RESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Little remains known regarding whether newer FQ with less anti-mycobacterial activity (gemifloxacin) would reduce treatment delay. METHODS: We identified one hospital-based cohort (HBC) and one population-based cohort (PBC) including patients receiving amoxicillin/clavulanate acid (Beta-lactam), gemifloxacin (Gemi), and fluoroquinolones other than gemifloxacin (Non-Gemi FQ) prior to TB treatment. RESULTS: A total of 201 patients in the HBC and 3544 patients in the PBC were recruited. After 1:1 propensity score matching, TB treatment delay was statistically insignificant between Beta-lactam, Gemi group, and Non-Gemi FQ group in HBC (Beta-lactam vs Gemi: 22.3 ± 21.4 d vs 28.6 ± 27.9 d, p = 0.292; Beta-lactam vs Non-Gemi FQ: 33.3 ± 26.5 d vs 50.3 ± 47.3 d, p = 0.135) and PBC (Beta-lactam vs Gemi: 26.4 ± 29.1 vs 25.0 ± 28.1, p = 0.638; Beta-lactam vs Non-Gemi FQ: 29.4 ± 36.0 d vs 32.7 ± 35.0 d, p = 0.124, Non-Gemi FQ vs Gemi: 28.4 ± 33.0 d vs 25.0 ± 28.1 d, p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: While limited by relatively low case number, our study showed that use of gemifloxacin neither results in nor reduces delay in TB treatment. The issue of FQ use on TB treatment delay was also not observed in our study. Early survey and maintaining high clinical alertness remains the key to reducing TB treatment delay.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Tempo para o Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Gemifloxacina/uso terapêutico , Hospitais/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pontuação de Propensão , TaiwanRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major infectious diseases worldwide. Adverse reactions are common during TB treatment. Few reports, however, are available on treatment-related acute biliary events (ABEs), such as cholelithiasis, biliary obstruction, acute cholecystitis, and cholangitis. METHODS: We first report four pulmonary TB patients who developed ABEs during anti-TB treatment. Abdominal sonography revealed multiple gall stones with dilated intrahepatic ducts in three patients and cholecystitis in one patient. To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for ABEs during anti-TB treatment, we subsequently conducted a nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. RESULTS: A total of 159,566 pulmonary TB patients were identified from the database between 1996 and 2010, and among them, 195 (0.12%) developed ABEs within 180 days after beginning anti-TB treatment. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors associated with ABEs are older age (relative risk [RR]: 1.32 [1.21-1.44] per 10-year increment) and diabetes mellitus (RR: 1.59 [1.19-2.13]). CONCLUSIONS: Although infrequently encountered, ABEs should be considered among patients with TB who experience abdominal discomfort with hyperbilirubinemia, especially patients who have older age or diabetes.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/efeitos adversos , Doenças Biliares/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças dos Ductos Biliares/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ductos Biliares/etiologia , Doenças Biliares/epidemiologia , Colangite/epidemiologia , Colangite/etiologia , Colelitíase/epidemiologia , Colelitíase/etiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Factuais , Hospitais , Humanos , Incidência , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
RATIONALE: How host genetic factors affect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection outcomes remains largely unknown. SP110b, an IFN-induced nuclear protein, is the nearest human homologue to the mouse Ipr1 protein that has been shown to control host innate immunity to Mtb infection. However, the function(s) of SP110b remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the role of SP110b in controlling host immunity and susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB), as well as to identify the fundamental immunological and molecular mechanisms affected by SP110b. METHODS: Using cell-based approaches and mouse models of Mtb infection, we characterized the function(s) of SP110b/Ipr1. We also performed genetic characterization of patients with TB to investigate the role of SP110 in controlling host susceptibility to TB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: SP110b modulates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, resulting in downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and concomitant upregulation of NF-κB-induced antiapoptotic gene expression, thereby suppressing IFN-γ-mediated monocyte and/or macrophage cell death. After Mtb infection, TNF-α is also downregulated in Ipr1-expressing mice that have alleviated cell death, less severe necrotic lung lesions, more efficient Mtb growth control in the lungs, and longer survival. Moreover, genetic studies in patients suggest that SP110 plays a key role in modulating TB susceptibility in concert with NFκB1 and TNFα genes. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that SP110b plays a crucial role in shaping the inflammatory milieu that supports host protection during infection by fine-tuning NF-κB activity, suggesting that SP110b may serve as a potential target for host-directed therapy aimed at manipulating host immunity against TB.
Assuntos
Antígenos Nucleares , Autoantígenos , Epistasia Genética/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Imunidade Inata/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Proteínas Nucleares , Tuberculose/genética , Tuberculose/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos Nucleares/genética , Antígenos Nucleares/imunologia , Apoptose/genética , Apoptose/imunologia , Autoantígenos/genética , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Análise em Microsséries , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/imunologia , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/imunologia , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/imunologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide. During active tuberculosis, T helper (Th) 17 cells are decreased, however the association with inhibitory immune regulation is unclear. METHODS: We enrolled 27 patients with TB and 20 age- and sex-matched controls and studies their lymphocyte status. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated and programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were measured on Th17 cells by using flow cytometry after the cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin for 6 h. In addition, Th2 and regulatory T cells were measured and analyzed. RESULTS: The TB group had lower levels of Th17 cells but higher levels of Th2 and Treg cells than the controls. In Th17 cells, the percentage of PD-L1 was higher in the TB group than that in the controls. In Th2 and Treg cells, the percentage of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) was lower in the TB group and PD-1 was higher in Treg cells in the TB group. In the patients with extra-pulmonary TB, levels of Th1, Th2 and T17 cells were lower than those with pulmonary TB. The percentage of PD-1 on Th1 lymphocytes positively correlated with radiographic score. CONCLUSIONS: Lower level of Th17 in TB patients may be associated with increased percentage of PD-L1 and increasing levels of Th2 and Treg cells which influenced by CTLA-4.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1/sangue , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Tuberculose/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Prospectivos , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies focusing on pulmonary tuberculosis in advanced age (≥80 years) are lacking. This study aimed to explore treatment delay, outcomes and their predictors in this group. METHODS: Adult (≥20 years) patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 2004 to 2009. Treatment completion and mortality rates were noted at one year after treatment. RESULTS: Among the 81,081 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis identified, 13,923 (17.2%) were aged ≥80 years, and 26,897 (33.2%) were aged 65-79 years. The treatment completion, mortality rates and treatment delay were 54.8%, 34.7% and 61 (12-128) [median, (1st-3rd quartiles)] days in patients aged ≥80 years, 68.3%, 18.5% and 53 (8-122) days in patients aged 65-79 years, and 78.9%, 6.5% and 21 (1-84) days in patients aged <65 years, respectively. The elder patients were more likely to receive second-line anti-tuberculosis agents. The treatment completion rate decreased with older age, female sex, comorbidities, low income, requiring second-line anti-tuberculosis agents, severity of pulmonary tuberculosis and longer treatment delay. Older age, female sex, comorbidities, low income, and not undergoing rapid molecular diagnostic tests were independently associated with longer treatment delays. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary tuberculosis in advanced age has a longer treatment delay and a higher mortality rate. Applying rapid molecular diagnostic tools may reduce treatment delay and should be integrated into the diagnostic algorithm for pulmonary tuberculosis, particularly in elderly patients.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/mortalidade , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnósticoRESUMO
Mycobacterium abscessus complex comprises a group of rapidly growing, multidrug-resistant, nontuberculous mycobacteria that are responsible for a wide spectrum of skin and soft tissue diseases, central nervous system infections, bacteremia, and ocular and other infections. M. abscessus complex is differentiated into 3 subspecies: M. abscessus subsp. abscessus, M. abscessus subsp. massiliense, and M. abscessus subsp. bolletii. The 2 major subspecies, M. abscessus subsp. abscessus and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense, have different erm(41) gene patterns. This gene provides intrinsic resistance to macrolides, so the different patterns lead to different treatment outcomes. M. abscessus complex outbreaks associated with cosmetic procedures and nosocomial transmissions are not uncommon. Clarithromycin, amikacin, and cefoxitin are the current antimicrobial drugs of choice for treatment. However, new treatment regimens are urgently needed, as are rapid and inexpensive identification methods and measures to contain nosocomial transmission and outbreaks.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/epidemiologia , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Saúde Global , Humanos , Infecções por Mycobacterium/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) remains difficult. While some inflammatory markers in pleural effusion (PE) are helpful in diagnosis, the roles of anti-inflammatory cytokines and effector molecules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes have not been investigated. METHODS: Lymphocyte-predominant exudative PE samples were assayed for inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and effector molecules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict the probability of TPE and identify independently associated factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine the optimal cut-off value for the predicted probability. RESULTS: Of 95 patients enrolled, 35 had TPE, 46 had malignant PE and 14 had PE due to other aetiologies. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), adenosine deaminase (ADA), decoy receptor (DcR) 3, monocyte chemo-attractant protein (MCP)-1, IFN-induced protein (IP)-10, granzyme A and perforin were higher in TPE than in PE of other aetiologies. By logistic regression analysis, IFN-γ ≥ 75 pg/mL, ADA ≥ 40 IU/mL, DcR3 ≥ 9.3 ng/mL and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-sR1) ≥ 3.2 ng/mL were independent factors associated with TPE. The predicted probability based on the four predictors had an area under the ROC curve of 0.920, with 82.9% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity under the cut-off value of 0.303. In the TPE group, patients with positive PE/pleural culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis had higher pleural IFN-γ, MCP-1, IP-10 and perforin than those with positive sputum but negative PE culture. CONCLUSIONS: While pleural interferon-γ and ADA are conventional markers for diagnosing TPE, simultaneous measurements of DcR3 and TNF-sR1 can improve the diagnostic efficacy.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Derrame Pleural , Membro 6b de Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/sangue , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/patologia , Tuberculose Pleural , Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Idoso , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Perforina/metabolismo , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , Derrame Pleural/metabolismo , Derrame Pleural/fisiopatologia , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Tuberculose Pleural/complicações , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pleural/metabolismo , Tuberculose Pleural/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Estrogen in hormone replacement therapy causes homeostatic changes. However, little is known regarding the safety of high-dose phytoestrogen on coagulation and hematological parameters in healthy postmenopausal women. This study evaluated the effects of high-dose soy isoflavone (300 mg/day) on blood pressure, hematological parameters, and coagulation functions including circulating microparticles in healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS: The original study is a 2-year prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. In total, 431 postmenopausal women (from 3 medical centers) were randomly assigned to receive either high-dose isoflavone or placebo for 2 years. At baseline, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after treatment, blood pressure, body weight, liver function tests, hematological parameters, and lipid profiles were measured. The 1(st) year blood specimens of 85 cases of 144 eligible participants (from one of the three centers) were analyzed as D-dimer, von Willebrand factor antigen, factor VII, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, and circulating cellular microparticles, including the measurement of monocyte, platelet, and endothelial microparticles. RESULTS: In the isoflavone group, after 1 year, the changes in liver function tests, hematological parameters, and coagulation tests were not different from those of the control. Triglyceride levels were significantly lower after 6 months of isoflavone treatment than the placebo group, but the difference did not persist after 1 year. Endothelial microparticles increased steadily in both groups during the 1-year period but the trend was not affected by treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that high-dose isoflavone treatment (300 mg/day) does not cause hematological abnormalities or activate coagulation factors.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoflavonas/administração & dosagem , Fitoestrógenos/administração & dosagem , Pós-Menopausa , Fatores de Coagulação Sanguínea/metabolismo , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Isoflavonas/efeitos adversos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fitoestrógenos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Prospectivos , TaiwanRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the antibiotic era, tuberculosis (TB) still causes a substantial number of mortalities. We aimed to identify the causes and risks of death among TB patients. METHODS: Medical records of mortality cases of culture-proven TB diagnosed during 2003-2007 were reviewed. All TB deaths were classified into 2 groups (TB-related and non-TB-related), based on the underlying cause of death. RESULTS: During the study period, 2016 cases (male: 71.1%) of culture-proven TB were identified. The mean age was 59.3 (range: 0.3-96) years. The overall mortality rate was 12.3% (249 cases) and the mean age at death was 74 years; 17.3% (43 cases) of all TB deaths were TB-related. Most of the TB-related deaths occurred early (median survival: 20 days), and the patient died of septic shock. Malignancy, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, and miliary and pneumonic radiographic patterns were all independent predictors for all TB deaths. Cavitary, miliary and pneumonic radiographic patterns were all significant predictive factors for TB-related death. Extrapulmonary involvement and liver cirrhosis were also factors contributing to TB-related death. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of TB deaths were ascribed to non-TB-related causes. Managing TB as well as underlying comorbidities in a multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve the outcome of patients in an aging population. However, the clinical manifestations of patients with TB-related death vary; many progressed to fulminant septic shock requiring timely recognition with prompt treatment to prevent early death.
Assuntos
Tuberculose/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients on anti-tuberculosis treatment may develop acute kidney injury (AKI), but little is known about the renal outcome and prognostic factors, especially in an aging population. This study aimed to calculate the incidence of AKI due to anti-TB drugs and analyze the outcomes and predictors of renal recovery. METHODS: From 2006 to 2010, patients on anti-TB treatment were identified and their medical records reviewed. Acute kidney injury was defined according to the criteria established by the AKI Network, while renal recovery was defined as a return of serum creatinine to baseline. Predictors of renal recovery were identified by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-nine out of 1394 (7.1%) patients on anti-TB treatment had AKI. Their median age was 68 years and there was male predominance. Sixty (61%) developed AKI within two months of anti-TB treatment, including 11 (11%) with a prior history of rifampin exposure. Thirty (30%) had co-morbid chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. The median time of renal recovery was 39.6 days (range, 1-180 days). Factors predicting renal recovery were the presence of fever, rash, and gastro-intestinal disturbance at the onset of AKI. Sixty-two of the 71 (87%) patients who recovered from AKI had successful re-introduction or continuation of rifampin. CONCLUSIONS: Renal function impairment is not a rare complication during anti-TB treatment in an elderly population. The presence of fever and rash may be associated with renal recovery. Rifampin can still be used in most patients who recover from AKI.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Antituberculosos/efeitos adversos , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Injúria Renal Aguda/epidemiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Testes de Função Renal , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: An association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis (TB) has been described, mainly due to smoking and corticosteroid use. Whether inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy is associated with an increased risk of TB remains unclear. METHODS: We selected COPD cases by using six diagnostic scenarios and control subjects from a nationwide health insurance database, and applied time-dependent Cox regression analysis to identify the risk factors for TB. RESULTS: Among 1,000,000 beneficiaries, 23,594 COPD cases and 47,188 non-COPD control subjects were selected. Cox regression analysis revealed that age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and cirrhosis, as well as COPD (hazard ratio = 2.468 [2.205-2.762]) were independent risk factors for TB. Among the COPD cases, those who developed TB received more oral corticosteroids and oral ß-agonists. Time-dependent Cox regression analysis revealed that age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, low income, oral corticosteroid dose, and oral ß-agonist dose, but not ICS dose, were independent risk factors for TB. The identified risk factors and their hazard ratios were similar among the COPD cases selected using different scenarios. CONCLUSION: Keeping a high suspicion and regularly monitoring for the development of pulmonary TB in COPD patients are necessary, especially for those receiving higher doses of oral corticosteroids and other COPD medications. Although ICS therapy has been shown to predispose COPD patients to pneumonia in large randomized clinical trials, it does not increase the risk of TB in real world practice.
Assuntos
Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Administração por Inalação , Administração Oral , Corticosteroides/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Taiwan/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Apoptosis-associated biomarkers are rarely studied, especially their role in predicting the development of tuberculosis (TB) from latent TB infection and in prognostication. METHODS: Patients with TB and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)-positive and IGRA-negative family contacts were evaluated to analyze changes in apoptosis-associated serum biomarkers, which included decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), prostaglandin 2 (PGE2), and lipoxin. The prognostic implications of these serum biomarkers were also analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred TB patients and 92 IGRA-negative and 91 IGRA-positive family contacts were recruited. The DcR3 and PGE2 levels decreased from the IGRA-negative group to the IGRA-positive group, and peaked in the TB group. Lipoxin decreased to trough in the TB group. The three apoptosis serum markers and age were independent factors discriminating active TB from latent TB infection. In active TB, older age, co-morbidity, and higher serum DcR3 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 were independently associated with poorer six-month survival. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis-associated serum biomarkers change along with the status of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In close contacts with positive IGRA, high DcR3 and PGE2 and low lipoxin may increase the probability of active TB. Older age, co-morbidity, and high DcR3 and MCP-1 levels might be important prognostic factors that warrant further investigation.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Tuberculose/sangue , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Tuberculose Latente/sangue , Tuberculose Latente/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Fatores de Risco , Tuberculose/mortalidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculous pleurisy is traditionally indicated by extreme lymphocytosis in pleural fluid and low yield of effusion culture. However, there is considerable inconsistency among previous study results. In addition, these data should be updated due to early effusion studies and advances in culture methods. METHODS: From January 2004 to June 2009, patients with tuberculous pleurisy were retrospectively identified from the mycobacteriology laboratories and the pathology and tuberculosis registration databases of two hospitals in Taiwan where tuberculosis is endemic. Pleural fluid characteristics and yields of mycobacterial cultures using liquid media were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 382 patients with tuberculous pleurisy were identified. The median lymphocyte percentage of total cells in pleural fluids was 84% (IQR 64-95%) and 17% of cases had a lymphocyte percentage of <50%. The lymphocyte percentage was negatively associated with the probability of a positive effusion culture (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.96 to 0.99). The diagnostic yields were 63% for effusion culture, 48% for sputum culture, 79% for the combination of effusion and sputum cultures, and 74% for histological examination of pleural biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION: The degree of lymphocyte predominance in tuberculous pleurisy was lower than was previously thought. The lymphocyte percentage in pleural fluid was negatively associated with the probability of a positive effusion culture. With the implementation of a liquid culture method, the sensitivity of effusion culture was much higher than has been previously reported, and the combination of effusion and sputum cultures provided a good diagnostic yield.
Assuntos
Derrame Pleural/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pleural/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pleural/microbiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Escarro/microbiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Taxa de Sobrevida , Taiwan/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Busca de Comunicante/estatística & dados numéricos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Taiwan/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We describe 16 patients with bacteremia caused by Eggerthella lenta (n = 7), Paraeggerthella hongkongensis (n = 3), Eubacterium limosum (n = 4), Eubacterium callanderi (n = 1), and concomitant Eubacterium limosum/Eggerthella lenta (n = 1). Nine (56%) patients had polymicrobial bacteremia. The overall 60-day mortality rate was 19%, and all deaths occurred in patients with E. lenta bacteremia.
Assuntos
Actinobacteria/isolamento & purificação , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/patologia , Eubacterium/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/mortalidade , Coinfecção/patologia , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/mortalidade , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sobrevida , TaiwanRESUMO
We describe two patients with otologic infections caused by Mycobacterium massiliense (M. abscessus subsp. bolletti) which were identified using erm(41) PCR, 23S rRNA, and rpoB gene sequence analysis. They were middle-aged adults with underlying otologic diseases and were treated successfully with clarithromycin-based combination regimens for 3 and 9 months, respectively.
Assuntos
Mastoidite/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/diagnóstico , Mycobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Otite Média/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Claritromicina/administração & dosagem , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/genética , Quimioterapia Combinada/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Mastoidite/tratamento farmacológico , Metiltransferases/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium/classificação , Mycobacterium/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium/genética , Infecções por Mycobacterium/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This study aims at identifying characteristics, risk factors and mortality of community-acquired (CAP) and health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). We retrieved adults with S. aureus CAP or HCAP diagnosed by blood or pleural effusion culture in 2.6 years, and compared with those of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) CAP or HCAP diagnosed by blood or respiratory culture, or urine antigen. We found 18 patients with CAP and 9 HCAP due to S. aureus (female 33%, 66.6 ± 12.4 years-old), and 48 patients with CAP and 15 HCAP due to S pneumoniae (female 41%, 69.5 ± 17.5 years). Diabetes mellitus (52% vs. 24%, p = 0.019), hemodialysis (11% vs. 0%, p = 0.046), skin lesions (44% vs. 0%, p < 0.001), cavitary nodules (37% vs. 1.6%, p < 0.001) and pleural effusions (48% vs. 18%, p = 0.007) were more common in staphylococcal than pneumococcal group. Three patients with staphylococcal pneumonia had acute myocardial infarction. Pneumonia severity index (139 ± 52 vs. 109 ± 43, p = 0.005) and 30-day mortality (41% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.001) were higher in staphylococcal group. Multivariate analysis showed underlying disease (especially cancer and cirrhosis), risk class 4/5, altered mentality, shock and bilateral pneumonia were risk factors for 30-day mortality.
Assuntos
Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas , Infecção Hospitalar , Pneumonia Associada a Assistência à Saúde , Pneumonia Estafilocócica , Pneumonia , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Staphylococcus aureus , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Estafilocócica/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Estafilocócica/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Associada a Assistência à Saúde/tratamento farmacológico , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Fatores de Risco , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Non-pharmacological treatment with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) may play a vital role in treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To evaluate the efficacy of HFNC, impulse oscillation system (IOS) is a new noninvasive technique in measuring the impedance of different portions of lungs. It shows higher sensitivity in contrast to conventional pulmonary function tests (PFT). However, whether IOS is an appropriate technique to evaluate the efficacy of HFNC in improving the impedance of small airways or peripheral lung in patients with COPD is still unclear. We enrolled 26 stable COPD participants randomised into two groups receiving HFNC or nasal cannula (NC) for 10 min followed by a 4-week washout period and crossover alternatively. IOS was used to detect the difference of respiratory impedance after HFNC or NC interventions. IOS parameters, PFT results, transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide, peripheral oxygen saturation, body temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure at the time of pre-HFNC, post-HFNC, pre-NC, and post-NC, were collected and analysed using SPSS (version 25.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The IOS measurement indicated that HFNC significantly improved R5, R5% predicted, R5-R20, X5-predicted, and Fres compared with NC, whereas no significant difference was observed through the PFT measurement. The beneficial effect of HFNC in improving small airway resistance and peripheral lung reactance compared with that of NC in patients with stable COPD was confirmed through IOS measurement.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05130112 22/11/2021.
Assuntos
Cânula , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Impedância Elétrica , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Oscilometria/métodos , Testes de Função Respiratória/métodos , Taxa RespiratóriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Outcomes for hospitalized patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TP) have rarely been reported, and whether or not pulmonary involvement affects outcomes is uncertain. This study aimed to analyze the in-hospital mortality rate of culture-confirmed TP with an emphasis on the clinical impact of pulmonary involvement. METHODS: Patients who were hospitalized for pleural effusion (PE) of unconfirmed diagnosis and finally diagnosed as TP were identified. We classified them according to the disease extent: isolated pleurisy (isolated pleurisy group) and pleurisy with pulmonary involvement (pleuro-pulmonary group). RESULTS: Among the 205 patients hospitalized before the diagnosis was established, 51 (24.9%) belonged to the isolated pleurisy group. Compared to the pleuro-pulmonary group, patients in the isolated pleurisy group were younger, had fewer underlying co-morbidities, and presented more frequently with fever and chest pain. Fewer patients in the isolated pleurisy group had hypoalbuminemia (< 3.5 g/dL) and anemia. The two groups were similar with regards to PE analysis, resistance pattern, and timing of anti-tuberculous treatment. Patients who had a typical pathology of TP on pleural biopsy received anti-tuberculous treatment earlier than those who did not, and were all alive at discharge. The isolated pleurisy group had a lower in-hospital mortality rate, a shorter length of hospital stay and better short-term survival. In addition, the presence of underlying comorbidities and not receiving anti-tuberculous treatment were associated with a higher in-hospital mortality rate. CONCLUSION: In culture-confirmed tuberculous pleurisy, those with pulmonary involvement were associated with a higher in-hospital mortality rate. A typical pathology for TP on pleura biopsy was associated with a better outcome.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Pleural/complicações , Tuberculose Pleural/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biópsia , Feminino , Hospitais , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pleura/patologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pleural/mortalidade , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/mortalidadeRESUMO
RATIONALE: The clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of radiographic patterns of patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) are rarely evaluated. DESIGN: Patients with NTM-LD from 2007 to 2009 in a single medical center in Taiwan were identified. Their radiographic patterns were reviewed and classified into cavitary, bronchiectatic, or consolidative. They were also compared to patients with cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (TB-LD). RESULTS: Of 481 NTM-LD patients identified, 62, 134, and 56 patients were categorized into cavitary, bronchiectatic, and consolidative groups, respectively. Compared with 180 TB-LD patients, cavitary NTM-LD had male predominance and was associated with higher grades of sputum acid-fast smear (3+ or 4+), prior pulmonary TB, and poor baseline pulmonary function. NTM-LD patients with consolidative pattern were likely to have underlying comorbidity, the highest blood leukocyte count and C-reactive protein, and lowest albumin. In all NTM-LD, the consolidative pattern was independently associated with poor prognosis for 6-month survival. Patients with cavitary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)-LD had worse 6-month survival than those with bronchiectatic pattern. CONCLUSION: In Taiwan, NTM-LD patients with consolidative pattern have the worst prognosis while patients with cavitary pattern have worse survival than those with bronchiectasis in MAC-LD. Because varying radiographic patterns represent different prognoses, understanding the characteristics of NTM-LD patients with different radiographic patterns complements clinical practice.