[Methodic approaches to evaluation of microclimate at workplace, with application of various types of protective clothing against occupational hazards].

Studies of heat state of human involved into physical work in heating environment and having various protective clothing on demonstrated value of the protective clothing in modifying thermal load on the body and possible decrease of this load through air temperature and humidity correction, shorter stay at workplace. The authors presented hygienic requirements to air temperatures range in accordance with allowable body heating degree, suggested mathematic model to forecast integral parameter of human functional state in accordance with type of protective clothing applied. The article also covers necessity of upper air temperature limit during hot season, for applying protective clothing made of materials with low air permeability and hydraulic conductivity.

Using reservoir sediment deposits to determine the longer-term fate of chernobyl-derived 137Cs fallout in the fluvial system.

Vast areas of Europe were contaminated by the fallout of 137Cs and other radionuclides, as a result of the Chernobyl accident in 1986. The post-fallout redistribution of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs was associated with erosion and sediment transport processes within the fluvial system. Bottom sediments from lakes and reservoirs can provide a valuable source of information regarding the post-fallout redistribution and fate of 137Cs released by the Chernobyl accident. A detailed investigation of sediment-associated 137Cs in the bottom sediments of a reservoir in a Chernobyl-affected area in Central Russia has been undertaken. A new approach, based on the vertical distribution of 137Cs activity concentrations in the reservoir bottom sediment makes it possible to separate the initially deposited bottom sediment, where the 137Cs activity reflects the direct fallout of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs to the reservoir surface and its subsequent incorporation into sediment deposited immediately after the accident, from the sediment mobilized from the catchment deposited subsequently. The deposits representing direct fallout from the atmosphere was termed the "Chernobyl peak". Its shape can be described by a diffusion equation and it can be distinguished from the remaining catchment-derived 137Cs associated with sediment accumulated with sediments during the post-Chernobyl period. The 137Cs depth distribution above the "Chernobyl peak" was used to provide a record of changes in the concentration of sediment-associated 137Cs transported from the upstream catchment during the post-Chernobyl period. It was found that the 137Cs activity concentration in the sediment deposited in the reservoir progressively decreased during the 30-year period after the accident due to a reduction in the contribution of sediment eroded from the arable land in the catchment. This reflects a reduction in both the area of cultivated land area and the reduced incidence of surface runoff from the slopes during spring snowmelt due to climate warming.

[Comparative evaluation of heat state in workers exposed to heating microclimate during cold and warm seasons].

The authors demonstrated differences in heat state among workers exposed to heating microclimate during cold and warm seasons. Same external thermal load in cold season induces more humidity loss, lower weighted average skin temperature, higher pulse rate, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. With that, heat discomfort was more in cold season, than in warm one, this necessitates decrease of thermal load in cold season vs. the warm one.

Nonlinear relationship between erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport and blood pressure in man.

A relationship between erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)-countertransport activity and blood pressure was studied in a randomly selected sample (95 subjects) with full range of blood pressure, from a representative group of inhabitants of one of Moscow's districts. The mean rate of erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport activity was higher (p < 0.01 or less) in the groups of subjects with both borderline (BH) and moderate essential hypertension (EH) as compared with the group of normotensives (NT). A positive correlation was found between the erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport rate and age and body weight in the entire selected group. The total contribution of these confounding parameters is responsible for 20.4% of the interindividual variability of the Na+/Li(+)- countertransport activity. The individual Na+/Li(+)- countertransport values remained unchanged during at least 2 years of follow-up. A nonlinear relationship between erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport activity and blood pressure was established in the entire group. No significant association between blood pressure and Na+/Li(+)- countertransport was seen at high and low values of these two parameters. A pronounced change in the erythrocyte Na+/Li(+)- countertransport values occurred within a narrow borderline blood pressure range.

[Hyperthermia induced signal for apoptosis and pathways of its transduction in the cell]. / Signal k apoptozu, indutsirovannyi gipertermiei, i puti ego peredachi v kletke.

Hyperthermia (HT) is a physiological agent able to induce apoptosis in normal and tumor cells. The ability of HT to damage different cellular components is underlying the mechanism of apoptogenic activity of HT. The review is aimed to consider the studies representing mainly HT production of genotoxic initial signal and pathways of its transduction to programmed cytotoxic event or apoptosis. In this regard we analyse the membrane effect of HT, HT-induced chromatin and nuclear matrix structure changes, DNA damage, effect of HT on DNA-repair mechanism, and the role of heat shock proteins in apoptosis and cancerogenesis.

[New approach to understanding the hemodynamic norm]. / O novom podkhode k ponimaniiu gemodinamicheskoi normy.

Hemodynamic values were studied by rheography and tachooscillography in 114 healthy individuals whose ages ranged from 15 to 34 years. According to the cardiac index value, all individuals examined were divided into 3 groups: with hyperkinetic type hemodynamics (cardiac index 5.67--4.32 l/min/m2 in males and 6.06--4.70 l/min/m2 in females), eukinetic (4.31--2,96 and 4.69--3.33 l/min/m2, respectively), and hypokinetic (2.95--1,59 and 3.32--1.95 l/min/m2, respectively). The first type was encountered in 23.7% of cases, the second in 46.5%, and the third in 29.8%. The information yielded by the study is used as evidence in favour of the assumption concerning the heterogeneous character of the hemodynamic norm among the healthy population. It is suggested that the criterion of the initial hemodynamic heterogeneity of the human population is employed in the analysis of the heterogeneity of hemodynamics in individuals with arterial hypertension.

[Integral assessment of cerebral hemodynamics normally, at a borderline level of arterial pressure and in arterial hypertension]. / Integral'naia otsenka mozgovoi gemodinamiki v norme, pri pogranichnom urovne arterial'nogo davleniia i arterial'noi gipertonii.

Cerebral circulation in relation to central hemodynamics was examined by means of rheoencephalography and chest rheography in 667 individuals with normal and elevated arterial blood pressure. Cardio-cerebral mechanisms are shown to be pathogenetically engaged since early stages of arterial hypertension. They are manifested as decreased cerebral stroke volume, smaller pulse inflow to cerebral arteries and increased vascular tonicity. Cerebral circulatory disorders grew more severe as the disease progressed.

[A new approach to evaluating the prevalence of electro- cardiographic high-amplitude R and S waves during mass screening]. / Novyi podkhod k otsenke rasprostranennosti vysokoamplitudnykh zubtsov R i S EKG pri massovykh obsledovaniiakh.

Relationships between the prevalence of electrocardiographic high-amplitude R and S waves, the stroke index, mean hemodynamic arterial BP and left-ventricular myocardial thickness (MT) were examined in a population of 411 individuals, aged 35-64 years. The prevalence of those waves is shown to have independent functional relationships with the stroke index and mean hemodynamic BP, irrespective of left-ventricular myocardial morphology. This functional approach is used to explain the causes of low sensitivity of electrocardiographic signs of left-ventricular myocardial hypertrophy when used for diagnostic purposes at population screenings.

[Differential approach to the development of physiologic standards and its significance for preventive cardiology]. / Differentsirovannyi podkhod k razrabotke fiziologicheskikh normativov i ego znachenie dlia profilakticheskoi kardiologii.

A new approach to the assessment of physiological standards involving the specification in health of three groups of parameters, namely constant, variant and unique is described. A statistical analysis of variant parameters is to be conducted considering their division into types (strata) which are normally characterized by the typical mean values. It is recommended that in carrying out programmes of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the susceptibility of different physiological types to the development of corresponding diseases be identified and taken into account.

[Role of health education in the secondary prevention of hypertension]. / Rol' sanitarnogo prosveshcheniia vo vtorichnoi profilaktike gipertonicheskoi bolezni.

Questionnaires were used to examine the extent of hypertensive patients' knowledge of the measures needed to prevent crises and complications of essential hypertension (EH), attitudes to physicians' prescriptions and recommendations and certain elements of hygienic behavior. Male EH patients below 40-50 years of age were found to follow the "I-know-it-is-needed-but-don't-do-it" principle with respect to their health. Many of the older men and the majority of women with EH demonstrated a different health credo: "It is needed, so I am doing it", or "It is needed, so I am trying to do it". Young and middle-aged male hypertensive patients were shown to require medical education to be of convincing or, at some points, even threatening modality, with short and clear-cut health recommendations, while hypertensive females and older males would benefit more from explanatory aids with detailed recommendations on diets, exercise, daily routines, etc.

[Characteristics of cerebral hemodynamics and the resistance to major cardiovascular diseases based on the data of an epidemiologic survey]. / Osobennosti mozgovoi gemodinamiki i ustoichivost k osnovnym serdechno-sosudistym zabolevaniiam po dannym épidemiologiches- kogo issledovaniia.

In the cross-sectional population study of 411 subjects aged 35-64 years and longitudinal 5.5-year follow-up of 157 aged 20-54 years, a relationship was examined between pulse blood flow to the cerebral vessels, their tone as assessed by rheoencephalography and resistance to arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and brain vascular lesions. The proportion of healthy persons (without the above-mentioned diseases) was shown to be larger if the pulse blood flow to the cerebral vessels was higher and their tone was lower. In the longitudinal study, the probability to remain healthy was demonstrated to be increased with elevated pulse flow to the cerebral vessels.

[Cerebral circulatory characteristics in arterial hypertension]. / Osobennosti mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia pri arterial'noi gipertonii.

A study was made of the peculiarities of the cerebral circulation with regard to the central hemodynamics in 326 men and 410 women aged 20 to 54 with normal and raised arterial pressure (AP) by the methods of bipolar rheoencephalography and tetrapolar chest rheography. In the groups with raised AP men (women) demonstrated a decrease in the blood pulse inflow in the cerebral arteries up to 57% (36%), in the stroke volume cerebral fraction up to 69% (53%), an increase in the vascular tone up to 137% (161%), an increase in the total blood-filling up to 157% (176%), inhibition of the rate of the maximum blood-filling up to 54% (37%) as compared to that in normal. With the transition of an AP borderline level to arterial hypertension the frequency and intensity of rheoencephalographic pathology was on an increase.

[Express-method of assessing the status of hypertension control]. / Ekspress-metod otsenki sostoianiia bor'by s arterial'noi gipertoniei.

The authors describe a method for evaluating arterial hypertension control among the unorganized population visiting polyclinics and organized population taken care of at the medical centers. The method was tried in the city of Chelyabinsk as applicable to a randomized population sample of a medical territorial district and to a randomized sample (8%) of the workers from 9 shops of the steel plant. The method lies in the study of the population health status (arterial hypertension prevalence and knowledge, treatment coverage and efficacy) and of the documentation available at the treatment and prophylactic institutions concerning arterial hypertension control (coverage, registration, scope of examinations, and so forth). It is shown that the method is unsophisticated and feasible for examination of the population and documentation requires 5 days. It is suggested that the method should be used in the study of the situation concerning arterial hypertension control as well as in the study of the problems in the control of other non-infectious diseases.

[Incidence of temporary disability due to essential hypertension and coronary heart disease and ways to reduce it (a population study)]. / Zabolevaemost' s vremennoi utratoi trudosposobnosti po gipertonicheskoi bolezni i ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa i puti ee snizeniia (populiatsionnoe issledovanie).

A three-percent random sample (1267 persons) of the unorganized population of one of the administrative districts of Moscow was examined. Arterial hypertension (AH) was diagnosed in 38.5 percent of the examinees of both sexes aged 35 to 64 years. 65.9 percent of men and 80.9 percent of women were fully aware of being affected with AH. However, only 10.1 percent had received efficient treatment. According to the Rose questionnaire angina pectoris of effort was discovered in 9.6 percent of the examinees. In all 25.8 percent of cases and 30 percent of disability days fell to the lot of essential hypertension and coronary heart disease. The repeated issue of sick-leaves (from 2 to 6 times a year) due to essential hypertension was recorded in 33.8 percent of cases which indicates the lack of regular treatment and control on the part of the treating physician. The sick-leaves were found to be closed irregularly but with the definite intervals, primarily on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 30th days of disability. If hypotensive treatment was given routinely, the mean duration of disability per one patient was two times shorter as compared to that in patients who did not receive any regular treatment.

[The relation of arterial pressure and the rate of Na-Li countertransport in a representative subsample of the population of Moscow residents]. / Zavisimost' mezhdu arterial'nym davleniem i skorost'iu Na-Li-protivotransporta v reprezentativnoi podvyborke iz populiatsii zhitelei Moskvy.

A study was made of the relationship between Na-Li countertransport and arterial blood pressure in 95 persons selected at random from the representative sample (n = 1716) of the population of one of the districts of Moscow. Of these, 34 persons turned out to be normotensive, 15 had borderline hypertension, 44 stable essential hypertension, and 2 persons presented with secondary hypertension. A positive correlation was found between countertransport and age and weight, determining 20.4% of interindividual variability of countertransport values. The mean value of countertransport in the hypertension group appeared much higher than in the normotensive group, both without and with regard to the correlating parameters. Repeated examinations demonstrated that the countertransport value in each person remained unchanged for two years. A nonlinear correlation was discovered between countertransport and arterial blood pressure. The rate of countertransport is not related to arterial blood pressure (low and high values). A dramatic change in the countertransport values occurred within a narrow borderline range of arterial blood pressure.

[Methodological problems of creating an automated register of the arterial hypertension population]. / Metodicheskie voprosy sozdaniia avtomatizirovannogo registra naseleniia po arterial'noi gipertenzii.

For successful control over the arterial hypertension among mass populationit is necessary to create the information system of automated register. In practice, its realization is possible on the basis of different polyclinical departments: prephysician examination, fluorography, and physician cabinets. A micro-computer installed in the polyclinic would be purposeful (and real) for operative decision of the automatic register's problems.

[An information-and-measurement system for multi-parameter evaluation of the condition of the human locomotor apparatus]. / Informatsionno-izmeritel'nyi kompleks dlia mnogoparametricheskoi otsenki sostoianiia oporno-dvigatel'nogo apparata cheloveka.

The authors created the hardware and software for evaluating the human locomotor functions. The equipment is designed for monitoring the rehabilitation of patients who lost their motor functions due to trauma or illness as well as for monitoring the efficiency of athletes' training. The structure and possibility to adapt the set to fulfilling other tasks are among the equipment advantages.