RESUMO
Tropical mountains are hot spots of biodiversity and endemism, but the evolutionary origins of their unique biotas are poorly understood. In varying degrees, local and regional extinction, long-distance colonization, and local recruitment may all contribute to the exceptional character of these communities. Also, it is debated whether mountain endemics mostly originate from local lowland taxa, or from lineages that reach the mountain by long-range dispersal from cool localities elsewhere. Here we investigate the evolutionary routes to endemism by sampling an entire tropical mountain biota on the 4,095-metre-high Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, East Malaysia. We discover that most of its unique biodiversity is younger than the mountain itself (6 million years), and comprises a mix of immigrant pre-adapted lineages and descendants from local lowland ancestors, although substantial shifts from lower to higher vegetation zones in this latter group were rare. These insights could improve forecasts of the likelihood of extinction and 'evolutionary rescue' in montane biodiversity hot spots under climate change scenarios.
Assuntos
Altitude , Biota , Espécies Introduzidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Clima Tropical , Migração Animal , Animais , Mudança Climática , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , Extinção Biológica , Malásia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Plantas/classificação , Plantas/genética , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Four new species of the genus Phrynarachne Thorell, 1869 from China are described: P.dreepy Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (ââ), P.xuxiake Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (â), P.yunhui Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (â), and P.zhengzhongi Lin & S. Li, sp. nov. (â). The unknown sexes of P.brevis Tang & S. Li, 2010 (â), P.huangshanensisLi et al., 1985 (â), P.lancea Tang & S. Li, 2010 (â), and P.mammillata Song, 1990 (â) are described for the first time. Phrynarachnesinensis Peng, Yin & Kim is treated as a nomen dubium.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Terrestrial Caenogastropoda form an important but threatened component of the Borneo tropical rainforest malacofauna, where the group is nearly as rich in species as the Stylommatophora. They are, however, more sensitive to drought, temperature extremes and forest degradation. NEW INFORMATION: On a field course at Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre in Brunei Darussalam (Borneo), a new caenogastropod species, belonging to the genus Craspedotropis, was discovered by the course participants. The participants decided to name the species Craspedotropis gretathunbergae n. sp., in honour of the climate change activist Greta Thunberg, as caenogastropod land snails, such as this species, are likely to suffer because of climate change.