Cerebral hemodynamics in orthostatic intolerance with normal head-up tilt test.

OBJECTIVES: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) are well-known causes of orthostatic intolerance (OI). In addition, there are OI patients who are characterized by the symptoms of OI and lack of abnormal findings in head-up tilt (HUT) test. The aim of this study was to determine the cerebral hemodynamic changes in HUT test of OI patients with normal HUT (OINH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-one OI patients and 50 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All subjects underwent transcranial Doppler test while performing the HUT test. Forty-five patients had OH, 33 patients had POTS, and 183 patients had OINH. Blood pressures, heart rate, cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFVs), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ET-PCO2 ), cerebral critical closing pressure (CCP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) were measured during HUT test. We compared the hemodynamic parameters of OINH with those of OH, POTS, and healthy controls. RESULTS: Reduced CBFVs, CPP, and ET-PCO2 and elevated CCP were observed in the HUT test of all four groups. CVR was reduced in three OI patients. The drops in systolic CBFV, CPP, and CVR of OINH patients were greater than those of healthy controls. The changes in parameters in the HUT test of OINH group were not different from those of OH and POTS groups except prominent decrements of CPP and CVR in OH group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that OINH is true OI sharing the common pathomechanism of OH and POTS.

Anatomical study of the anterior interosseous nerve.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to investigate the location of nerves that innervate the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and the pronator quadratus muscles. It also investigates the change in nerve location with hand movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 30 adult cadavers (17 males and 13 females) with a mean age of 69.5 years (range: 60-95 years). The reference line was from the humeral epicondylar line to the styloid process line of both the radius and ulnar bones. This study measured the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) branch outpoint and the innervated muscle nerve entry point to the muscle belly. It also examines nerve position changes as related to making a fist. RESULTS: The reference line mean distance was 24.1 ± 1.2 cm. The median nerve branched into the AIN at 18.0 ± 4.0%. We found the most densely distributed section of the nerves' entry point to the muscle belly to be at a distance of 30% to 40% for the FDP and from 30% to 40% for the FPL. Except for the FPL, the nerve branch outpoints and the FDP moved by 3.0%, depending upon hand movements. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that it will be necessary to consider the anatomy of the nerve location as it enters the muscle belly as well as how it changes with movement.

Relationship Between Sexual Function and Pelvic Floor and Hip Muscle Strength in Women With Stress Urinary Incontinence.

INTRODUCTION: The pelvic floor muscle (PFM) could affect female sexual functions. The hip muscles are morphologically and functionally linked to PFM and are important elements of female sexual attraction. AIM: To determine the relationship between female sexual function and hip muscle strength and PFM functions in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: A total of 42 women with SUI were recruited in this study. Female sexual function was measured using the pelvic organ prolapse urinary incontinence sexual function questionnaire (PISQ). PFM functions were measured using a perineometer. Hip muscle strength was measured using a Smart KEMA tension sensor. The relationship between female sexual function and PFM function and hip muscle strength was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analyses with forward selection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PISQ score, PFM functions (strength and endurance), and strength of hip extensor, abductor, and adductor were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: For the behavioral/emotive domain in the PISQ, hip extensor strength (r = 0.452), PFM strength (r = 0.441), PFM endurance (r = 0.362), and hip adductor strength (r = 0.324) were significantly correlated and hip extensor strength emerged in multiple regression. For the physical domain in the PISQ, hip abductor strength (r = 0.417), PFM endurance (r = 0.356), hip adductor strength (r = 0.332), and PFM strength (r = 0.322) were significantly correlated and hip abductor strength entered in multiple regression. For partner-related domain in the PISQ, hip adductor (r = 0.386) and abductor strength (r = 0.314) were significantly correlated and hip adductor strength appeared in multiple regression. For the PISQ total score, hip extensor strength (r = 0.484), PFM endurance (r = 0.470), hip adductor strength (r = 0.424), hip abductor strength (r = 0.393), and PFM strength (r = 0.387) were significantly correlated and hip extensor strength and PFM endurance emerged in multiple regression. CONCLUSION: The female sexual function could be related to not only PFM functions but also hip muscle strength in women with SUI. Hwang UJ, Lee MS, Jung SH, Ahn SH, Kwon OY. Relationship Between Sexual Function and Pelvic Floor and Hip Muscle Strength in Women With Stress Urinary Incontinence. Sex Med 2021;9:100325.

An endoplasmic reticulum storage disease causing congenital goiter with hypothyroidism.

In humans, deficient thyroglobulin (Tg, the thyroid prohormone) is an important cause of congenital hypothyroid goiter; further, homozygous mice expressing two cog/cog alleles (linked to the Tg locus) exhibit the same phenotype. Tg mutations might affect multiple different steps in thyroid hormone synthesis; however, the microscopic and biochemical phenotype tends to involve enlargement of the thyroid ER and accumulation of protein bands of M(r) < 100. To explore further the cell biology of this autosomal recessive illness, we have examined the folding and intracellular transport of newly synthesized Tg in cog/cog thyroid tissue. We find that mutant mice synthesize a full-length Tg, which appears to undergo normal N-linked glycosylation and glucose trimming. Nevertheless, in the mutant, Tg is deficient in the folding that leads to homodimerization, and there is a deficiency in the quantity of intracellular Tg transported to the distal portion of the secretory pathway. Indeed, we find that the underlying disorder in cog/cog mice is a thyroid ER storage disease, in which a temperature-sensitive Tg folding defect, in conjunction with normal ER quality control mechanisms, leads to defective Tg export. In relation to quality control, we find that the physiological response in this illness includes the specific induction of five molecular chaperones in the thyroid ER. Based on the pattern of chaperone binding, different potential roles for individual chaperones are suggested in glycoprotein folding, retention, and degradation in this ER storage disease.

Effect of complex decongestive therapy on edema and the quality of life in breast cancer patients with unilateral leymphedema.

There is increasing interest in the health-related quality of life (QOL) of patients with chronic lymphedema. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether complex decongestive therapy (CDT) for upper limb lymphedema results in long-term changes in lymphedema and QOL, and to determine whether the treatment-induced change in the percentage excess volume (PCEV) is correlated with any changes in QOL. Fifty-three patients who had lymphedema were treated with CDT. PCEV and QOL were recorded before and 1 month after CDT, and at a 6-month follow-up visit. PCEV was significantly (p<0.05) decreased at 1 month, but significantly (p<0.05) increased at 6 months compared to 1 month [but still significantly reduced (p<0.05) from baseline]. The QOL scores at 1 and 6 months were significantly higher than the score at baseline, indicating an improvement in the QOL. Significant changes were evident in the single domains of physical functioning, role-physical, mental health, and general health. The change in PCEV was associated with a change in physical functioning, vitality, bodily pain, and general health at 1 and 6 months (p<0.05). This study suggests that QOL significantly improved with upper limb lymphedema during the maintenance phase, which was necessarily correlated with the reduction in limb volume.

Comparison of shoulder strength in males with and without myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted in order to compare the strength of scapular elevator and shoulder abductor with and without restricted scapular elevation between male subjects with and without myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius. METHODS: In total, 15 male subjects with myofascial trigger points, and 15age- and weight-matched male subjects without myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius. Each subject was measured in the strength of maximum isometric scapular elevation and shoulder abduction with and without restricted scapular elevation. Maximum isometric contractions were measured using the Smart KEMA strength measurement system. Independent t-tests were used to compare shoulder strength values between the myofascial trigger points and non- myofascial trigger points groups. FINDING: The results showed that shoulder abductor strength in the group with myofascial trigger points (5.64kgf) was significantly lower than in the group without myofascial trigger points (11.96kgf) when scapular elevation was restricted (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the strength of the scapular elevator or shoulder abductor between groups (p>0.05). INTERPRETATION: These findings suggest that decreased strength in the shoulder abductor with restricted scapular elevation should be considered in evaluating and treating individuals with myofascial trigger points of the upper trapezius.

Thyrotropin induces SOCS-1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-1) and SOCS-3 in FRTL-5 thyroid cells.

TSH has multiple physiological roles: it is required for growth, differentiation, and function of the thyroid gland, and it regulates transcription of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-responsive genes in thyrocytes, including genes for the major histocompatibility complex and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. This report demonstrates that TSH induces the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and -3 proteins and alters the phosphorylation state of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins STAT1 and STAT3. The expression of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 and the phosphorylation state of STAT1 and STAT3 were examined after treatment with TSH or IFN-gamma in either TSH-sensitive FRTL-5 thyroid cells or TSH-insensitive FRT and buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells, which lack functional TSH receptors. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 are constitutively expressed in FRTL-5 cells, but not in FRT and BRL cells. IFN-gamma up-regulated SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 RNA and protein in FRTL-5 cells, as reported previously for nonthyroid cells. Interestingly, TSH also significantly induced SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 in FRTL-5 cells, but not in FRT and BRL cells. When SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 was overexpressed in FRTL-5 cells, STAT1 phosphorylation at Y701 and STAT1/DNA complex formation in response to IFN-gamma were reduced. Furthermore, overexpression of either SOCS-1 or SOCS-3 significantly inhibited the IFN-gamma-mediated transactivation of the rat ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) promoter. TSH and IFN-gamma had different effects on STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of Y701 in STAT1, which is responsible for homodimer formation, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding, was specifically stimulated by IFN-gamma, but not by TSH or forskolin. However, the phosphorylation of S727 in STAT1 was induced by IFN-gamma, TSH, and forskolin. TSH induced phosphorylation of both Y705 and S727 in STAT3, while IFN-gamma phosphorylated only the Y705. In addition, we found that SOCS-3 was associated with JAK1 and JAK2 and that these associations were stimulated by TSH. These findings demonstrate that TSH induces SOCS in thyroid cells and provides the evidence of signal cross-talk between TSH and cytokines in thyroid cells.

Involvement of JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) in the thyrotropin signaling pathway.

TSH is an important physiological regulator of growth and function in thyroid gland. The mechanism of action of TSH depends on interaction with its receptor coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins. We show here that TSH induces the phosphorylation of tyrosine in the intracellular kinases Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and -2 (JAK2) in rat thyroid cells and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human TSH receptor (TSHR). The JAK family substrates STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to TSH. We also find that JAK1, JAK2, and STAT3 coprecipitate with the TSHR, indicating that the TSHR may be able to signal through the intracellular phosphorylation pathway used by the JAK-STAT cascade. TSH increases STAT3-mediated promoter activity and also induces endogenous SOCS-1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-1) gene expression, a known target gene of STAT3. The expression of a dominant negative form of STAT3 completely inhibited TSH-mediated SOCS-1 expression. These findings suggest that the TSHR is able to signal through JAK/STAT3 pathways.

Thyrotropin modulates interferon-gamma-mediated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by inhibiting Janus kinase-1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 activation in thyroid cells.

TSH is known as an important hormone that plays the major role not only in the maintenance of normal physiology but also in the regulation of immunomodulatory gene expression in thyrocytes. The adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was identified as one of the proteins that are abnormally expressed in the thyroid gland during autoimmune thyroid diseases. In this study we found that TSH inhibits interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-mediated expression of the ICAM-1 gene, and we investigated the involved mechanisms in rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells. After exposure to IFNgamma, ICAM-1 expression is positively regulated at the level of transcription. This effect occurs via the IFNgamma-activated site (GAS) element in the ICAM-1 promoter as a consequence of the activation of STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1), but not of STAT3. On the other hand, after exposure to TSH plus IFNgamma, ICAM-1 transcription is negatively modulated. We found that this inhibitory effect of TSH also occurs via the GAS element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that the IFNgamma-induced DNA-binding activities of STAT1 were reduced by TSH. Furthermore, our results showed that the inhibitory effect of TSH on IFNgamma signaling is caused by inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation on STAT1, Janus kinase-1 (Jak1), and IFNgamma receptor a, but not Jak2. In conclusion, we have identified a novel mechanism in which TSH modulates the IFNgamma-mediated Jak/STAT signaling pathway through the inhibition of Jak1 and STAT1.

TSH regulates a gene expression encoding ERp29, an endoplasmic reticulum stress protein, in the thyrocytes of FRTL-5 cells.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on the endoplasmic reticulum resident 29 kDa protein (ERp29) gene expression in the thyrocytes of FRTL-5 cells. Although ERp29 mRNA was constantly expressed, its expression began to increase remarkably from 10(-9) M TSH. On the other hand, the effect of TSH on the abundance of ERp29 mRNA started within 6 h and peaked at 8 h. Actinomycin D strongly blocked this effect while cycloheximide did not. The half-life of ERp29 mRNA was about 4-4.5 h in the presence or absence of TSH that was not affected by the stability of ERp29 mRNA. The effect of TSH on the ERp29 gene expression was specific, while other growth factors (transferrin, insulin and hydrocortisone) did not alter its expression. Our data indicate for the first time that the expression of ERp29 is regulated transcriptionally by TSH in thyrocytes.

Regulation of phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase IIgamma gene transcription by thyroid-stimulating hormone in thyroid cells.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) on phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type IIgamma (PIPKIIgamma) gene expression in the thyrocytes of FRTL-5 cells. Although PIPKIIgamma mRNA was expressed constantly in the absence of added TSH, its expression increased remarkably in the presence of 10(-9) M TSH. This increase started within 6 h of the addition of TSH, and reached a maximum at 8 h. The mRNA expression properties of PIPKIIgamma in the cells were identified using inhibitors. Actinomycin D blocked PIPKIIgamma transcription strongly, while cycloheximide did not. In an experiment using 5,6-dichlo-1-beta-d -ribofuranosylbenzimidaxole, the half-life of PIPKIIgamma mRNA was approximately 6 h in the presence or absence of TSH, and it was not affected by the stability of the PIPKIIgamma mRNA. The effects of TSH on PIPKIIgamma gene expression were specific, and other growth factors examined (transferrin, insulin and hydrocortisone) did not alter its expression. It is possible that the mechanism of PIPKIIgamma gene expression is involved in the permissive effect of the TSH-cAMP cascade proper. Our results indicate, for the first time, that the expression of PIPKIIgamma is regulated transcriptionally by TSH in thyrocytes.

Tissue-/stage-dependent expression of a cloned Bombyx mandarina QM homologue.

QM, a novel gene that was firstly isolated as a putative tumor suppressor gene from Wilms' tumor cell line. Although it is well known that the QM gene product plays an important role within the tumor cells, the precise role of QM in the non-tumor cells has remained elusive. With in this mind we isolated a cDNA encoding QM homologue from Bombyx mandarina to understand the function of QM. The 596 bp cDNA has an open reading frame of 219 amino acids and a predicted mol. wt. of 25 kDa. The protein has more than 88% amino acid sequence identity to the QM protein from Drosophila melanogaster. mRNA expression gradually increased from 1-2 days after egg laying to 2 days of finial instar, while very low expressions were detected for either the pupae and the moth stages. The organs, posterior/middle division of silkgland, midgut, fat body and malpighian tubes, also show relatively high mRNA expression levels, respectively. The high degree of conservation and expression of the B. mandarina QM homologous suggest that it has a selectively conserved amino acid sequence due, presumably, to an important biological role which is associated with pupae formation.

Hormone-dependent regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression: cloning and analysis of 5'-regulatory region of rat intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been suggested to play an important role in the perpetuation of autoimmune thyroid disease. To clarify the regulation of ICAM-1 gene in thyroid cells, we investigated ICAM-1 expression in the FRTL-5 thyroid cell model and defined several elements in the 5'-regulatory region that are important for transcriptional regulation of the rat ICAM-1 gene. Cells maintained in medium with 5% serum but without hydrocortisone, insulin, and thyrotropin (TSH) express the highest levels of ICAM-1 RNA. TSH/forskolin downregulate ICAM-1 RNA levels independent of the presence or absence of hydrocortisone or insulin. Moreover, TSH/forskolin decrease ICAM-1 RNA levels that are maximally induced by two cytokines: 100 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or 100 U/ml interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The effect of TSH/forskolin, as well as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, on ICAM-1 RNA levels is transcriptional. Thus, we cloned a 1.8-kb fragment of the 5'-flanking region of the rat ICAM-1 gene, upstream of the translational start site, and showed that TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma caused a 3.5- and greater than 12-fold increase respectively, in its promoter activity, when linked to a luciferase reporter gene and stably transfected into FRTL-5 cells. TSH or forskolin, in contrast, halved the activity of the full length chimera within 24 hours and significantly suppressed the TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma-induced increase (>50%; p < 0.02). Using 5'-deletion mutants, we located the element important for the TNF-alpha effect between -431 and -175 bp; we additionally show that deletion of a NF-kappaB core element within this region, TTGGAAATTC (-240 to -230 bp), causes the loss of TNF-alpha inducibility. The effect of IFN-gamma could be localized between -175 bp and -97 bp from the start of translation. This region contains 2 regulatory elements known to be involved in IFN-gamma action in other eukaryotic cells, an IFN-gamma activated site (GAS), -138 to -128 bp, and Spl site, -112 to -108 bp. Deletion of the 10 bp GAS sequence resulted in the complete loss of IFN-gamma induction of pCAM-175 promoter activity. TSH and forskolin action was also mapped between -175 bp and -97 bp from the start of translation. The mutant construct, pCAM-175delGAS mutl, which has no GAS sequence, exhibited no TSH-mediated suppression of promoter activity. We thus show that TSH/cAMP can downregulate ICAM-1 gene expression and inhibit the activity of cytokines (TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma) to increase ICAM-1 gene expression in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. We also localized elements on the 5'-flanking region of ICAM-1 important for these actions. We propose that this TSH/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) action is a component of the mechanism to preserve self-tolerance of the thyroid during hormone-induced growth and function of the gland, and it may attenuate cytokine action during inflammatory reactions.

2-fluoroabscisic acid analogues: their synthesis and biological activities.

Fluorine was introduced into the 2-position of the side chain of abscisic acid (ABA) analogues by Wittig reaction of alpha-ionone derivatives with ethyl triethylphosphono-2-fluoroacetate. The effects of the fluorinated analogues were evaluated on inhibition of cress seed germination and inhibition of gibberellin-inducible alpha-amylase induction in embryoless barley half-seeds. (2E, 4E)-2-Fluoro-5-(1'-hydroxy-2',6', 6'-trimethyl-2'-cyclohexen-1'-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid (5b) showed potent inhibitory activity at the same level as ABA in the cress seed germination test, and 5b also inhibited gibberellin-inducible alpha-amylase induction at 4 x 10(-)(6), 3 times the concentration of ABA (1 x 10(-)(6)) for 50% inhibition of alpha-amylase production. 5b also showed dehydrin induction activity. These results indicate that fluorinated ABA analogues mimic ABA action and can be a lead for a plant growth regulator which regulates plant growth or protects plants from environmental stresses.

Analysis of zeins' ER retention in Xenopus oocytes.

Zeins, maize storage proteins, are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during the intracellular protein targeting process. Hydrophobic interaction has been postulated as the driving force of zeins' aggregation and retention in the ER. Recently, a class of zein (the 27K zein) has been proposed to facilitate zeins' ER retention by anchoring to the ER membrane. This study investigated the significance of the two proposed mechanisms toward zeins' ER retention using Xenopus oocyte. Following injection of the total or 27K zein mRNA, zein's movement within the ER was analyzed based upon the extent of diffusion to the non-injected oocyte half. This study indicates that the total zeins freely move within the lumen of the ER, thus, suggesting that the intermolecular aggregation, leading to insolubility and exclusion from the ER lumenal fluid, may not be essential for zeins' ER retention. This study also suggests that the 27K zein may not facilitate zeins' ER retention by virtue of an anchor to the ER membrane based on its free movement in the ER. Free movement of the total and 27K zeins, under conditions where zein aggregates should form, necessitates a reevaluation of the mechanisms responsible for zein polypeptides' ER retention and protein body formation.

Gender differences in three dimensional gait analysis data from 98 healthy Korean adults.

OBJECTIVES: The research hypothesis was that healthy adults would walk differently according to their gender when walked barefoot at their comfortable speed. The aim of this study was to prove the hypothesis in healthy Korean adults. DESIGN: Between-gender statistical comparisons of the gait analysis data including spatiotemporal, three-dimensional joint kinematic and kinetic data. BACKGROUND: There have been few attempts to identify the significant gender differences in gait pattern and to explore their possible causes. METHODS: Healthy 98 Korean adults (47 females and 51 males) volunteered. Gait analysis data was obtained with opto-electric system and force plates. Normalization was used to avoid the body size effect. Gender difference was tested with independent t-test, ancova, and two-way repeated anova. RESULTS: Females were shorter, both in height and leg length ( P < 0.05 ). The cadence and pelvic width were as great as in males. They walked slower than males due to shorter stride length ( P < 0.05 ). The females had still shorter stride length and narrower step width ( P < 0.05 ), and they walked as fast as the males. Females walked with their pelvis tilted more anteriorly and more up and down oblique motion, hip joints more flexed-adducted-internally rotated, knee joint in more valgus angles ( P = 0.05 ). CONCLUSIONS: The gait analysis data had significant gender differences. We assume that the difference is due to gender features of the gait-related anatomy and habits. Comparison with other research shows some evidence for racial differences.

Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning.

Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy causes deterioration and relapse of cognitive ability and behavioural movement a few weeks after complete recovery from initial hypoxic injury. A case is reported of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning, which was diagnosed with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The literature is also reviewed.

Identification of genes in a thyroid cell line regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Differential display (DD) PCR (Liang and Pardee, 1992) is a recently described technique to identify genes whose expression has changed during a biological process. We used this method to detect genes thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently regulated in a rat thyroid cell line, because thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is the most important hormone for cell proliferation and differentiation including prehormonal proteins secretion in thyrocytes (Kim and Arvan, 1991; Kim and Arvan, 1993). Following DD-PCR experimentation, thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently regulated gene fragments of 15 species were obtained. The genes were used as molecular probes in Northern blot analysis and then sequenced. Two of the clones (#123 and #205) were up-regulated and two more (#107 and #111) were down-regulated thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently in the thyroid cells, as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. Following partial sequencing, each of the clones #107, #111 and #205 were shown to be homologues of the apoptosis-related gene, aldolase A, and a-2 collagen (IV), respectively, while clone #123 showed no homology with known genes. These findings suggest that the four genes mentioned above may have an a important physiological function in the thyrocytes, which is thyroid stimulating hormone-dependently up-/down-regulated.

Ischemia-responsive protein (irp94) is up-regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The expression of the ischemia-responsive protein (irp94) was enhanced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducing drugs such as brefeldin A (BFA), calcium ionophor A23187, dithiothreitol (DTT) and tunicamycin in fisher rat thyroid epithelial cell line (FRTL-5 cells). In particular, irp94 mRNA expression was increased dose dependently by tunicamycin, and there was increased irp94 expression when the cells were incubated with the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) together.