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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is highly prevalent in people with mental disorders (PWMDs). However, in the international context of HCV elimination, no previous study has explored the features of seropositive PWMDs with vs. without a positive viral load (VL). We retrospectively retrieved all HCV serology results of patients hospitalized in 2019, 2020 and 2021 in the second-largest psychiatric hospital of France. Using the medical records of all patients found seropositive for HCV, the following data were collected: sex (male, female), age (in years), previous history of illicit drug use except cannabis (yes or no) and previous history of incarceration (yes or no). We conducted a case-control comparison of these variables between the PWMDs who had and did not have a positive VL, thus providing odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (ORs [95% CI]). In a total of 13,276 inpatients, 2540 (19.1%) underwent at least one HCV serology; 55 of them (2.16%) were found positive. A VL count was performed for 48 of them, finding 15 (31.3%) individuals with active HCV. Compared with those with a negative VL, these 15 individuals were less likely to have previous documented illicit drug use (OR = 0.18; 95% CI [0.05-0.68]) and to have been previously incarcerated (OR = 0.23; 95% CI [0.06-0.99]); age and sex did not statistically differ. In the context of HCV elimination, PWMDs yet to be treated for HCV are more likely to be those with no identified risk factor for HCV, which supports a strategy of systematic screening for HCV among PWMDs.
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Hepatite C , Drogas Ilícitas , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , Carga Viral , Hepatite C/tratamento farmacológico , HepacivirusRESUMO
Caring for a relative with a severe mental disorder puts family caregivers to a great risk of depression. While overall caregiving burden is a strong predictor of depression, the contribution of the various dimensions of burden to caregivers' depression as well as their relationships with depressive symptoms has received little attention. 384 family caregivers completed a cross-sectional online survey including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Brief Experience of Caregiving Inventory (BECI), measuring caregiving burden and experience. We estimated the structure of the relationships between caregiving experiences (i.e., ZBI and BECI subscales) and CES-D symptoms using a network approach. Negative Emotion/Consequences, (lack of) Positive Personal Experience, and Stigma/Effects on Family were the most connected caregiving dimensions to depression. To untangle the role of the Negative Emotion/Consequences component (by far the most central node in estimated networks), a secondary analysis incorporating its composing items was estimated. Losing control over life, feeling strained around the relative and impaired self-perceived health emerged as central nodes. Interestingly, these caregiving-related dimensions or experiences were differentially connected to depressive symptoms. We discuss how these findings might help future research and inform tailored psychoeducational interventions for family caregivers of people with a severe mental disorder.
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Depressão , Transtornos Mentais , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/diagnóstico , CuidadoresRESUMO
Women with alcohol use disorder (AUD) might be particularly vulnerable to psychiatric comorbidities. However, population surveys have yielded disparate findings. We used data from the French Mental Health in the General Population survey to investigate gender-related risks of psychiatric comorbidities associated with AUD. A cross-sectional survey based on face-to-face interviews, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, was conducted among 38,717 subjects. Logistic regression models were used to assess risks of psychiatric comorbidities associated with AUD. After adjustment for socio-demographics and other psychiatric disorders, both women and men with AUD were at higher risk of comorbid depressive disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-3.4 in women, and OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.7-2.4 in men), bipolar I disorder (2.5; 1.4-4.4 in women vs. 2.6; 1.9-3.4 in men), and psychotic disorder (1.6; 1.01-2.5 in women vs. 1.8; 1.4-2.3 in men). Women with AUD exhibited an increased risk of comorbid panic disorder (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.2) while the increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significant in men only (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6-4.2). The increased risk of comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) was more elevated in women, compared to men (12.9; 8.1-18.1 vs. 4.8; 4.0-5.8 in men). Most of psychiatric conditions were over-represented in both women and men with AUD, relative to controls. Gender-specific findings were that women with AUD had an increased risk of comorbid SUD or panic disorder, while men had a significantly higher risk of comorbid PTSD.
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Alcoolismo , Transtornos Mentais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Saúde Mental , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: Caring for a relative with a severe mental disorder (SMD) is associated with high levels of burden and poor physical and mental health. There is a dire need for family psychoeducational programs that can be provided as early as possible. This manuscript describes the pilot testing of "Leo" a motivational-based psychoeducational program for caregivers of individuals with a SMD. The Leo program aims to provide caregivers with skills to best support their relative and to adopt self-care behaviors. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of caregivers who enrolled in a short, multi-family, skill-based psychoeducational program, consisting of eight 3-hour sessions over 8 weeks. Outcomes of interest included: i) adherence to the program, ii) satisfaction and perceived usefulness, and iii) pre-post changes in self-reported levels of depression (CES-D), burden (ZBI), and skills (10 Likert-scaled items). A network analysis was used to investigate the relationships between pre-post changes in self-evaluated skills and pre-post changes in burden and depression levels. Results: Over the 91 enrolled participants, 87 (95.6%) completed the program attending at least 5/8 sessions, 80.5% attending all sessions. Seventy-six caregivers fulfilled the questionnaires at baseline and after the program, and were included in the analysis. Although there was no evidence for significant change in self-reported depression levels (Cohen's d=0.19, p=0.210), burden scores and all evaluated skills were improved post-intervention, with medium to strong effect size (Cohen's ds from 0.47 to 0.87; p<0.001). Network output indicated that increased self-evaluated competence in 5 skills were associated with a global improvement in caregivers' burden and/or depression scores. Post-intervention, 89.7% of caregivers were "very satisfied" and 82.1% found the program "extremely useful". Conclusion: This pilot retrospective study shows high levels of satisfaction, perceived usefulness, and adherence to "Leo", a short, multi-family, skill-based psychoeducational program with promising results in improving caregivers' burden, self-evaluated competence in coping with caregiving demands and in self-care behaviors. This study provides preliminary insights into the mechanisms by which family psychoeducation might alleviate burden of care. A larger-scaled, controlled, randomized study with follow-up assessments is warranted to determine how burden, depression, and skills, as well as their inter-relationships, evolve over time.
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Introduction: Lower cognitive functioning in old age has been associated with personality traits or systemic inflammatory markers. Associations have also been found between personality traits and inflammatory markers. However, no study has explored the inter-relationships between these three components simultaneously. The present study aims to better understand the inter-relationships among personality traits, inflammatory markers, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals without dementia. Methods: This study utilizes a network analysis approach, a statistical method that allows visualization of the data's unique pairwise associations. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 720 elderly individuals without dementia, using data from Colaus|PsyColaus, a population-based study conducted in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Revised NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI-R) was used to assess personality traits, and interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as peripheral inflammatory markers. Cognitive domains were investigated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Verbal Fluency Test, the Stroop Test, the DO40, and the Free and Cued Selective Reminding (FCSR) test. Results: Openness was associated with verbal fluency and Agreeableness with immediate free recall. In contrast, no association between inflammatory markers and personality traits or cognition was identified. Discussion: In elderly individuals without dementia, a high level of Openness or Agreeableness was associated with executive functioning/semantic memory and episodic memory, respectively.
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Wheel-running exercise in laboratory rodents (animal model useful to study the neurobiology of aerobic exercise) decreases behavioural markers of vulnerability to addictive properties of various drugs of abuse including cocaine. However, neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this protective effect are far from fully characterized. Here, 28-day-old female C57BL/6J mice were housed with (n = 48) or without (n = 48) a running wheel for 6 weeks before being tested for acute locomotor responsiveness and initiation of locomotor sensitization to intraperitoneal injections of 8â mg/kg cocaine. The long-term expression of sensitization took place 3 weeks after the last session. On the day after, all mice underwent a micro-PET imaging session with [18F]fallypride radiotracer (dopamine 2/3 receptors antagonist). Exercised mice were less sensitive to acute and sensitized cocaine hyperlocomotor effects, such attenuation being particularly well marked for long-term expression of sensitization (η 2 P = 0.262). Chronic administration of cocaine was associated with a clear-cut increase of [18F]fallypride binding potential in mouse striatum (η 2 P = 0.170) while wheel-running exercise was associated with a moderate decrease in dopamine 2/3 receptors density in striatum (η 2 P = 0.075), a mechanism that might contribute to protective properties of exercise against drugs of abuse vulnerability.
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Wheel-running in rodents can mitigate addiction-related effects of drugs of abuse like cocaine. However, conditioned place preference (CPP) experiments have reported conflicting results, a situation warranting further studies. Our purpose was to test whether wheel-running exercise during adolescence could impact the formation and long-term retention of CPP to cocaine in mice. Male C57BL/6 J mice were individually housed either with (n = 32) or without (n = 32) a running wheel from the age of 35 days. Behavioral testing began 3 weeks after such housing, mice underwent a baseline session followed by 10 once-daily conditioning sessions receiving peritoneal injections of 10 mg/kg cocaine and saline on alternate days (n = 16), control mice receiving saline every day (n = 16). One and 21 days after the last conditioning session, they were tested for CPP. Both groups exhibited comparable well-marked cocaine-induced CPP in both post-conditioning tests resulting in a negligible interaction between housing and the pharmacological treatment (η²p < 0.01). These results, along with the discrepancy found in the literature, question the nature (and the robustness) of the effects that exercise induces on CPP to cocaine.
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Cocaína/administração & dosagem , Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia , Extinção Psicológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Clássico/efeitos dos fármacos , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Captação de Dopamina/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
While animal research has consistently reported preventive effects of exercise against drug abuse vulnerability, little is known about the influence of the developmental stage during which exercise is displayed on addictive drugs responsiveness. This study aimed to determine whether prenatal exercise could attenuate acute cocaine reactivity and psychomotor sensitization in youth offspring. We used a split-plot factorial design where C57BL/6 J females were randomly assigned into sedentary or exercised (wheel-running) conditions before and during gestation, the wheels being removed on gestational day 18. Offspring were weaned, gendered and individually housed on 24-28 days old. At 38-42 days old, they were tested for their acute psychomotor responsiveness to 8 mg/kg cocaine and their initiation of sensitization over 8 additional once-daily administrations, the long-term expression of sensitization occurring 30 days later. Adolescent females born from exercised mothers were much less responsive to the acute psychomotor-stimulating effect of cocaine than those born from sedentary mothers (d = 0.75, p = 0.02), whereas there was no evidence for such a difference in males (d = 0.34, p = 0.17). However, we did not find sizeable attenuating effects of prenatal exercise on the initiation and the long-term expression of the psychomotor-activating effect of cocaine, in either sex (Cohen's ds varying from -0.13 to 0.39). These results suggest that prenatal exercise may induce initial protection against cocaine responsiveness in youth females, a finding that warrants further research.
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Cocaína/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cocaína/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Captação de Dopamina/farmacologia , Extinção Psicológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Gravidez/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez/fisiologia , Corrida/fisiologiaRESUMO
Rodents housed with a running wheel can exhibit attenuated cocaine seeking and cocaine-induced psychomotor activation. However, the longevity of such a protection and the influence of the developmental stage during which exercise is displayed received little attention. Here, females and males C57BL/6J mice, aged 28 (adolescents) or 77 (adults) days were housed with (nâ¯=â¯56) or without (nâ¯=â¯28) a running wheel. After 3 weeks in these conditions, half of the exercised mice were deprived of their wheel (nâ¯=â¯28) whereas the other half and the sedentary mice were kept in their respective environments. After 3 additional weeks, mice were tested for initiation of psychomotor sensitization to 9 once-daily intraperitoneal injections of 8â¯mg/kg cocaine (following 2 drug-free sessions). The expression of sensitization was assessed on a single session 30 days after the last cocaine injection. Continuously exercised mice (wheel throughout experimentation) were less responsive to the initiation and the expression of cocaine effects, regardless of the gender and the developmental period during which exercise was introduced. A 3-week regimen of wheel-running exercise during adolescence (from 28 to 50 days of age) attenuated in later life the initiation and the expression of sensitization in females and its expression in males. In contrast, females and males previously exercised as adults (from 77 to 99 days of age) and their corresponding sedentary counterparts exhibited indiscernible levels of initiation and expression of sensitization. These results suggest that early-life period such as adolescence may be particularly sensitive to the long-term protection of exercise against cocaine vulnerability.