Factors Associated With Dietary Behaviour Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Indonesia.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the fastest-growing diseases and most serious major health problems worldwide. Few studies have focused on the association of social support with diabetes-related dietary behaviour. Objective: To examine the relationship between social support and dietary behaviour among patients with diabetes in a rural area of Indonesia. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that included 120 physically healthy patients above 18 years old with T2DM for at least 6 months. Data analysis was done using a stepwise regression model. Results: The mean age was 61.97 years (SD = 7.85, range = 52-74); 86.7% of the participants were females. Social support (ß = 0.272, p = <0.001), diabetes medications (ß = 0.169, p = 0.003), duration of diabetes (ß = 0.118, p = 0.0047), and presence of diabetes complications (ß = 0.197, p = 0.008) were significant predictors of dietary behaviour and accounted for 34.2% of the variance. Conclusions: Social support, diabetes medications, presence of diabetes complications, and duration of diabetes were associated with improved dietary behaviour. Therefore, social support should be considered when designing dietary interventions for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Effect of Educational Program on Hypertension Management Toward Knowledge and Attitude Among Uncontrolled Hypertension Patients in Rural Area of Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major public health threat affecting adults worldwide. The low hypertension management knowledge causes uncontrolled high blood pressure and it's a complication. It requires patients with uncontrolled hypertension to increase adherence to either pharmacological therapy or nonpharmacological therapy aimed at achieving normal blood pressure. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a short-term educational program on hypertension management related knowledge and attitude among uncontrolled hypertension patients in Malang, Indonesia. METHODS: The research design used a Quasi-Experimental study with the design of one group pre-post-test. The participants were 41 uncontrolled hypertension patients chosen by purposive sampling at the Ciptomulyo Public Health Center. The questionnaires were used to collect the data. The Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale (HK-LS) questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge of uncontrolled hypertension patients. KAP questionnaire was used to determine the attitude of the participants. The data were analyzed statistically using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. RESULTS: The majority of respondents were aged 55-65 (54%), female (83%), housewife (76%), graduated elementary school (71%), and long suffered from hypertension >1 year (68%). The result showed that the provision of the educational program increases knowledge (p = 0,000) and attitude (p = 0,008) of patients on the management of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Health education could improve hypertension management knowledge and attitude among uncontrolled hypertension in the rural area. Furthermore, Health providers should consider giving the education among uncontrolled hypertension.

Predictors of diabetes self-management among type 2 diabetics in Indonesia: Application theory of the health promotion model.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify factors predicting diabetes self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used in this study. Participants were selected from five primary health centers in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia using the multistage sampling method. A total of 127 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited. Data were collected by questionnaires which were the general diabetes knowledge, the Beliefs of Treatment Effectiveness, the Diabetes Distress Scale, the Self-efficacy for Diabetes Scale, the brief Chronic Illness Resources Survey, the Situational Questionnaire and the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Multiple linear regression with stepwise method was used toanalyze the data. RESULTS: The scores of seven questionnaires (i.e, diabetes knowledge, perceived benefit of diabetes self-management, diabetes distress, perceived self-efficacy, social support, situational influence, and diabetes self-management) were 13.75 ± 3.59, 34.9 ± 4.89, 3.03 ± 0.86, 3.60 ± 0.53, 27.79 ± 5.56, 3.27 ± 0.58,3.81 ± 1.08, respectively. The significant predictors of diabetes self-management were treatment, perceived self-efficacy, and situational influences. These variables explained 20.8% (adjusted R 2 = 0.208) of the variance in diabetes self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malang City. CONCLUSION: Diabetes self-management among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus could be improved by enhancing their perceived self-efficacy to achieve their self-management behavior, such as having a healthy diet, exercising regularly, actively monitoring blood glucose level, taking medication and foot care, and providing support to promote good situational influence.