Population-Based Assessment of Urban Versus Rural Child Fatalities From Firearms in a Midwestern State.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have evaluated differences in firearm injury patterns among children based on regionalization. However, many of these studies exclude patients who die before arriving at a trauma center. We therefore hypothesize that important population-based differences in pediatric firearm injuries may be uncovered with the inclusion of both prehospital firearm mortalities and patients treated at a tertiary children's hospital. METHODS: Patients less than 15 y of age who sustained a firearms-related injury/death between the years 2012 and 2018 were identified in: (1) death certificates from the Office of Vital Statistics State of Indiana and (2) Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health Trauma Registry. Counties of injury were classified as either urban, midsized, or rural based on the National Center for Health Statistic's population data. Significant variables in univariate analysis were then assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 222 patients were identified. Median age of firearm injury survivors was 13 (interquartile range 7-14), while the median age of nonsurvivors was 14 (interquartile range 11-15), P = 0.040. The proportion of suicide was significantly higher in rural counties (P < 0.001). When controlling for shooter intent, patients from a rural or midsized county had statistically significant higher odds of dying before reaching a hospital than their urban counterpart (rural odds ratio [OR] 5.67 [95% confidence interval {CI} 2.23, 14.38]; midsized OR 6.53 [95% CI 2.43, 17.46]; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Important differences exist between pediatric firearm injuries based on where they occur. Public health initiatives aimed at reducing pediatric firearm injury and death should not exclude rural pediatrics patients.

Pediatric Injury Transfer Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted time Series Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: With the expected surge of adult patients with COVID-19, the Children's Hospital Association recommended a tiered approach to divert children to pediatric centers. Our objective was understanding changes in interfacility transfer to Pediatric Trauma Centers (PTCs) during the first 6 mo of the pandemic. METHODS: Children aged < 18 y injured between January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2020, who met National Trauma Databank inclusion criteria from 9 PTCs were included. An interrupted time-series analysis was used to estimate an expected number of transferred patients compared to observed volume. The "COVID" cohort was compared to a historical cohort (historical average [HA]), using an average across 2016-2019. Site-based differences in transfer volume, demographics, injury characteristics, and hospital-based outcomes were compared between cohorts. RESULTS: Twenty seven thousand thirty one/47,382 injured patients (57.05%) were transferred to a participating PTC during the study period. Of the COVID cohort, 65.4% (4620/7067) were transferred, compared to 55.7% (3281/5888) of the HA (P < 0.001). There was a decrease in 15-y-old to 17-y-old patients (10.43% COVID versus 12.64% HA, P = 0.003). More patients in the COVID cohort had injury severity scores ≤ 15 (93.25% COVID versus 87.63% HA, P < 0.001). More patients were discharged home after transfer (31.80% COVID versus 21.83% HA, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Transferred trauma patients to Level I PTC increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of transferred patients discharged from emergency departments increased. Pediatric trauma transfers may be a surrogate for referring emergency department capacity and resources and a measure of pediatric trauma triage capability.

Evaluating the Regional Differences in Pediatric Injury Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Reports of pediatric injury patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are conflicting and lack the granularity to explore differences across regions. We hypothesized there would be considerable variation in injury patterns across pediatric trauma centers in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective study evaluating patients <18 y old with traumatic injuries meeting National Trauma Data Bank criteria was performed. Patients injured after stay-at-home orders through September 2020 ("COVID" cohort) were compared to "Historical" controls from an averaged period of equivalent dates in 2016-2019. Differences in injury type, intent, and mechanism were explored at the site level. RESULTS: 47,385 pediatric trauma patients were included. Overall trauma volume increased during the COVID cohort compared to the Historical (COVID 7068 patients versus Historical 5891 patients); however, some sites demonstrated a decrease in overall trauma of 25% while others had an increase of over 33%. Bicycle injuries increased at every site, with a range in percent change from 24% to 135% increase. Although the greatest net increase was due to blunt injuries, there was a greater relative increase in penetrating injuries at 7/9 sites, with a range in percent change from a 110% increase to a 69% decrease. CONCLUSIONS: There was considerable discrepancy in pediatric injury patterns at the individual site level, perhaps suggesting a variable impact of the specific sociopolitical climate and pandemic policies of each catchment area. Investigation of the unique response of the community during times of stress at pediatric trauma centers is warranted to be better prepared for future environmental stressors.

Reducing Unnecessary Oophorectomies for Benign Ovarian Neoplasms in Pediatric Patients.

Importance: Although most ovarian masses in children and adolescents are benign, many are managed with oophorectomy, which may be unnecessary and can have lifelong negative effects on health. Objective: To evaluate the ability of a consensus-based preoperative risk stratification algorithm to discriminate between benign and malignant ovarian pathology and decrease unnecessary oophorectomies. Design, Setting, and Participants: Pre/post interventional study of a risk stratification algorithm in patients aged 6 to 21 years undergoing surgery for an ovarian mass in an inpatient setting in 11 children's hospitals in the United States between August 2018 and January 2021, with 1-year follow-up. Intervention: Implementation of a consensus-based, preoperative risk stratification algorithm with 6 months of preintervention assessment, 6 months of intervention adoption, and 18 months of intervention. The intervention adoption cohort was excluded from statistical comparisons. Main Outcomes and Measures: Unnecessary oophorectomies, defined as oophorectomy for a benign ovarian neoplasm based on final pathology or mass resolution. Results: A total of 519 patients with a median age of 15.1 (IQR, 13.0-16.8) years were included in 3 phases: 96 in the preintervention phase (median age, 15.4 [IQR, 13.4-17.2] years; 11.5% non-Hispanic Black; 68.8% non-Hispanic White); 105 in the adoption phase; and 318 in the intervention phase (median age, 15.0 [IQR, 12.9-16.6)] years; 13.8% non-Hispanic Black; 53.5% non-Hispanic White). Benign disease was present in 93 (96.9%) in the preintervention cohort and 298 (93.7%) in the intervention cohort. The percentage of unnecessary oophorectomies decreased from 16.1% (15/93) preintervention to 8.4% (25/298) during the intervention (absolute reduction, 7.7% [95% CI, 0.4%-15.9%]; P = .03). Algorithm test performance for identifying benign lesions in the intervention cohort resulted in a sensitivity of 91.6% (95% CI, 88.5%-94.8%), a specificity of 90.0% (95% CI, 76.9%-100%), a positive predictive value of 99.3% (95% CI, 98.3%-100%), and a negative predictive value of 41.9% (95% CI, 27.1%-56.6%). The proportion of misclassification in the intervention phase (malignant disease treated with ovary-sparing surgery) was 0.7%. Algorithm adherence during the intervention phase was 95.0%, with fidelity of 81.8%. Conclusions and Relevance: Unnecessary oophorectomies decreased with use of a preoperative risk stratification algorithm to identify lesions with a high likelihood of benign pathology that are appropriate for ovary-sparing surgery. Adoption of this algorithm might prevent unnecessary oophorectomy during adolescence and its lifelong consequences. Further studies are needed to determine barriers to algorithm adherence.

Early Surgery for Spontaneous Pneumothorax Associated With Reduced Recurrence, Resource Utilization.

BACKGROUND: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) occurs in adolescent patients and frequently recurs. Reliable predictors of recurrence may identify candidates for early VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery). We hypothesize that demographic and clinical factors are associated with recurrence, and that earlier surgery is associated with decreased recurrence and resource utilization. METHODS: Patients between ages 5 and 21 treated for PSP at a single center from January 1, 2008 to June 30th, 2019 were identified. Presenting demographics, clinical management, and outcomes were analyzed, with focus on the first admission for PSP. "Early VATS" was defined as VATS during the first admission, and "late VATS" as VATS at any point after the first admission for a given side. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients met inclusion criteria, with a total of 82 pneumothoraces. Following initial encounter, 48.7% had ipsilateral recurrence. Early VATS was associated with less recurrence (P = 0.002). No other predictive factors were associated with ipsilateral recurrence. Early VATS was associated with reduced overall recurrence (P < 0.001), admissions (P < 0.001), cumulative chest x-rays (P = 0.043), and cumulative hospital length of stay (P = 0.022) compared to late VATS. CONCLUSIONS: While predictors of recurrence are not apparent at initial admission, early VATS is associated with decreased recurrence and resource utilization.

Thoracostomy Tube Removal in Pediatric Trauma: Film or No Film?

BACKGROUND: Use of routine chest x-rays (CXR) following thoracostomy tube (TT) removal is highly variable and its utility is debated. We hypothesize that routine post-pull chest x-ray (PP-CXR) findings following TT removal in pediatric trauma would not guide the decision for TT reinsertion. METHODS: Patients ≤ 18 y who were not mechanically ventilated and undergoing final TT removal for a traumatic hemothorax (HTX) and/or pneumothorax (PTX) at a level I pediatric trauma center from 2010 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The outcomes of interest were rate of PP-CXR and TT reinsertion rate following PP-CXR. Clinical predictors for worsened findings on PP-CXR were also assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included. A CXR after TT removal was performed in 57 patients (97%), with 28% demonstrating worsened CXR findings compared to the prior film. Except for higher ISS (p = 0.033), there were no demographic or clinical predictors for worsened CXR findings. However, they were more likely to have additional films following the TT removal (p = 0.008) than those with stable or improved PP-CXR findings. One (1.8%) asymptomatic child with worsened PP-CXR findings had TT reinsertion based purely on their worsened PP-CXR findings. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of PP-CXR did not guide TT reinsertion after pediatric thoracic trauma. Treatment algorithms may aid to reduce variability and potentially unnecessary routine films.

Disparities in the Management of Pediatric Breast Masses.

INTRODUCTION: Disparities in surgical management have been documented across a range of disease processes. The objective of this study was to investigate sociodemographic disparities in young females undergoing excision of a breast mass. METHODS: A retrospective study of females aged 10-21 y who underwent surgery for a breast lesion across eleven pediatric hospitals from 2011 to 2016 was performed. Differences in patient characteristics, workup, management, and pathology by race/ethnicity, insurance status, median neighborhood income, and urbanicity were evaluated with bivariate and multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 454 females were included, with a median age of 16 y interquartile range (IQR: 3). 44% of patients were nonHispanic (NH) Black, 40% were NH White, and 7% were Hispanic. 50% of patients had private insurance, 39% had public insurance, and 9% had other/unknown insurance status. Median neighborhood income was $49,974, and 88% of patients resided in a metropolitan area. NH Whites have 4.5 times the odds of undergoing preoperative fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy compared to NH Blacks (CI: 2.0, 10.0). No differences in time to surgery from the initial imaging study, size of the lesion, or pathology were observed on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant differences by race/ethnicity, insurance status, household income, or urbanicity in the time to surgery after the initial imaging study. The only significant disparity noted on multivariable analysis was NH White patients were more likely to undergo preoperative biopsy than were NH Black patients; however, the utility of biopsy in pediatric breast masses is not well established.

Management of Pediatric Breast Masses: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to describe the workup, management, and outcomes of pediatric patients with breast masses undergoing operative intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of girls 10-21 y of age who underwent surgery for a breast mass across 11 children's hospitals from 2011 to 2016. Demographic and clinical characteristics were summarized. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-three female patients with a median age of 16 y (IQR: 3) underwent surgery for a breast mass during the study period. The most common preoperative imaging was breast ultrasound (95%); 28% reported the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification. Preoperative core biopsy was performed in 12%. All patients underwent lumpectomy, most commonly due to mass size (45%) or growth (29%). The median maximum dimension of a mass on preoperative ultrasound was 2.8 cm (IQR: 1.9). Most operations were performed by pediatric surgeons (65%) and breast surgeons (25%). The most frequent pathology was fibroadenoma (75%); 3% were phyllodes. BI-RADS scoring ≥4 on breast ultrasound had a sensitivity of 0% and a negative predictive value of 93% for identifying phyllodes tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Most pediatric breast masses are self-identified and benign. BI-RADS classification based on ultrasound was not consistently assigned and had little clinical utility for identifying phyllodes.

Factors Associated with Torsion in Pediatric Patients with Ovarian Masses.

BACKGROUND: Management of ovarian torsion has evolved toward ovarian preservation regardless of ovarian appearance during surgery. However, patients with torsion and an ovarian neoplasm undergo a disproportionately high rate of oophorectomy. Our objectives were to identify factors associated with ovarian torsion among females with an ovarian mass and to determine if torsion is associated with malignancy. METHODS: A retrospective review of females aged 2-21 y who underwent an operation for an ovarian cyst or neoplasm between 2010 and 2016 at 10 children's hospitals was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with torsion. Imaging data were assessed for sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in identifying ovarian torsion. RESULTS: Of 814 girls with an ovarian neoplasm, 180 (22%) had torsion. In risk-adjusted analyses, patients with a younger age, mass size >5 cm, abdominal pain, and vomiting had an increased likelihood of torsion (P < 0.01 for all). Patients with a mass >5 cm had two times the odds of torsion (odds ratio: 2.1; confidence interval: 1.2, 3.6). Imaging was not reliable at identifying torsion (sensitivity 34%, positive predictive value 49%) or excluding torsion (specificity 72%, negative predictive value 87%). The rates of malignancy were lower in those with an ovarian mass and torsion than those without torsion (10% versus 17%, P = 0.01). Among the 180 girls with torsion and a mass, 48% underwent oophorectomy of which 14% (n = 12) had a malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: In females with an ovarian neoplasm, torsion is not associated with an increased risk of malignancy and ovarian preservation should be considered.

Modified percutaneous internal ring suturing with peritoneal injury in children: matched comparison to open hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to elucidate the outcomes of percutaneous internal ring suture (PIRS) technique for inguinal hernia repair augmented with thermal peritoneal injury compared to open inguinal hernia repair (OHR) in a large population of contemporary pediatric patients. Thermal injury with PIRS has been shown to reduce recurrence in animal models and is increasingly being incorporated into clinical practice. METHODS: Retrospective review of all PIRS procedures and OHR between Jan-2017 to Sept-2018 was performed. Data regarding patient characteristics, characteristics of the hernia, operative details, postoperative complications, and recurrence were collected. Non-parametric tests were used and p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. 1:1 Propensity score matching was performed using "nearest-score" technique. Matching was done based on age, sex, follow-up time, side of hernia, repair of contralateral hernia, and number of additional procedures. RESULTS: 90 modified PIRS patients were matched to 90 OHRs. Patient demographics, hernia characteristics, and follow-up time were similar between the two groups after matching. There were no differences in recurrence rates (1 vs. 3 in OHR and PIRS, respectively, p = 0.6), complication rates (1 vs. 4 in OHR and PIRS, respectively, p = 0.4), and OR time [44.5 vs. 43 min in OHR and PIRS, respectively, p = 0.8]. There were no intraoperative complications for either technique. For OHR, laparoscopic look was performed in 23%. When successful, it revealed a contralateral PPV (patent processus vaginalis-PPV) in 41% of cases (9.4% of all OHR), all of which were repaired. For the PIRS procedures, a contralateral PPV was found in 25.6%, all of which were repaired. In the unmatched population, OHR had a metachronous hernia rate of 1.8%, none of whom had the contralateral PPV repaired at the original procedure. CONCLUSIONS: PIRS with peritoneal injury has comparable efficacy and good safety compared to OHR. Recurrence and complication rates should further improve with increasing experience. Future studies should elucidate long term outcomes.

Inter-rater Reliability of Sacral Ratio Measurements in Patients with Anorectal Malformations.

BACKGROUND: Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are a spectrum of congenital anomalies with varying prognosis for fecal continence. The sacral ratio (SR) is a measure of sacral development that has been proposed as a method to predict future fecal continence in children with ARM. The aim of this study was to quantify the inter-rater reliability (IRR) of SR calculations by radiologists at different institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: x-Rays in the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral planes were reviewed by a pediatric radiologist at each of six different institutions. Subsequently, images were reviewed by a single, central radiologist. The IRR was assessed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients from linear mixed models with patient and rater-level random intercepts. RESULTS: Imaging from 263 patients was included in the study. The mean inter-rater absolute difference in the AP SR was 0.05 (interquartile range, 0.02-0.10), and in the lateral SR was 0.16 (interquartile range, 0.06-0.25). Overall, the IRR was excellent for AP SRs (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], 81.5%; 95% confidence interval, 75.1%-86.0%) and poor for lateral SRs (ICC, 44.0%; 95% CI, 29.5%-59.2%). For both AP and lateral SRs, ICCs were similar when examined by the type of radiograph used for calculation, severity of the ARM, presence of sacral or spinal anomalies, and age at imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Across radiologists, the reliability of SR calculations was excellent for the AP plane but poor for the lateral plane. These results suggest that better standardization of lateral SR measurements is needed if they are going to be used to counsel families of children with ARM.

Association of Nonoperative Management Using Antibiotic Therapy vs Laparoscopic Appendectomy With Treatment Success and Disability Days in Children With Uncomplicated Appendicitis.

Importance: Nonoperative management with antibiotics alone has the potential to treat uncomplicated pediatric appendicitis with fewer disability days than surgery. Objective: To determine the success rate of nonoperative management and compare differences in treatment-related disability, satisfaction, health-related quality of life, and complications between nonoperative management and surgery in children with uncomplicated appendicitis. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multi-institutional nonrandomized controlled intervention study of 1068 children aged 7 through 17 years with uncomplicated appendicitis treated at 10 tertiary children's hospitals across 7 US states between May 2015 and October 2018 with 1-year follow-up through October 2019. Of the 1209 eligible patients approached, 1068 enrolled in the study. Interventions: Patient and family selection of nonoperative management with antibiotics alone (nonoperative group, n = 370) or urgent (≤12 hours of admission) laparoscopic appendectomy (surgery group, n = 698). Main Outcomes and Measures: The 2 primary outcomes assessed at 1 year were disability days, defined as the total number of days the child was not able to participate in all of his/her normal activities secondary to appendicitis-related care (expected difference, 5 days), and success rate of nonoperative management, defined as the proportion of patients initially managed nonoperatively who did not undergo appendectomy by 1 year (lowest acceptable success rate, ≥70%). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to adjust for differences between treatment groups for all outcome assessments. Results: Among 1068 patients who were enrolled (median age, 12.4 years; 38% girls), 370 (35%) chose nonoperative management and 698 (65%) chose surgery. A total of 806 (75%) had complete follow-up: 284 (77%) in the nonoperative group; 522 (75%) in the surgery group. Patients in the nonoperative group were more often younger (median age, 12.3 years vs 12.5 years), Black (9.6% vs 4.9%) or other race (14.6% vs 8.7%), had caregivers with a bachelor's degree (29.8% vs 23.5%), and underwent diagnostic ultrasound (79.7% vs 74.5%). After IPTW, the success rate of nonoperative management at 1 year was 67.1% (96% CI, 61.5%-72.31%; P = .86). Nonoperative management was associated with significantly fewer patient disability days at 1 year than did surgery (adjusted mean, 6.6 vs 10.9 days; mean difference, -4.3 days (99% CI, -6.17 to -2.43; P < .001). Of 16 other prespecified secondary end points, 10 showed no significant difference. Conclusion and Relevance: Among children with uncomplicated appendicitis, an initial nonoperative management strategy with antibiotics alone had a success rate of 67.1% and, compared with urgent surgery, was associated with statistically significantly fewer disability days at 1 year. However, there was substantial loss to follow-up, the comparison with the prespecified threshold for an acceptable success rate of nonoperative management was not statistically significant, and the hypothesized difference in disability days was not met. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02271932.

Feeding Outcomes in Neonates With Trisomy 21 and Duodenal Atresia.

BACKGROUND: Duodenal atresia (DA), a common cause of congenital duodenal obstruction, is associated with trisomy 21. The postoperative feeding issues are not well described in this population. We hypothesize that the combination of DA and trisomy 21 is associated with the need for postoperative enteral feeding access. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients between 2010 and 2017 with the diagnosis of DA or duodenal stenosis was identified. Relevant prenatal and postnatal clinical data were abstracted. Univariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were identified. Nineteen patients (44%) were diagnosed with trisomy 21. Eight patients (25% with trisomy 21) had gastrostomy placed at the time of DA repair. In the remaining patients (n = 35), 40% ultimately had a gastrostomy button placed. The indications for placement included poor oral skills (n = 8), aspiration (n = 5), and failure to thrive (n = 1). All these patients had trisomy 21, resulting in 82.4% of trisomy 21 patients having a gastrostomy. There was a significant association between trisomy 21 and placement of a gastrostomy button both during index admission (P = 0.003) and lifetime (P < 0.001). All trisomy 21 patients with congenital heart disease (n = 9) had a gastrostomy placed versus only five of eight trisomy 21 patients (62.5%) without structural heart disease (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a correlation exists between trisomy 21, structural congenital heart anomalies, DA, and the eventual need for gastrostomy. These data should inform operative planning for this patient population.

Clinical Outcomes After Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis in Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard surgical reconstruction for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and ulcerative colitis (UC) who undergo total proctocolectomy (TPC). Although patients receive the same reconstruction, their postoperative complications can differ. We hypothesize that indication for TPC and other preoperative clinical factors are associated with differences in postoperative outcomes following IPAA. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of pediatric patients who underwent proctocolectomy with IPAA from 1996 to 2016 was identified. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative clinical variables were collected. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate for relevant postoperative clinical differences. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients, 17 with FAP and 62 with UC, were identified. FAP patients spent a mean of 1125 ± 1011 d between initial diagnosis and first surgery compared to 585 ± 706 d by UC patients (P = 0.038). FAP patients took a mean of 57 ± 38 d to complete TPC with IPAA compared to UC patients at 177 ± 121 d (P < 0.001). FAP and UC patients did not differ in mean number of bowel movements at their 6-mo postoperative visit (4.7 ± 2.1 versus 5.6 ± 1.9, respectively [P = 0.134]). FAP patients were less likely to experience pouchitis (P = 0.009), pouch failure (P < 0.001), and psychiatric symptoms (P = 0.019) but more likely to experience bowel obstruction (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: IPAA is a safe, restorative treatment for FAP and UC patients after TPC. Based on diagnosis and preoperative course, there are differences in morbidity in IPAA patients. Clinical data such as these will allow surgeons to help families anticipate their child's preoperative and postoperative courses and to maximize successful postoperative outcomes.

Radiographic and Clinical Factors in Pediatric Patients With Surgical Small-bowel Intussusception.

BACKGROUND: When evaluating a pediatric patient with abdominal pain, identification of a small bowel-to-small bowel intussusception (SBI) on radiologic imaging can create a diagnostic dilemma. The clinical significance and need for surgical exploration of SBI is highly variable, as most of them are considered clinically insignificant. We hypothesize that combination of clinical and radiologic factors in an exclusively SBI population will yield factors that guide the clinician in making operative decisions. METHODS: A comprehensive database from a pediatric tertiary hospital was reviewed from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016, for any radiographic study mentioning intussusception. Results were reviewed for patients having only SBI (i.e., not ileocolic intussusception), and this comprised the study cohort. The electronic medical records for these patients were reviewed for clinical presentation variables, need for operative intervention, and identification of the intussusception during surgery. Patients with SBI due to enteral feeding tubes were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Within the study period, 139 patients were identified with an SBI on radiologic imaging. Univariate analysis yielded numerous clinical and radiologic factors highly predictive of the need for surgical intervention. However, upon multivariate analysis, only a history of prior abdominal surgery (odds ratio [OR]: 7.2; CI: 1.1-46.3), the presence of focal abdominal pain (OR: 22.1; CI: 4.2-116.3), and the intussusception length (cm; OR: 10.6; CI: 10.3-10.8) were correlated with the need for surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: SBI is a disease process with a highly variable clinical significance. The presence of focal abdominal pain, a history of prior abdominal surgery, and the intussusception length are the greatest predictors of the need for operative intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Clinical factors and high-resolution manometry predicting response to surgery for achalasia in children.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal achalasia is an uncommon condition in children. Although many interventions exist for the management of this disorder, esophageal (Heller) myotomy offers one of the most durable treatments. Our institution sought to review patients undergoing Heller myotomy concentrating on preoperative clinical factors that might predict postoperative outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016, who underwent surgical treatment for achalasia at our tertiary pediatric hospital were identified and included in the study cohort. Electronic medical records for these patients were reviewed for clinical presentation variables, nonsurgical preoperative treatment, surgical approach, clinical response to surgery, need for postoperative treatment for ongoing symptoms, and high-resolution manometry (HRM) data. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included in the study, and all underwent myotomy with partial fundoplication (median age: 14.4 y [interquartile range 11.6-15.5]). At a median follow-up of 9.75 mo (interquartile range 3.5-21 mo), 16 (61.5%) patients reported good resolution of their dysphagia symptoms with surgery alone. Two patients (7.7%) had perforation of the gastrointestinal tract requiring surgical intervention. Eight patients (30.8%) required additional treatment for achalasia, with 5 (19.2%) of these undergoing additional surgery or endoscopic treatment. Patients who had preoperative dilation did not have good resolution of their dysphagia (n = 2; P = 0.037). Two of four patients undergoing postoperative dilation had preoperative dilation. None of these patients underwent preoperative manometry. There was a statistically significant difference in the ages of patients who required postoperative intervention and those who did not (14.1 versus 15.2 y old, respectively; P = 0.043). In patients who reported improvement of gastroesophageal reflux disease/reflux type symptoms after Heller myotomy, lower esophageal residual pressure (29.1 versus 18.7 mmHg; P = 0.018) on preoperative HRM was significantly higher than in those who did not report improvement after surgery. Higher upper esophageal mean pressure (66.6 versus 47.8 mmHg; P = 0.05) also predicted good gastroesophageal reflux disease/reflux symptom response in a similar manner. CONCLUSIONS: Current analysis suggests that preoperative dilation should be used cautiously and older patients may have a better response to surgery without need for postoperative treatment. In addition, preoperative HRM can aid in counseling patients in the risk of ongoing symptoms after surgery and may aid in determining if a fundoplication should be completed at the index procedure. Further research is needed to delineate these factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Pediatric Ovarian Neoplasms: A Multi-Institutional Review.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic performance of MRI to predict ovarian malignancy alone and compared with other diagnostic studies. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients aged 2-21 years who underwent ovarian mass resection between 2009 and 2021 at 11 pediatric hospitals. Sociodemographic information, clinical and imaging findings, tumor markers, and operative and pathology details were collected. Diagnostic performance for detecting malignancy was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for MRI with other diagnostic modalities. RESULTS: One thousand and fifty-three patients, with a median age of 14.6 years, underwent resection of an ovarian mass; 10% (110/1053) had malignant disease on pathology, and 13% (136/1053) underwent preoperative MRI. MRI sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 60%, 94%, 60%, and 94%. Ultrasound sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 31%, 99%, 73%, and 95%. Tumor marker sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 90%, 46%, 22%, and 96%. MRI and ultrasound concordance was 88%, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 33%, 99%, 75%, and 94%. MRI sensitivity in ultrasound-discordant cases was 100%. MRI and tumor marker concordance was 88% with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 100%, 86%, 64%, and 100%. MRI specificity in tumor marker-discordant cases was 100%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic modalities used to assess ovarian neoplasms in pediatric patients typically agree. In cases of disagreement, MRI is more sensitive for malignancy than ultrasound and more specific than tumor markers. Selective use of MRI with preoperative ultrasound and tumor markers may be beneficial when the risk of malignancy is uncertain. CONCISE ABSTRACT: This retrospective review of 1053 patients aged 2-21 years who underwent ovarian mass resection between 2009 and 2021 at 11 pediatric hospitals found that ultrasound, tumor markers, and MRI tend to agree on benign vs malignant, but in cases of disagreement, MRI is more sensitive for malignancy than ultrasound.

The long-term effect of bile duct injuries on health-related quality of life: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The reported effects of biliary injury on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) have varied widely. Meta-analysis methodology was applied to examine the collective findings of the long-term effect of bile duct injury (BDI) on HRQOL. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in March, 2012. Because the HRQOL surveys differed among reports, BDI and uncomplicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) groups' HRQOL scores were expressed as effect sizes (ES) in relation to a common, general population, standard. A negative ES indicated a reduced HRQOL, with a substantive reduction defined as an ES ≤ -0.50. Weighted logistic regression tested the effects of BDI (versus LC) and follow-up time on whether physical and mental HRQOL were substantively reduced. RESULTS: Data were abstracted from six publications, which encompass all reports of HRQOL after BDI in the current, peer-reviewed literature. The analytic database comprised 90 ES computations representing 831 patients and 11 unique study groups (six BDI and five LC). After controlling for follow-up time (P ≤ 0.001), BDI patients were more likely to have reduced long-term mental [odds ratio (OR) = 38.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 19.14-77.10; P < 0.001] but not physical (P = 0.993) HRQOL compared with LC patients. DISCUSSION: This meta-analysis of findings from six peer-review reports indicates that, in comparison to LC, there is a long-term detrimental effect of BDI on mental HRQOL.

Natural history and consequence of patent processus vaginalis: An interim analysis from a multi-institutional prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and natural history of patent processus vaginalis (PPV) are unknown. An interim analysis was performed of a multi-institutional, prospective, observational study in neonates undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy during which bilateral inguinal canals were evaluated. METHODS: Infants under 4 months undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy were enrolled at 8 children's hospitals. The presence of a PPV was evaluated and measurements recorded. Patients with a PPV are undergoing annual phone follow-up to 18 years of age. Interim analysis was performed. RESULTS: In a cohort of 610 patient, 80 did not have a PPV examined, 4 had consent issues and were excluded, leaving 526 patients. Of these, 433 (82%) were male, median age 1.2 months (IQR 0.9, 1.6), median weight 3.89 kg (IQR 3.4, 4.46), and EGA 39 weeks (IQR 37, 40). There were 283 PPVs, 132 bilateral (47%), 116 right (41%), and 35 left (12%). Patients with a PPV were significantly younger (1.1 months (IQR 0.9, 1.5) vs 1.3 months (IQR 0.9, 1.7), p=0.02), weighed less (3.76kg (IQR 3.35, 4.26) vs 3.9kg (IQR 3.4, 4.5) p=0.03) and had a significantly lower EGA at birth (38 weeks (IQR 37, 40) vs 39 weeks (IQR 38, 40) p=0.003). Of 246 eligible infants, 208 (85%) responded to at least one annual follow-up. Two patients had an inguinal hernia repair for a symptomatic hernia, 49- and 51-days post pyloromyotomy. One had an orchiopexy and incidental inguinal hernia repair 120 days post pyloromyotomy; for a total of 3 (1.2%) hernia repairs. No additional hernias were identified in 116 patients with the PPV patients who have been followed for > 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a PPV at the time of pyloromyotomy is common but the need for hernia repair is rare within the first year of life. Continued long-term longitudinal follow-up of this cohort is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

A Multi-institutional Study Evaluating Pediatric Burn Injuries During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, children were out of school due to Stay-at-Home Orders. The objective of this study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the incidence of burn injuries in children. Eight Level I Pediatric Trauma Centers participated in a retrospective study evaluating children <18 years old with traumatic injuries defined by the National Trauma Data Bank. Patients with burn injuries were identified by ICD-10 codes. Historical controls from March to September 2019 ("Control" cohort) were compared to patients injured after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic from March to September 2020 ("COVID" cohort). A total of 12,549 pediatric trauma patients were included, of which 916 patients had burn injuries. Burn injuries increased after the start of the pandemic (COVID 522/6711 [7.8%] vs Control 394/5838 [6.7%], P = .03). There were no significant differences in age, race, insurance status, burn severity, injury severity score, intent or location of injury, and occurrence on a weekday or weekend between cohorts. There was an increase in flame burns (COVID 140/522 [26.8%] vs Control 75/394 [19.0%], P = .01) and a decrease in contact burns (COVID 118/522 [22.6%] vs Control 112/394 [28.4%], P = .05). More patients were transferred from an outside institution (COVID 315/522 patients [60.3%] vs Control 208/394 patients [52.8%], P = .02), and intensive care unit length of stay increased (COVID median 3.5 days [interquartile range 2.0-11.0] vs Control median 3.0 days [interquartile range 1.0-4.0], P = .05). Pediatric burn injuries increased after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic despite Stay-at-Home Orders intended to optimize health and increase public safety.