Design of asymmetric freeform lens for low glared LED street light with total internal reflection.

The study is focused on the asymmetric secondary freeform lens (ASFL) design for creating a low glared light-emitting diode (LED) street light. The lens is mounted on a chip on board (COB) LED as the new LED street light module to perform a non-axial symmetric light intensity distribution. The experimental results show that the street light can work without inclining lamps and reach Chinese National Standards (CNS) and Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) standards at the same time.

Design of multisegmented freeform lens for LED fishing/working lamp with high efficiency.

A novel LED fishing/working light is proposed to enhance the lighting efficiency of a fishing boat. The study is focused on the freeform secondary lens design so as to create a lamp that attracts fish and sheds light on the deck for the crew's work. The experimental results show that the proposed multisegmented freeform lens can deliver the proposed aim, giving 3 times as much illuminating power as the traditional high-intensity discharge fishing lamp does with the same input of electrical power.

Design of a free-form lens for LED light with high efficiency and uniform illumination.

A free-form secondary lens is proposed to optimize an LED light. Based on Snell's law, energy conservation law, and a Monte Carlo ray-tracing algorithm, the surface contour of the free-form lens can be determined according to the requirements of an LED light. Optical experimental results show that an optical efficiency of 95.69% can be achieved by the lens, of which the illumination uniformity 0.317 is higher than the commercial illumination uniformity 0.259. The lens does not need the help of a white ring holder, so the cost of the LED light can become effective.

Enhancement of mosquito trapping efficiency by using pulse width modulated light emitting diodes.

In this study, a light-driving bug zapper is presented for well controlling the diseases brought by insects, such as mosquitoes. In order to have the device efficient to trap the insect pests in off-grid areas, pulse width modulated light emitting diodes (PWM-LED) combined with a solar power module are proposed and implemented. With specific PWM electric signals to drive the LED, it is found that no matter what the ability of catching insects or the consumed power efficiency can be enhanced thus. It is demonstrated that 40% of the UV LED consumed power and 25.9% of the total load power consumption can be saved, and the trapped mosquitoes are about 250% increased when the PWM method is applied in the bug zapper experiments.

Performance Characterization of Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaics under Indoor Lighting.

Indoor utilization of emerging photovoltaics is promising; however, efficiency characterization under room lighting is challenging. We report the first round-robin interlaboratory study of performance measurement for dye-sensitized photovoltaics (cells and mini-modules) and one silicon solar cell under a fluorescent dim light. Among 15 research groups, the relative deviation in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the samples reaches an unprecedented 152%. On the basis of the comprehensive results, the gap between photometry and radiometry measurements and the response of devices to the dim illumination are identified as critical obstacles to the correct PCE. Therefore, we use an illuminometer as a prime standard with a spectroradiometer to quantify the intensity of indoor lighting and adopt the reverse-biased current-voltage (I-V) characteristics as an indicator to qualify the I-V sampling time for dye-sensitized photovoltaics. The recommendations can brighten the prospects of emerging photovoltaics for indoor applications.

Patient- and therapy-related factors associated with the incidence of xerostomia in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients receiving parotid-sparing helical tomotherapy.

We investigated the incidence of moderate to severe patient-reported xerostomia among nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with helical tomotherapy (HT) and identified patient- and therapy-related factors associated with acute and chronic xerostomia toxicity. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models were developed using quality-of-life questionnaire datasets from 67 patients with NPC. For acute toxicity, the dosimetric factors of the mean doses to the ipsilateral submandibular gland (Dis) and the contralateral submandibular gland (Dcs) were selected as the first two significant predictors. For chronic toxicity, four predictive factors were selected: age, mean dose to the oral cavity (Doc), education, and T stage. The substantial sparing data can be used to avoid xerostomia toxicity. We suggest that the tolerance values corresponded to a 20% incidence of complications (TD20) for Dis = 39.0 Gy, Dcs = 38.4 Gy, and Doc = 32.5 Gy, respectively, when mean doses to the parotid glands met the QUANTEC 25 Gy sparing guidelines. To avoid patient-reported xerostomia toxicity, the mean doses to the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and oral cavity have to meet the sparing tolerance, although there is also a need to take inherent patient characteristics into consideration.

LASSO NTCP predictors for the incidence of xerostomia in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

To predict the incidence of moderate-to-severe patient-reported xerostomia among head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Multivariable normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models were developed by using quality of life questionnaire datasets from 152 patients with HNSCC and 84 patients with NPC. The primary endpoint was defined as moderate-to-severe xerostomia after IMRT. The numbers of predictive factors for a multivariable logistic regression model were determined using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) with bootstrapping technique. Four predictive models were achieved by LASSO with the smallest number of factors while preserving predictive value with higher AUC performance. For all models, the dosimetric factors for the mean dose given to the contralateral and ipsilateral parotid gland were selected as the most significant predictors. Followed by the different clinical and socio-economic factors being selected, namely age, financial status, T stage, and education for different models were chosen. The predicted incidence of xerostomia for HNSCC and NPC patients can be improved by using multivariable logistic regression models with LASSO technique. The predictive model developed in HNSCC cannot be generalized to NPC cohort treated with IMRT without validation and vice versa.

Single beam one-way imaging through a thick dynamic turbulent medium.

A new method to record an image through a thick dynamic phase distorting medium by using a photorefractive LiNbO3 crystal is demonstrated. The method uses only one beam of light, the object light. By making use of the photorefractive fanning effect, gratings are formed in the LiNbO3 crystal through the interference between the object light and its own fanning light. Because the time scale of the distorting fluctuation is much shorter than the writing time of the LiNbO3 crystal, the fluctuated light does not induce any fanning. Therefore only the static portion of the image is recorded in the crystal, and the intensity distribution of the image can then be reconstructed at any later time.

One-beam recording in a LiNbO3 crystal.

We propose a new way to record images in a photorefractive LiNbO3 crystal. This method involves only a single object light without any reference light. We believe that the recording is attained by fanning holograms that result from interference between the object light and its scattered light. Although volume gratings are involved, the recorded pattern can be viewed not only with a laser light beam that is incident over a certain angular range but also with white light.