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients relies mostly on the tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) classification which is also a determining criterion for the indication of adjuvant oncological treatment. Currently, new prognostic and predictive biomarkers are sought after in order to more precisely define prognosis and better predict the benefits of adjuvant treatment in colorectal cancer. Besides several molecular biomarkers, such as mutations in the proto-oncogene K-ras, analyses of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes have shown promising prognostic value. The aim of the study is to examine the correlations between K-ras mutational status and tumour-infiltrating immune cells in colon cancer patients with respect to colon cancer recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were obtained from 44 patients with surgically resected colon cancer (R0 resection) treated between 2004 and 2009. K-ras mutational status was detected using PCR amplification of exon 1 followed by direct sequencing and K-ras StripAssay. Tumour-infiltrating immune cells were detected by immunofluorescence staining using monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD8, FoxP3, CD1a and DC-LAMP. RESULTS: All 44 patients in our cohort underwent radical resection of colon cancer. In 16 patients the tumour relapsed (36.4%). K-ras mutations were found in 45.5% (n=20) of the primary carcinomas: 65% in codon 12 and 35% in codon 13. Although codon 13 K-ras mutations were associated with disease relapse, they were present in both disease-free and relapsed patients. However, disease-free and relapsed patients differed markedly in their patterns of tumour-infiltrating immune cells. There was a trend towards decreased density of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes within the group of relapsed patients. In addition, relapsed patients with codon 13 mutations had markedly lower levels of tumour-infiltrating mature DC-LAMP+ dendritic cells and higher frequency of CD1a+ cells compared to disease-free patients. CONCLUSION: Colon cancer patients with low levels of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, a high CD1a+/DC-LAMP+ tumour-infiltrating DC ratio and a K-ras mutation in codon 13 are at a high risk of disease recurrence.

Rhabdomyosarcoma: molecular analysis of Igf2, MyoD1 and Myogenin expression.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. There are two major histopathological types of RMS ­ embryonal (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS). A molecular study of Igf2, MyoD1 and Myogenin was performed to determine the expression profiles and to assess the possible utility of these genes as potential treatment targets. Patients with RMS showed up to 100-fold increase of Igf2 transcription in comparison with normal skeletal muscle. Our data suggest that overexpression of Igf2 occurs in RMS of both histological subtypes. No correlation between the results of Igf2 mRNA expression and LOH at the 11p15 region (p= 0.12) was observed, but there was a trend of a higher expression of Igf2 mRNA in RMS samples with LOH. We observed a high level of MyoD1 mRNA in both aRMS and eRMS, and we detected a similar level of MyoD1 mRNA in RMS and normal skeletal muscles. There was a correlation between the results of MyoD1 mRNA expression and LOH at the 11p15 region.We did not observe any statistical difference in the level of Myogenin mRNA in the subgroups of RMS. Analogous to MyoD1, we observed a similar level of Myogenin mRNA in RMS and normal skeletal muscles.

[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor molecular diagnostics in relation to the prediction of a therapeutic response to targeted biological therapy]. / Molekulární diagnostika gastrointestinálních stromálních tumoru ve vztahu k predikci terapeutické odpovedi na cílenou biologickou lécbu.

Targeted therapy based on the inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinases has improved the outcome of patients with metastatic, recurrent and/or unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Activating mutations of KITand PDGFRA genes, which code for receptor tyrosine kinases, play an important role in the malignant transformation of stromal cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The response to targeted therapy is associated with the presence and type of mutations. Molecular identification of the primary mutational status became an important tool in predicting the response to therapy (sensibility/resistance). The identification of secondary mutations occurring in patients treated with targeted therapy may explain the cause of acquired, secondary resistance of GIST. In these cases, mutational analysis represents a tool to explain failure of the therapy and provides a rationale for alternative therapeutic strategies.

Burkitt lymphoma (BL): reclassification of 39 lymphomas diagnosed as BL or Burkitt-like lymphoma in the past based on immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a well characterized entity. For atypical findings a term Burkitt-like lymphoma (B-LL) was applied in the past, but the interpretation of the morphological appearances was subjective and poorly reproducible. We used a combined approach (morphology using classical histological staining; immunohistochemistry-IHC; fluorescence in situ hybridization-FISH on interphase nuclei; cytogenetics) to perform a retrospective study on 39 patients diagnosed as BL and B-LL at our department in the years 1982 to 2002. By FISH we demonstrated t(8;14)(q24;q32) in 31 patients; in further two we found a break at 8q24, suggestive of a variant translocation. In three patients with the cytogenetic investigation available we confirmed the findings of FISH--two lymphomas had the t(8;14)(q24;q32), one had t(2;8)(p12;q24). IHC showed CD20, CD10, BCL-6, p53 expression, and Ki-67 antigen in > 95% of the tumor cell population in a majority of the patients. There was a group of 4 patients in whom the t(8;14)(q24;q32) or a break at 8q24 were not found (FISH). These cases were reclassified within the WHO defined grey zone subgroup of B-cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma--I-DLBCL/BL. Two further cases were reclassified as DLBCL based on a combined IHC and FISH findings. A lymphoma of one of these patients had breaks at 3q27 (BCL6) and at 14q32 (IGH) suggestive of t(3;14)(q27;q32). The overall survival estimate of 33 patients with the diagnosis of BL was 54%. Most of deaths occurred within 6 months after the tumor diagnosis. The unfavorable clinical outcome appears to be associated with a strong expression of the p53 protein in the tumor cell population. Individually utilized methods in the diagnosis of BL may lead to false diagnostic conclusions. A combined approach helps to establish a more reliable diagnosis of BL and to separate grey zone lymphomas I-DLBCL/BL and DLBCL with morphological mimics of BL to start adequate treatment. I-DLBCL/BL is a non-homogenous group of lymphomas necessitating further analysis in a prospective study.

Quantitative molecular analysis in mantle cell lymphoma.

A molecular analysis has three major roles in modern oncopathology--as an aid in the differential diagnosis, in molecular monitoring of diseases, and in estimation of the potential prognosis. In this report we review the application of the molecular analysis in a group of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). We demonstrate that detection of the cyclin D1 mRNA level is a molecular marker in 98% of patients with MCL. Cyclin D1 quantitative monitoring is specific and sensitive for the differential diagnosis and for the molecular monitoring of the disease in the bone marrow. Moreover, the dynamics of cyclin D1 in bone marrow reflects the disease development and it predicts the clinical course. We employed the molecular analysis for a precise quantitative detection of proliferation markers, Ki-67, topoisomerase IIalpha, and TPX2, that are described as effective prognostic factors. Using the molecular approach it is possible to measure the proliferation rate in a reproducible, standard way which is an essential prerequisite for using the proliferation activity as a routine clinical tool. Comparing with immunophenotyping we may conclude that the quantitative PCR-based analysis is a useful, reliable, rapid, reproducible, sensitive and specific method broadening our diagnostic tools in hematopathology. In comparison to interphase FISH in paraffin sections quantitative PCR is less technically demanding and less time-consuming and furthermore it is more sensitive in detecting small changes in the mRNA level. Moreover, quantitative PCR is the only technology which provides precise and reproducible quantitative information about the expression level. Therefore it may be used to demonstrate the decrease or increase of a tumor-specific marker in bone marrow in comparison with a previously aspirated specimen. Thus, it has a powerful potential to monitor the course of the disease in correlation with clinical data.