Use and Product Characteristics of "Tobacco Free Nicotine" E-Cigarettes Among Young Adults.

INTRODUCTION: E-cigarettes are increasingly being marketed as containing tobacco-free nicotine (TFN). There is no data examining use of TFN e-cigarettes by young adults and how use may differ from non-TFN e-cigarettes. The current study aims to characterize young adult TFN e-cigarette use and examine differences between those who report using TFN and non-TFN e-cigarettes. METHOD: U.S. young adults (18-25) with lifetime e-cigarette use (n = 927) were recruited via online panels in Fall 2021 and answered questions about TFN and non-TFN e-cigarettes. Participants were categorized by lifetime TFN e-cigarette use status (yes vs. no; 34% yes). Bivariate comparisons examined differences in e-cigarette characteristics (device type, flavors, nicotine concentration) between the TFN and non-TFN groups. Binary logistic regression models examined associations between lifetime frequency of vaping (<100 vs. ≥100 times), and other tobacco product, cannabis, and/or alcohol use and lifetime TFN e-cigarette use (yes vs. no). Adjusted models include age, race/ethnicity, vaping onset age, and sex. RESULTS: In multivariable adjusted models, lifetime TFN e-cigarette use was associated with younger age, greater lifetime vaping, and nicotine pouch use. Young adults who used TFN e-cigarettes were more likely to report fruit, mint, menthol, and beverage flavors and know their e-liquid nicotine concentration compared with those who used non-TFN e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Among young adults who have used e-cigarettes, more frequent e-cigarette use and use of nicotine pouches, which can also contain TFN, were associated with TFN e-cigarette use. Understanding behaviors and characteristics of those using TFN e-cigarettes is critical to regulation of TFN containing products. IMPLICATIONS: This study characterizes young adults who report experience with tobacco free nicotine (TFN) e-cigarettes and compares them to those who have not used TFN e-cigarettes. Young adults with more frequent e-cigarette use and use of nicotine pouches are more likely to report TFN e-cigarette use.

Elucidating mechanochemical reactivity of a ternary halogen-bonded cocrystal system by computational and calorimetric studies.

Discovery of a halogen-bonded ternary cocrystal of 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene with pyrazine and triphenylphosphine sulfide has revealed a complex landscape of multicomponent phases, all achievable by mechanochemical interconversion. The observed solid-state reaction pathways were explained by periodic density-functional calculations and comprehensive intermolecular interaction analysis, supported by dissolution calorimetry measurements.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Short-Form Vaping Consequences Questionnaire for Use With High School Adolescents Who Use and Do Not Use E-cigarettes.

INTRODUCTION: Assessing youth vaping expectancies using a psychometrically sound measure can improve understanding of e-cigarette susceptibility and use. AIMS AND METHODS: We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Short-Form Vaping Consequences Questionnaire (SF-VCQ), an expectancy measure previously validated with adults, within a sample of 1753 high school adolescents who completed an online, school-based survey in Fall 2020 (51.6% female; 15.56 [1.22] years old; 46.6% non-Hispanic white; 26.9% reported lifetime but no past-30-day vaping; 12.6% reported past-30-day vaping). Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, measurement invariance, between-group differences, and test-criterion relationships. RESULTS: The four-factor structure was confirmed and was scalar invariant by lifetime and past-month vaping status, sex, and race. All subscales were internally reliable (mean α = 0.94). The subscales were sensitive to differences based on sex, race, vaping susceptibility among never users, and lifetime and past-month vaping status. For example, students who vaped in the past-month held weaker expectancies for negative consequences but stronger expectancies for positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and appetite/weight control compared to lifetime vapers. Unadjusted relationships within the subsamples of lifetime and past-month vapers provided evidence of convergent validity. Evidence for concurrent validity was observed for all samples after accounting for covariates. For example, expectancies for positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and appetite/weight control remained significantly associated with past-month vaping frequency. CONCLUSIONS: The SF-VCQ evidenced excellent internal reliability, scalar measurement invariance, and construct, convergent, and concurrent validity in samples of never, lifetime, and past-month adolescent e-cigarette users. Findings support using the SF-VCQ for assessing youths' vaping-related expectancies. IMPLICATIONS: The current study established the psychometric properties of the SF-VCQ for use among adolescents with and without vaping experience, including measurement invariance that permits direct comparisons of expectancies across these two groups. When considered in concert with previously published research in adults, the SF-VCQ provides researchers with a measure that can be used with both youth and adult samples. Observed relationships between positive expectancies and vaping susceptibility in vaping naïve youth and indices of vaping frequency in youth with vaping experience suggest that challenging positive expectancies may be a valuable addition to prevention and intervention efforts to reduce youth vaping.

Engineering chemical pathways for phase-tuned nanocrystalline iron oxides in microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis.

In microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis (MASS) of nanocrystalline iron oxides, we have analysed chemical pathways to explore the role played by the temperature and heating rate in deciding the phases and crystallographic orientations. We have achieved control over synthesis parameters by using tailored mixtures of solvents. These kinetically controlled pathways are engineered by suitably mixing high microwave dielectric loss solvents - ethanol and water, with 1-decanol. We propose two new pathways, and combinations of different pathways, to explain the observed phases in reactions between metal acetylacetonates and these solvents, using Fe(acac)3 as a representative. The proposed pathways also explain the changes in the local geometry from octahedral to square pyramidal, enroute to tetrahedral in oxides. Mixing solvents to alter tan δ is shown to provide an energy-efficient way to control the specific geometry of grown phases. The results demonstrate new ways of analysing and tuning the synthesis of complex oxides in pure and mixed solvents, under microwave irradiation.

Survey of Musculoskeletal Injuries among Female Bharatanatyam Dancers in the Udupi District of India.

BACKGROUND: Bharatanatyam is an Indian classical dance form that is practiced globally. There is limited information about the prevalence of injuries in Bharatanatyam dancers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and specifics of dance training in female Bharatanatyam dancers in the Udupi district of India. METHODS: We developed and tested a survey for Bharatanatyam dancers regarding injury history in the prior year, including location, time loss, cause, and need for medical help. We also obtained demographic and training information. RESULTS: 101 dancers completed the survey. 10.8% of dancers reported musculoskeletal injuries because of participation in dance. They sustained 0.65 injuries/1,000 hours of dancing. The most frequently injured areas were ankle (27.2%) and knee (27.2%) followed by lower back (13.6%) and hip (9%). Despite being injured, 36.4% of the dancers continued to dance. 54.5% of the injured dancers sought the help of a medical professional for their dance-related injuries. The most common surface for dance was concrete followed by other hard surfaces such as marble and tile. CONCLUSION: Female Bharatanatyam dancers are prone to injuries of the lower extremity and back. Most dancers in our study practice the Pandanalluru style on hard surfaces. There is a need to investigate the impact of training factors on the injury occurrence.

Linking Methods for Multidimensional Forced Choice Tests Using the Multi-Unidimensional Pairwise Preference Model.

Applications of multidimensional forced choice (MFC) testing have increased considerably over the last 20 years. Yet there has been little, if any, research on methods for linking the parameter estimates from different samples. This research addressed that important need by extending four widely used methods for unidimensional linking and comparing the efficacy of new estimation algorithms for MFC linking coefficients based on the Multi-Unidimensional Pairwise Preference model (MUPP). More specifically, we compared the efficacy of multidimensional test characteristic curve (TCC), item characteristic curve (ICC; Haebara, 1980), mean/mean (M/M), and mean/sigma (M/S) methods in a Monte Carlo study that also manipulated test length, test dimensionality, sample size, percentage of anchor items, and linking scenarios. Results indicated that the ICC method outperformed the M/M method, which was better than the M/S method, with the TCC method being the least effective. However, as the number of items "per dimension" and the percentage of anchor items increased, the differences between the ICC, M/M, and M/S methods decreased. Study implications and practical recommendations for MUPP linking, as well as limitations, are discussed.

Why young adults use tobacco-free nicotine E-cigarettes: An analysis of qualitative data.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco-free nicotine (TFN) is often marketed as being better tasting and healthier than tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN). Studies have yet to systematically characterize subjective experiences using TFN e-cigarettes. This qualitative study explored young adults' reasons for using TFN e-cigarettes and perceptions of differences between using TFN and TDN e-cigarettes. METHOD: We conducted a national online Qualtrics survey of U.S. young adults aged 18-25 years in October 2021. Respondents who reported lifetime TFN e-cigarette use (n = 317, mean age: 20.8 (SD:2.2), 53.9 % female) provided write-in responses to open-ended questions assessing reasons for using TFN e-cigarettes and perceptions of differences between TFN and TDN e-cigarettes. Responses from participants were thematically analyzed by independent raters. RESULTS: Reasons for using TFN e-cigarettes included product taste/flavor, health reasons (e.g. believing TFN was healthy), and product accessibility. Perceptions of differences between TFN and TDN e-cigarettes included differences in taste/ flavor and acute psychoactive and physical effects (e.g., nicotine buzz, throat hit), with TFN e-cigarettes being described as generally stronger and superior relative to TDN e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: These qualitative data suggest that taste and perceived health benefits are primary reasons that young adults try TFN e-cigarettes. Compared to TDN, young adults perceive TFN as better tasting with different psychoactive and less aversive effects. Determining if these perceived reasons for use and differences occur in blinded human experimental studies is a necessary next step to understanding TFN e-cigarette use. Additionally, understanding why young adults use TFN e-cigarettes is important in the development of prevention communication about these products.

Computational evaluation of halogen-bonded cocrystals enables prediction of their mechanochemical interconversion reactions.

Periodic density-functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to predict the thermodynamic stability and the likelihood of interconversion between a series of halogen-bonded cocrystals. The outcomes of mechanochemical transformations were in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, demonstrating the power of periodic DFT as a method for designing solid-state mechanochemical reactions prior to experimental work. Furthermore, the calculated DFT energies were compared with experimental dissolution calorimetry measurements, marking the first such benchmark for the accuracy of periodic DFT calculations in modelling transformations of halogen-bonded molecular crystals.

Do we correctly calculate doses of cardioplegia during aortic valve replacement procedures? A preliminary report.

Introduction: Intraoperative myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis (AS) is of paramount importance for outcomes. The dose of cardioplegia is usually calculated with reference to body mass. Aim: To assess whether such a strategy should be applied to all AS patients undergoing AVR. Material and methods: The study included 94 patients who underwent elective isolated AVR in cardiopulmonary bypass with cold cardioplegic arrest, with a mean age of 65.4 ±7.8 years. They were divided into two subgroup: A with an infusion of high (above median) and subgroup B with a low (below median) volume of cardioplegia indexed for left ventricular mass (LVM). Their doses were referred to the maximal postoperative release of cardiac troponin I (cTnI max). Eventually, it was examined whether the extent of intraoperative myocardial injury translated into long-term survival stratified according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The mean volume of cardioplegia was 1381 ±279 ml (4.9 ±1.6 ml/g of LV myocardium). cTnI max was much higher in group A than in group B (medians: 14.918 vs. 9.876 µg/l; p = 0.005). Moreover, a negative correlation between the index cardioplegia volume and cTnI max (r = 0.345) was noted. The five-year probability of survival in subgroup A (95.7%) was significantly better than that in subgroup B individuals (82.6%, p = 0.044). Conclusions: Calculating cardioplegic doses during AVR solely based on body mass may be suboptimal and have a significant impact on postoperative outcomes.

Association of youth impulsivity and use of e-cigarette devices, flavors, and frequency of use.

INTRODUCTION: Given high youth e-cigarette use, it is important to investigate how traits, like impulsivity, may be associated with youth e-cigarette use behaviors. The study aim is to determine if impulsivity is associated with trying more e-cigarette flavors and device types, and greater frequency of e-cigarette use. METHOD: Cross sectional survey data from CT high schoolers (n = 4875, 6 schools) were collected in 2019. Lifetime (ever) e-cigarette users (n = 2313) completed the Brief Barrett Impulsivity Scale, which contains two subscales; behavioral impulsivity and impaired self-control. Among lifetime users, associations between impulsivity subscales and number of e-cigarette flavors tried, e-cigarette devices tried, and past 30-day frequency of e-cigarette use were examined using regression models. Additionally, associations of impulsivity and use frequency were examined among only current e-cigarette users (≥1 day of use in past 30; n = 1327). School, age, race/ethnicity, vaping initiation age, other tobacco product use, and sex were included as covariates in models. RESULTS: Higher behavioral impulsivity was associated with greater number of e-cigarette flavors tried (AOR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.11, p <.008) and higher frequency of past 30-day use both among ever and current e-cigarette users (AOR: 1.26, 95%CI:1.10,1.44, p <.001; AOR: 1.12, 95%CI:1.02,1.22, p <.02), but not number of e-cigarette devices tried. Impaired self-control was not associated with any outcomes. CONCLUSION: Youth with higher behavioral impulsivity may be more at risk for using more e-cigarette flavors and using e-cigarettes more frequently. Regulations aimed at reducing flavor availability among youth and interventions targeting impulsive behavior may be important for this population.