Uliginosibacterium sangjuense sp. nov., isolated from sediment of the Nakdong River.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile by flagella, and light yellow bacterium, designated SS1-76T, was isolated from sediment of the Nakdong River in Sangju-si, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate SS1-76T belongs to the genus Uliginosibacterium of the family Rhodocyclaceae, exhibiting high sequence similarity with the type strains of Uliginosibacterium gangwonense 5YN10-9T (96.0%) and Uliginosibacterium paludis KBP-13T (94.9%). Strain SS1-76T contains ubiquinone-8 as a respiratory quinone and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), C16:0, and C14:0 as major fatty acids. The cellular polar lipids are composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 65.3 mol%. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic evidence clearly indicated that strain SS1-76T represents a novel species of the genus Uliginosibacterium, for which the name Uliginosibacterium sangjuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SS1-76T (= KCTC 52159T = JCM 31375T).

Telecom-Wavelength Bottom-up Nanobeam Lasers on Silicon-on-Insulator.

Semiconductor nanowire lasers are considered promising ultracompact and energy-efficient light sources in the field of nanophotonics. Although the integration of nanowire lasers onto silicon photonic platforms is an innovative path toward chip-scale optical communications and photonic integrated circuits, operating nanowire lasers at telecom-wavelengths remains challenging. Here, we report on InGaAs nanowire array lasers on a silicon-on-insulator platform operating up to 1440 nm at room temperature. Bottom-up photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are formed by growing nanowires as ordered arrays using selective-area epitaxy, and single-mode lasing by optical pumping is demonstrated. We also show that arrays of nanobeam lasers with individually tunable wavelengths can be integrated on a single chip by the simple adjustment of the lithographically defined growth pattern. These results exemplify a practical approach toward nanowire lasers for silicon photonics.

Monolithic InGaAs Nanowire Array Lasers on Silicon-on-Insulator Operating at Room Temperature.

Chip-scale integrated light sources are a crucial component in a broad range of photonics applications. III-V semiconductor nanowire emitters have gained attention as a fascinating approach due to their superior material properties, extremely compact size, and capability to grow directly on lattice-mismatched silicon substrates. Although there have been remarkable advances in nanowire-based emitters, their practical applications are still in the early stages due to the difficulties in integrating nanowire emitters with photonic integrated circuits. Here, we demonstrate for the first time optically pumped III-V nanowire array lasers monolithically integrated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. Selective-area growth of InGaAs/InGaP core/shell nanowires on an SOI substrate enables the nanowire array to form a photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with superior optical and structural properties, resulting in the laser to operate at room temperature. We also show that the nanowire array lasers are effectively coupled with SOI waveguides by employing nanoepitaxy on a prepatterned SOI platform. These results represent a new platform for ultracompact and energy-efficient optical links and unambiguously point the way toward practical and functional nanowire lasers.

Monolithically Integrated InGaAs Nanowires on 3D Structured Silicon-on-Insulator as a New Platform for Full Optical Links.

Monolithically integrated III-V semiconductors on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform can be used as a building block for energy-efficient on-chip optical links. Epitaxial growth of III-V semiconductors on silicon, however, has been challenged by the large mismatches in lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients between epitaxial layers and silicon substrates. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the monolithic integration of InGaAs nanowires on the SOI platform and its feasibility for photonics and optoelectronic applications. InGaAs nanowires are grown not only on a planar SOI layer but also on a 3D structured SOI layer by catalyst-free metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The precise positioning of nanowires on 3D structures, including waveguides and gratings, reveals the versatility and practicality of the proposed platform. Photoluminescence measurements exhibit that the composition of ternary InGaAs nanowires grown on the SOI layer has wide tunability covering all telecommunication wavelengths from 1.2 to 1.8 µm. We also show that the emission from an optically pumped single nanowire is effectively coupled and transmitted through an SOI waveguide, explicitly showing that this work lays the foundation for a new platform toward energy-efficient optical links.

High Quantum Efficiency Nanopillar Photodiodes Overcoming the Diffraction Limit of Light.

InAs1-xSbx nanowires have recently attracted interest for infrared sensing applications due to the small bandgap and high thermal conductivity. However, previous reports on nanowire-based infrared sensors required low operating temperatures in order to mitigate the high dark current and have shown poor sensitivities resulting from reduced light coupling efficiency beyond the diffraction limit. Here, InAsSb nanopillar photodiodes with high quantum efficiency are achieved by partially coating the nanopillar with metal that excites localized surface plasmon resonances, leading to quantum efficiencies of ∼29% at 2390 nm. These high quantum efficiency nanopillar photodiodes, with 180 nm diameters and 1000 nm heights, allow operation at temperatures as high as 220 K and exhibit a detection wavelength up to 3000 nm, well beyond the diffraction limit. The InAsSb nanopillars are grown on low cost GaAs (111)B substrates using an InAs buffer layer, making our device architecture a promising path toward low-cost infrared focal plane arrays with high operating temperature.

High-Quality InAsSb Nanowires Grown by Catalyst-Free Selective-Area Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition.

We report on the first demonstration of InAs1-xSbx nanowires grown by catalyst-free selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (SA-MOCVD). Antimony composition as high as 15 % is achieved, with strong photoluminescence at all compositions. The quality of the material is assessed by comparing the photoluminescence (PL) peak full-width at half-max (fwhm) of the nanowires to that of epitaxially grown InAsSb thin films on InAs. We find that the fwhm of the nanowires is only a few meV broader than epitaxial films, and a similar trend of relatively constant fwhm for increasing antimony composition is observed. Furthermore, the PL peak energy shows a strong dependence on temperature, suggesting wave-vector conserving transitions are responsible for the observed PL in spite of lattice mismatched growth on InAs substrate. This study shows that high-quality InAsSb nanowires can be grown by SA-MOCVD on lattice mismatched substrate, resulting in material suitable for infrared detectors and high-performance nanoelectronic devices.

Multiband perfect absorbers using metal-dielectric films with optically dense medium for angle and polarization insensitive operation.

The cavity resonant properties of planar metal-dielectric layered structures with optically dense dielectric media are studied with the aim of realizing omnidirectional and polarization-insensitive operation. The angle-dependent coupling between free-space and cavity modes are revealed to be a key leverage factor in realizing nearly perfect absorbers well-matched to a wide range of incidence angles. We establish comprehensive analyses of the relationship between the structural and optical properties by means of theoretical modeling with numerical simulation results. The presented work is expected to provide a simple and cost-effective solution for light absorption and detection applications that exploit planar metal-dielectric optical devices.

Lasing in hybrid metal-Bragg nanocavities.

We report room-temperature lasing from an optically pumped subwavelength-scale cylindrical InGaAsP pillar surrounded by circular Bragg reflectors on a metal substrate with a dielectric spacer layer. By taking advantage of wide in-plane photonic bandgaps and proper vertical antiresonances, three dielectric Bragg pairs produce a sufficient optical feedback capable of low threshold lasing from the fundamental TE011 mode. A large spontaneous emission coupling into the lasing mode is obtained from the cavity-enhanced Purcell effects and effective suppression of nonlasing modes.

Anti-inflammatory effects of apo-9'-fucoxanthinone from the brown alga, Sargassum muticum.

BACKGROUND: The marine environment is a unique source of bioactive natural products, of which Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is an important brown algae distributed in Jeju Island, Korea. S. muticum is a traditional Korean food stuff and has pharmacological functions including anti-inflammatory effects. However, the active ingredients from S. muticum have not been characterized. METHODS: Bioguided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of S. muticum, collected from Jeju island, led to the isolation of a norisoprenoid. Its structure was determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms of action of this compound were examined using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through ELISA assays and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Apo-9'-fucoxanthinone, belonging to the norisoprenoid family were identified. Apo-9'-fucoxanthinone effectively suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. This compound also exerted their anti-inflammatory actions by down-regulating of NF-κB activation via suppression of IκB-α in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report describing effective anti-inflammatory activity for apo-9'-fucoxanthinone'-fucoxanthnone isolated from S. muticum. Apo-9'-fucoxanthinone may be a good candidate for delaying the progression of human inflammatory diseases and warrants further studies.

InAsP Quantum Dot-Embedded InP Nanowires toward Silicon Photonic Applications.

Quantum dot (QD) emitters on silicon platforms have been considered as a fascinating approach to building next-generation quantum light sources toward unbreakable secure communications. However, it has been challenging to integrate position-controlled QDs operating at the telecom band, which is a crucial requirement for practical applications. Here, we report monolithically integrated InAsP QDs embedded in InP nanowires on silicon. The positions of QD nanowires are predetermined by the lithography of gold catalysts, and the 3D geometry of nanowire heterostructures is precisely controlled. The InAsP QD forms atomically sharp interfaces with surrounding InP nanowires, which is in situ passivated by InP shells. The linewidths of the excitonic (X) and biexcitonic (XX) emissions from the QD and their power-dependent peak intensities reveal that the proposed QD-in-nanowire structure could be utilized as a non-classical light source that operates at silicon-transparent wavelengths, showing a great potential for diverse quantum optical and silicon photonic applications.

Silver superlens using antisymmetric surface plasmon modes.

Silver lenses having super-resolution are analyzed in terms of antisymmetric modes of surface plasmon which have the ability to amplify evanescent waves in UV region. Antisymmetric surface plasmon modes excited by subwavelength grating enhances the resolution and contrast of silver superlens. By using a 20 nm-thick silver superlens, the half-pitch resolution of approximately lambda(0)/8 can be achieved with good contrast at a free space wavelength of 435 nm. The resolution of silver superlens can also be improved using shorter illumination wavelength. We show that the thinner the lens, the better the imaging ability of the silver superlens due to the excitation of antisymmetric surface plasmon modes of higher propagation wave vectors. The thickness of lens is varied from 20 to 40 nm in a three layer system, SiO(2)-Ag-SiO(2). Obtained results illustrate that practical application for patterning periodic structures with good contrast and penetration depth can be achieved by using antisymmetric surface plasmon modes.

Low bending loss metal waveguide embedded in a free-standing multilayered polymer film.

Very low vertical bending loss is demonstrated in a flexible metal waveguide. The waveguide consists of an 8 nm-thick and 68 mm-long Ag strip embedded in a free-standing multilayered low-loss polymer film. The polymer film is composed of a 10 microm-thick inner cladding with a refractive index of 1.524, and a pair of 20 microm-thick outer claddings which both have a refractive index of 1.514, resulting in a total thickness of 50 microm. The measured vertical bending loss is lower than 0.3 dB/180 masculine at a wavelength of 1310 nm for the bending radii down to 2 mm.

Sub-dB/cm propagation loss in silver stripe waveguides.

We demonstrate sub-dB/cm propagation losses in polymer-based silver stripe waveguides at the wavelength of 1.31 microm. The silver stripe waveguides were fabricated in a low-loss fluorinated polymer clad. To form uniform metal stripe patterns, which are essential for reducing propagation loss, we developed a lift-off process using double layers of photoresist and SiNx. A propagation loss of less than 1.0 dB/cm was obtained with the 11- nm-thick silver stripes in the width range of 1.5 - 4.5 microm. A coupling loss of approximately 1.0 dB with a polarization maintaining single mode fiber was achieved for a width of 4.5 microm. For a width of 2.0 microm, we recorded a minimum propagation loss of 0.4 dB/cm, which is comparable with that of dielectric multi-mode waveguides.

Ultracompact bottom-up photonic crystal lasers on silicon-on-insulator.

Compact on-chip light sources lie at the heart of practical nanophotonic devices since chip-scale photonic circuits have been regarded as the next generation computing tools. In this work, we demonstrate room-temperature lasing in 7 × 7 InGaAs/InGaP core-shell nanopillar array photonic crystals with an ultracompact footprint of 2300 × 2300 nm2, which are monolithically grown on silicon-on-insulator substrates. A strong lateral confinement is achieved by a photonic band-edge mode, which is leading to a strong light-matter interaction in the 7 × 7 nanopillar array, and by choosing an appropriate thickness of a silicon-on-insulator layer the band-edge mode can be trapped vertically in the nanopillars. The nanopillar array band-edge lasers exhibit single-mode operation, where the mode frequency is sensitive to the diameter of the nanopillars. Our demonstration represents an important first step towards developing practical and monolithic III-V photonic components on a silicon platform.

Anti-inflammatory effects of isoketocharbroic acid from brown alga, Sargassum micracanthum.

During our on-going screening program designed to isolate natural compounds from marine environments, we isolated isoketochabrolic acid (IKCA) from Sargassum micracanthum, an important brown algae distributed in Jeju Island, Korea. Furthermore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of IKCA on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered macrophages. IKCA strongly inhibited NO production, with an IC50 value of 58.31 µM. Subsequent studies demonstrated that IKCA potently and concentration-dependently reduced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 cytokine production. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that IKCA isolated from S. micracanthum has a potent anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, IKCA might be useful as an anti-inflammatory health supplement or functional cosmetics.

Jeju seaweeds suppress lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory response in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju seaweeds on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. METHODS: Ethyl acetate fractions were prepared from five different types of Jeju seaweeds, Dictyopteris divaricata (D. divaricata), Dictyopteris prolifera (D. prolifera), Prionitis cornea (P. cornea), Grateloupia lanceolata (G. lanceolata), and Grateloupia filicina (G. filicina). They were screened for inhibitory effects on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS: Our results revealed that D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina potently inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production (IC50 values were 18.0, 38.36, 38.43, 32.81 and 37.14 µg/mL, respectively). Consistent with these findings, D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, and G. filicina also reduced the LPS-induced and prostaglandin E2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Expectedly, they suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at the protein level in a dose-dependent manner in the RAW 264.7 cells, as determined by western blotting. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, released into the medium, were also reduced by D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 values for TNF-α were 16.11, 28.21, 84.27, 45.52 and 74.75 µg/mL, respectively; IC50 values for IL-6 were 37.35, 80.08, 103.28, 62.53 and 84.28 µg/mL, respectively). The total phlorotannin content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as phloroglucinol equivalents. The content was 92.0 µg/mg for D. divaricata, 151.8 µg/mg for D. prolifera, 57.2 µg/mg for P. cornea, 53.0 µg/mg for G. lanceolata, and 40.2 µg/mg for G. filicina. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, these findings suggest that Jeju seaweed extracts have potential therapeutic applications for inflammatory responses.

Melanogenesis inhibitory activity of Korean Undaria pinnatifida in mouse B16 melanoma cells.

A number of seaweed species are used as traditional foods and medicine in different parts of the world, including Asian countries. However, very few data on the anti-melanogenic effect of seaweed have been published. Undaria pinnatifida (Dolmiyeok), a brown alga, is a traditional food in Jeju Island, the southern regions of the Korea peninsula. In this study, ethylacetate extracts of U. pinnatifida (UPE) were examined for their anti-melanogenic potentials. Our results supports the finding that UPE down-regulated melanin content in a dose-dependent pattern. To clarify the target of UPE action in melanogenesis, we performed Western blotting for tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), which are key melanogenic enzymes. UPE inhibited tyrosinase and MITF expressions in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that treatment with UPE significantly inhibits the melanogenesis in B16 cells, and may be effective in the whitening agent for the skin.

Morphological and molecular characteristics of Homoeostrichus formosana sp. nov. (Dictyotaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: In the marine brown macroalgae, the morphological characters are highly similar between two widely distributed genera, Homoeostrichus and Zonaria (Dictyotaceae), thereby resulting in the difficulty of exploring their hidden biodiversity. Owing to the help of the molecular tools, it is now easy for scientists to objectively describe a new species in nature. In this study, we make a description on the Homoeostrichus formosana sp. nov. from Taiwan, Indo-Pacific Ocean based on the morphological evidence and molecular data. RESULTS: Our morphological observations revealed that this species has marginal row of apical cells responsible for thallus growth and the thallus with four layers of cells except the marginal regions. The cortical cell lies upon each medullary cell in transverse section, and two cortical cells upon each medullary cell in longitudinal section. Tetrasporangium is developed from cortical cell with stalk cell and singly scattered over the thallus surface, and has no indusia and paraphyses. Molecularly, the phylogenetic trees based on SSU, psaA, psbA, and rbcL gene sequences supported that Homoeostrichus species are closely related to Exallosorus species and clearly separated from each others in addition to Zonaria species. CONCLUSIONS: Homoeostrichus formosana sp. nov. can now be clearly distinguished from E. harveyanus and Japanese H. flabellatus.

Acanthoic acid inhibits melanogenesis through tyrosinase downregulation and melanogenic gene expression in B16 melanoma cells.

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of acanthoic acid (ACAN), isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum, on melanogenesis and its related enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 in B16 melanoma cells. We found that ACAN significantly attenuates melanin synthesis and reduces the activity of intracellular tyrosinase, the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme. Western blot analysis showed that ACAN also decreases tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 protein expression. In addition, ACAN significantly decreased the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of melanogenesis. These results indicate that ACAN effectively inhibits melanin biosynthesis through down-regulation of MITF and thus could be useful as a new skin-whitening agent.