Penetrative anal intercourse may require high axial loading forces.

BACKGROUND: Despite increases in the lifetime prevalence of anal intercourse, little is known about the safety of inflatable penile prosthesis use during anal intercourse or the forces required for anal penetration. AIM: We sought to determine the force required for anal penetration. METHODS: A digital force gauge device was secured to a silicone phallus with a length and girth representative of the average male phallus in the United States and inserted into the anal canal of 6 male participants for a total of 5 measurements per participant. The maximum axial forces on insertion were recorded. Participants then completed a survey eliciting demographic information and past experience with receptive anal intercourse. OUTCOMES: The outcome measure was the force recorded during insertion of a force gauge device into the anal canal. RESULTS: The median maximal force recorded on anal penetration was 26.5 N (2.7 kg; range: 16.1-51.7 N or 1.64-5.27 kg). Participants who engaged in receptive anal intercourse more than once per month tended to use lesser median maximal forces (25.7 N or 2.62 kg) than participants who engaged less frequently in receptive anal intercourse (41.6 N or 4.24 kg). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Compared with the forces required for vaginal penetration, anal penetration forces may cause additional mechanical stress to the phallus. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: While the study is limited primarily in its small sample size and in the use of a single device for anal penetration with a set size and rigidity, the resulting findings presented here are to our knowledge the first reported data pertaining the force required for anal penetration. CONCLUSION: As the forces required for anal penetration exceeded those for vaginal penetration, clinicians may need to carefully counsel patients on the safe use of an inflatable penile prosthesis for anal intercourse.

Paracrine Wnt signaling both promotes and inhibits human breast tumor growth.

Wnt signaling in mouse mammary development and tumorigenesis has been heavily studied and characterized, but its role in human breast cancer remains elusive. Although Wnt inhibitors are in early clinical development, it is unclear whether they will be of therapeutic benefit to breast cancer patients, and subsequently, to which ones. To address this, we generated a panel of Wnt reporting human breast cancer cell lines and identified a previously unrecognized enrichment for the ability to respond to Wnt in the basal B or claudin-low subtype, which has a poor prognosis and no available targeted therapies. By co-injecting Wnt3A expressing human mammary fibroblasts with human breast cancer cell lines into mouse mammary fat pads, we showed that elevated paracrine Wnt signaling was correlated with accelerated tumor growth. Using this heterotypic system and a dual lentiviral reporter system that enables simultaneous real-time measurement of both Wnt-responsive cells and bulk tumor cells, we analyzed the outcome of elevated Wnt signaling in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Interestingly, the PDX models exhibited responses not observed in the cell lines analyzed. Exogenous WNT3A promoted tumor growth in one human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing PDX line but inhibited growth in a second PDX line obtained from a patient with triple-negative breast cancer. Tumor suppression was associated with squamous differentiation in the latter. Thus, our work suggests that paracrine Wnt signaling can either fuel or repress the growth of human breast cancers depending on yet to be determined aspects of the molecular pathways they express.

Direct-to-Consumer Telemedicine Practices in the Health and Fertility of Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

PURPOSE: Men are increasingly turning toward online direct-to-consumer (DTC) men's health platforms to fulfill their health needs. Research surrounding these platforms is lacking and the motivations and predictors underlying this online health-seeking behavior is largely unknown. This review scopes the existing literature concerning DTC men's health and identifies factors influencing engagement, as well as health outcomes of this platform. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A structured search was performed following PRISMA guidelines. CINAHL via EBSCO, Embase, MEDLINE via Ovid, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science were searched. RESULTS: Peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies with a focus on demographics and characteristics of those using DTC men's health platforms, as well as studies related to patient outcomes using such platforms, were included. Ten of the 3,003 studies identified met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four cross-sectional descriptive studies evaluated the motivations behind men's engagement with DTC platforms. Convenience, embarrassment and health motivation were identified as predominant factors associated with DTC platform use. The review identified a lack of qualitative studies, and major limitations were noted in the quantitative studies that impacted the accuracy of findings. Six further quantitative studies explored the quality of care provided by DTC platforms. DTC platforms were found to have a varying level of adherence to established clinical guidelines, but appeared to provide satisfactory patient outcomes with low levels of patient-reported side effects and adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack of research within the DTC men's health space given the infancy of the field. Important predictors and motivations underlying men's choices in accessing these platforms have been noted across several studies. However, further studies need to be conducted to investigate the psychosocial underpinnings of this behavior. Studies across a wider variety of male health conditions treated by these platforms will also help to provide insights to guide patient-centered care within the DTC landscape.

Psychological, social, and sexual challenges affecting men receiving male infertility treatment: a systematic review and implications for clinical care.

In recent years, social research surrounding the consequences of infertility has increasingly focused on the male perspective; however, a gap exists in the understanding of men's experiences of male infertility treatment. This review aims to synthesize the existing evidence concerning the psychological, social, and sexual burden of male infertility treatment on men, as well as patient needs during clinical care. A systematic search identified 12 studies that are diverse in design, setting, and methods. Psychological evaluations have found that urological surgery may have a lasting impact on infertility-specific stress, and treatment failure can lead to feelings of depression, grief, and inadequacy. Men tended to have an avoidant coping mechanism throughout fertility treatment, and their self-esteem, relationship quality, and sexual functions can be tied to outcomes of treatment. Partner bonds can be strengthened by mutual support and enhanced communication; couple separation, however, has been noted as a predominant reason for discontinuing male infertility treatment and may be associated with difficult circumstances surrounding severe male infertility. Surgical treatments can affect the sexual functioning of infertile men; however, the impact of testicular sperm extraction outcomes appears to be psychologically driven whereas the improvements after microsurgical varicocelectomy are only evident in hypogonadal men. Clinically, there is a need for better inclusion, communication, education, and resource provision, to address reported issues of marginalization and uncertainty in men. Routine psychosocial screening in cases of severe male infertility and follow-up in cases of surgical treatment failure are likely beneficial.

Satisfaction rates of inflatable penile prosthesis in men who have sex with men are high.

Men with erectile dysfunction (ED) have high patient satisfaction after placement of inflatable penile prostheses (IPP). The impact on satisfaction and quality of life has never been studied in men who have sex with men (MSM). This study sought to assess the satisfaction rates and quality of life of MSM after placement of IPP for ED. This study was a multi-institutional, retrospective study that enrolled adult men who self-identified as MSM and underwent IPP placement. Two questionnaires were administered at one time point post-operatively, the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS), and the Quality of Life and Sexuality with Penile Prosthesis (QoLSPP) questionnaire. Results of these questionnaires were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Forty-nine MSM were assessed retrospectively with median age of 62 years with average follow-up of 15.2 months. Median EDITS score was 93.2/100 (range, 70.5-100). Median overall QoLSPP score was 72/80 (58-79), with median scores of 22/25 (16-25), 19/20 (13-20), 18/20 (12-20), and 14/15 (9-15), for the functional, personal, relational, and social domains respectively. Overall, MSM report high satisfaction rates and quality of life after IPP placement. A better understanding of the needs and demands of this patient population may lead to improved patient satisfaction and quality of life.

Crizotinib-associated Renal Cyst Formation in a Pediatric Patient With ALK+ Epithelioid Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Crizotinib is a first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive cancers. Simple and complex renal cyst formation is a rare complication of crizotinib use that has been reported previously in the adult population. CASE: We report a case of a right renal mass in a 17-year-old with ALK-positive epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma treated with Crizotinib. After cessation of Crizotinib and initiating Alectenib, a second generation ALK inhibitor, the mass decreased in size and the patient remained asymptomatic without evidence of recurrence at three months of follow-up.

Diet and Female Sexual Health.

INTRODUCTION: Female sexual dysfunction is common, and there is growing interest in the relationship between everyday dietary habits and female sexuality. Most of the research at this point is focused on pathological states such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, and eating disorders, which seem to exacerbate sexual dysfunction. AIM: To characterize sexual dysfunction in the presence of comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, obesity, and disordered eating states and to examine the effect of dietary patterns on female sexuality. METHODS: A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed publications on the topic was performed through a PubMed search. Key search terms and phrases included female sexual dysfunction, diet, dietary patterns, metabolic syndrome, obesity, Mediterranean diet, and eating disorders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The main outcome measures were female sexual function scores as measured on the Female Sexual Function Index and domain-specific dysfunctions. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome negatively affects sexual function in women, and this effect is most pronounced in younger, premenopausal women. Obesity may also detract from female sexuality, but the data on this comorbidity are more mixed. Endothelial dysfunction, which can result from excess inflammation seen in metabolic syndrome and obesity, can lead to poor blood flow to genitourinary organs, thus providing a pathophysiological link between these diseases and sexual dysfunction. Patients with disordered eating also suffer from sexual morbidity, which may be due to comorbid psychiatric illness and emaciation-induced hypogonadism. Promising data show that the Mediterranean diet helps alleviate sexual dysfunction in women, but other dietary patterns require more formal investigation. CONCLUSION: Incorporation of healthy dietary patterns into everyday life may positively influence female sexuality, but more substantial data are needed to confirm this idea. Towe M, La J, El-Khatib F, et al. Diet and Female Sexual Health. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:256-264.

Diet and Men's Sexual Health.

INTRODUCTION: Male sexual dysfunctions are more prevalent with aging. With increasing evidence about the impact of various diets on chronic diseases, there is a growing interest in establishing an association between various diets and men's health and sexual dysfunction. AIM: To review the current literature examining diet and dietary patterns and male sexual health. METHODS: A thorough literature search of peer-reviewed publications on the association between diet and dietary patterns and male sexual health (erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, and infertility) was carried using the online PubMed database from 1977 through 2017 with the keywords diet, dietary patterns, erectile dysfunction, male hypogonadism, low testosterone, and male infertility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Summary of significant findings on erectile function, androgen levels, and semen analysis parameters in relation to diets or dietary patterns. RESULTS: Thirteen studies on diet and erectile dysfunction and 15 studies on diet and testosterone levels were reviewed, including observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Thirteen studies analyzing the relation between diet and semen analysis parameters were reviewed but consisted of only cross-sectional and case-control studies. CONCLUSION: Evidence exists demonstrating the association between various diets and men's sexual health. Erectile dysfunction appears to lessen in men adhering to the Mediterranean diet. Obese and overweight men who lose weight through low-fat, low-calorie diets seem to have improvements in their erectile function and testosterone levels. Furthermore, a Western diet is associated with lower semen quality. Future prospective and randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish the benefit of diet and dietary patterns on men's sexual health. La J, Roberts NH, Yafi FA. Diet and Men's Sexual Health. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:54-68.

Parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism improves sleep quality: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: This prospective survey study assessed changes in sleep quality in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. METHODS: Patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 110) or thyroidectomy for benign euthyroid disease (control group; n = 45) were recruited between June 2013 and June 2015 and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index preoperatively and at 1- and 6 months postoperatively. "Poor" sleep quality was defined as a score >5; a clinically important and relevant improvement was a ≥3-point decrease. RESULTS: Preoperatively, parathyroid patients had worse sleep quality than thyroid patients (mean 8.1 vs 5.3; P < .001); 76 (69%) parathyroid and 23 (51%) thyroid patients reported poor sleep quality (P = .03). Postoperatively, only parathyroid patients demonstrated improvement in sleep quality; mean scores did not differ between the parathyroid and thyroid groups at 1 month (6.3 vs 5.3; P = .12) or 6 months (5.8 vs 4.6; P = .11). The proportion of patients with a clinically important improvement in sleep quality was greater in the parathyroid group at 1 month (37% vs 10%; P < .001) and 6 months (40% vs 17%; P = .01). Importantly, there was no difference in the proportion of patients with poor sleep quality between the 2 groups at 1 month (50% vs 40%; P = .32) and 6 months (40% vs 29%; P = .22). CONCLUSION: More than two-thirds of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism report poor sleep quality. After parathyroidectomy, over one-third experienced improvement, typically within the first month postoperatively.

CRIPTO/GRP78 signaling maintains fetal and adult mammary stem cells ex vivo.

Little is known about the extracellular signaling factors that govern mammary stem cell behavior. Here, we identify CRIPTO and its cell-surface receptor GRP78 as regulators of stem cell behavior in isolated fetal and adult mammary epithelial cells. We develop a CRIPTO antagonist that promotes differentiation and reduces self-renewal of mammary stem cell-enriched populations cultured ex vivo. By contrast, CRIPTO treatment maintains the stem cell phenotype in these cultures and yields colonies with enhanced mammary gland reconstitution capacity. Surface expression of GRP78 marks CRIPTO-responsive, stem cell-enriched fetal and adult mammary epithelial cells, and deletion of GRP78 from adult mammary epithelial cells blocks their mammary gland reconstitution potential. Together, these findings identify the CRIPTO/GRP78 pathway as a developmentally conserved regulator of fetal and adult mammary stem cell behavior ex vivo, with implications for the stem-like cells found in many cancers.

A mammary stem cell population identified and characterized in late embryogenesis reveals similarities to human breast cancer.

Gene expression signatures relating mammary stem cell populations to breast cancers have focused on adult tissue. Here, we identify, isolate, and characterize the fetal mammary stem cell (fMaSC) state since the invasive and proliferative processes of mammogenesis resemble phases of cancer progression. fMaSC frequency peaks late in embryogenesis, enabling more extensive stem cell purification than achieved with adult tissue. fMaSCs are self-renewing, multipotent, and coexpress multiple mammary lineage markers. Gene expression, transplantation, and in vitro analyses reveal putative autocrine and paracrine regulatory mechanisms, including ErbB and FGF signaling pathways impinging on fMaSC growth. Expression profiles from fMaSCs and associated stroma exhibit significant similarities to basal-like and Her2+ intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. Our results reveal links between development and cancer and provide resources to identify new candidates for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.