How does multisource feedback influence residency training? A qualitative case study.

INTRODUCTION: Multisource feedback (MSF), also called 360-degree assessment, is one form of assessment used in postgraduate training. However, there is an ongoing discussion on its value, because the factors that influence the impact of MSF and the main impact of MSF are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated both the influencing factors and the impact of MSF on residency training. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative case study within the boundaries of the residency training for paediatricians and paediatric surgeons at a University Hospital. We collected data from seven focus group interviews with stakeholders of MSF (residents, raters and supervisors). By performing a reflexive thematic analysis, we extracted the influencing factors and the impact of MSF. RESULTS: We found seven influencing factors: MSF is facilitated by the announcement of a clear goal of MSF, the training of raters on the MSF instrument, a longitudinal approach of observation, timing not too early and not too late during the rotation, narrative comments as part of the ratings, the residents' self-assessment and a supervisor from the same department. We found three themes on the impact of MSF: MSF supports the professional development of residents, enhances interprofessional teamwork and increases the raters' commitment to the training of residents. CONCLUSION: This study illuminates the influencing factors and impact of MSF on residency training. We offer novel recommendations on the continuity of observation, the timing during rotations and the role of the supervisor. Moreover, by discussing our results through the lens of identity formation theory, this work advances our conceptual understanding of MSF. We propose identity formation theory as a framework for future research on MSF to leverage the potential of MSF in residency training.

Development, production and evaluation of 2-dimensional transfer tattoos to simulate skin conditions in health professions education.

BACKGROUND: Moulages can greatly extend the possibilities of simulation in teaching and assessment. Since moulages that fit an educator's exact needs are often unavailable commercially, this paper explains how 2-dimensional transfer tattoos can be independently developed, produced, and evaluated. METHODS: From representative photographs of the specific skin condition an analogue copy of the pathological finding is drawn. Once validated by the medical expert, it can be digitized by scanning and processed using graphics software. The final digital image file is printed onto transfer paper. Once applied and fixed onto the intended wearer, usually a simulated patient, its authenticity can be confirmed, and further transfer tattoos can be produced. RESULTS: Using this moulage technique we produced 10 different 2-dimensional transfer tattoos to date, including hematoma, Janeway lesions and splinter nails. These moulages are used in clinical skills training, formative and high-stakes summative assessment in undergraduate medical and nursing programs. CONCLUSIONS: By sharing our development process for 2-dimensional transfer tattoos, health profession educators can produce their own that best fit their local educational needs. Due to their high authenticity and standardization, 2-dimensional transfer tattoos are ideal for use in high-stakes assessment.

Influences on the implementation of Mini-CEX and DOPS for postgraduate medical trainees' learning: A grounded theory study.

Introduction: In order for Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) and Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) to actually have a positive effect on trainees' learning, the way in which the tools are implemented is of key importance. However, there are many factors influencing their implementation. In this study, we aim to develop a comprehensive model of such factors. Methods: Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, we performed eight focus groups. Participants were postgraduate trainees and supervisors from three different specialties; all were experienced with Mini-CEX and/or DOPS. Data were analyzed for recurring themes, underlying concepts and their interactions using constant comparison. Results: We developed a model demonstrating how the implementation of Mini-CEX and DOPS for trainees' learning is influenced by 13 factors relating to four categories: organizational culture (e.g. value of teaching and feedback), work structure (e.g. time for Mini-CEX and DOPS, faculty development), instruments (e.g. content of assessment), and users (e.g. relationship between trainees and supervisors), and their interaction. Conclusions: We developed a complex model of influencing factors relating to four categories. Consideration of this model might support successful implementation and trainees' learning with Mini-CEX and DOPS.

Factors influencing the educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS: A qualitative synthesis.

INTRODUCTION: The educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS varies greatly and can be influenced by several factors. However, there is no comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the described influencing factors. METHODS: To fill this gap, we chose a two-step approach. First, we performed a systematic literature review and selected articles describing influencing factors on the educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS. Second, we performed a qualitative synthesis of these factors. RESULTS: Twelve articles were included, which revealed a model consisting of four themes and nine subthemes as influencing factors. The theme context comprises "time for Mini-CEX/DOPS" and "usability of the tools", and influences the users. The theme users comprises "supervisors' knowledge about how to use Mini-CEX/DOPS", "supervisors' attitude to Mini-CEX/DOPS", "trainees' knowledge about Mini-CEX/DOPS", and "trainees' perception of Mini-CEX/DOPS". These influence the implementation of Mini-CEX and DOPS, including "observation" and "feedback". The theme implementation directly influences the theme outcome, which, in addition to the educational impact, encompasses "trainees' appraisal of feedback". CONCLUSIONS: Our model of influencing factors might help to further improve the use of Mini-CEX and DOPS and serve as basis for future research.

The educational impact of Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) and Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) and its association with implementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) and Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) are used as formative assessments worldwide. Since an up-to-date comprehensive synthesis of the educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS is lacking, we performed a systematic review. Moreover, as the educational impact might be influenced by characteristics of the setting in which Mini-CEX and DOPS take place or their implementation status, we additionally investigated these potential influences. METHODS: We searched Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid, including All Ovid Journals, Embase, ERIC, Ovid MEDLINE(R), and PsycINFO, for original research articles investigating the educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS on undergraduate and postgraduate trainees from all health professions, published in English or German from 1995 to 2016. Educational impact was operationalized and classified using Barr's adaptation of Kirkpatrick's four-level model. Where applicable, outcomes were pooled in meta-analyses, separately for Mini-CEX and DOPS. To examine potential influences, we used Fisher's exact test for count data. RESULTS: We identified 26 articles demonstrating heterogeneous effects of Mini-CEX and DOPS on learners' reactions (Kirkpatrick Level 1) and positive effects of Mini-CEX and DOPS on trainees' performance (Kirkpatrick Level 2b; Mini-CEX: standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.26, p = 0.014; DOPS: SMD = 3.33, p<0.001). No studies were found on higher Kirkpatrick levels. Regarding potential influences, we found two implementation characteristics, "quality" and "participant responsiveness", to be associated with the educational impact. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limited evidence, the meta-analyses demonstrated positive effects of Mini-CEX and DOPS on trainee performance. Additionally, we revealed implementation characteristics to be associated with the educational impact. Hence, we assume that considering implementation characteristics could increase the educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS.