Incidental findings on prostate MRI: a close look at the field of view in this anatomical region.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used as an advanced imaging modality to detect prostate cancer and indicate suspicious areas to guide biopsy procedures. The increasing number of prostate examinations with MRI has provided an opportunity to detect incidental lesions, and some might be very significant to elucidate patient symptoms or occult neoplastic process in the early stages. These incidental lesions might be located in the prostate gland, adjacent tissues, or organs around the prostate gland or out of the genitourinary system. The field of view of prostate MRI includes not only the prostate gland but also other critical pelvic organs in this specific anatomical region. Some of these incidental lesions might cause the same symptoms as prostate cancer and might explain the symptoms of the patient, and some might indicate early cancer stages located outside the prostate. Reporting these lesions might be life-saving by initiating early disease treatment. Awareness of the predicted locations of congenital anomalies would also be beneficial for the radiologists to mention these incidental findings.

Low-Dose Noncontrast Examination of the Paranasal Sinuses Using Volumetric Computed Tomography.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate image quality of low dose in noncontrast paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) using single volumetric 320-row multidetector CT technique. METHODS: The low-dose protocol including tube voltage of 135 kV and tube current of 5 mAs was chosen based on results of the present phantom study. Forty-six patients were assigned to control group with factory standard settings (120 kVp, 75 mAs), and 46 patients were assigned to study group and underwent noncontrast CT of paranasal sinus with low-dose protocol using single volumetric 320-row multidetector CT device. Objective and subjective image qualities were performed. RESULTS: Effective radiation dose calculated for control group scans was 0.45 (SD, 0.39) mSv. It was 0.038 (SD, 0.004) mSv for study group scans. The effective radiation dose of study group was statistically significant lower than control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Noncontrast paranasal sinus CT imaging can be performed at very low radiation exposure maintaining high image quality with 135 kVp and 5 mAs.

Assessment of posterior accessory great saphenous vein of the leg using ultrasonography: a preliminary study.

PURPOSE: To assess the frequency and anatomic distributions of the posterior accessory great saphenous vein of the leg (PAGSVL) and its insufficiency rate using ultrasonography (US) in patients who presented with clinical, etiologic, anatomic, and pathophysiologic (CEAP) scores of 1 and above. METHODS: A prospective US study on 200 limbs of 100 consecutive patients with CEAP scores of 1 and above. RESULTS: Right PAGSVL was seen in 45 % (45 cases), whereas left PAGSVL was seen in 54 % (54 cases) of the patients [49.5 % (99 limbs) in total] (p < 0.05). PAGSVL insufficiency was present in 6 % (6 cases) of the patients [6 limbs in total (6.06 %)]. The type of PAGSVL joining to the great saphenous vein (GSV) was above the knee level in 4 % (4 limbs), at the knee level in 14 % (14 limbs), and below the knee level in 74 % of patients (74 limbs). The relationship between posterior tibial perforators and PAGSVL was seen in 3.03 % of cases (3 limbs). There was no statistically significant relationship between PAGSVL insufficiency and the presence of posterior tibial perforators (p = 0.55) or between the presence of PAGSVL and the GSV insufficiency. CONCLUSION: PAGSVL was seen in half of the limbs with CEAP scores of 1 and above. The frequency of PAGSVL was more common in the left limbs than the right limbs. There was no statistically significant relationship between the presence of PAGSVL, GSV insufficiency, and different CEAP scores. The PAGSVL often joined to the GVS below the knee, but could also join above the knee.

Extra-articular contrast material leaks into locations unrelated to the injection path in shoulder MR arthrography.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the localisation, frequency and amount of extravasation in patients with extra-articular contrast material leak into locations unrelated to the injection path in shoulder magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography and associated shoulder disorders. METHODS: The sites of extravasation were determined on the shoulder MR arthrography of 40 patients. The extravasations were measured on three vertical planes of the MR arthrography. Sufficient joint distension was assessed according to the transverse diameters of the axillary recess on coronal MR images. RESULTS: Extravasation of the contrast material occurred through the subscapular recess, the synovium of the biceps, and the axillary recess. In four cases, extravasations were observed in more than one anatomic location. The most common site of extravasation was along the subscapularis muscle. Superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions were found to be most frequently associated with extravasations. The amount of extravasation was significantly higher in patients with adhesive capsulitis compared with the patients with a different diagnosis (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The extravasations adjacent to the axillary recess do not always indicate glenohumeral ligament pathology. Massive subscapular extravasations were most frequently associated with adhesive capsulitis and SLAP lesions, and might be considered in the MR arthrography report. KEY POINTS: • Contrast material extravasation may reduce the diagnostic value of shoulder MR arthrography. • The extravasations may occur into locations unrelated to the injection path. • The extravasations adjacent to axillary recess can be misleading for HAGL lesion. • Massive subscapular extravasations were frequently associated with adhesive capsulitis and SLAP lesions.

AuNPs with Cynara scolymus leaf extracts rescue arsenic-induced neurobehavioral deficits and hippocampal tissue toxicity in Balb/c mice through D1R and D2R activation.

The present study was designed to evaluate whether AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) synthesized with the Cynara scolymus (CS) leaf exert protective and/or alleviative effects on arsenic (As)-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity in mice. Neurotoxicity in mice was developed by orally treating 10 mg/kg/day sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) for 21 days. 10 µg/g AuNPs, 1.6 g/kg CS, and 10 µg/g CS-AuNPs were administered orally simultaneously with 10 mg/kg As. CS and CS-AuNPs treatments showed down-regulation of TNF-α and IL-1ß levels. CS and CS-AuNPs also ameliorated apoptosis and reduced the alterations in the expression levels of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors induced by As. Simultaneous treatment with CS and CS-AuNPs improved As-induced learning, memory deficits, and motor coordination in mice assessed by water maze and locomotor tests, respectively. The results of this study provide evidence that CS-AuNPs demonstrated neuroprotective roles with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as improving D1 and D2 signaling, and eventually reversed neurobehavioral impairments.

Virtual non-enhanced dual-energy computed tomography reconstruction: a candidate to replace true non-enhanced computed tomography scans in the setting of suspected liver alveolar echinococcosis.

PURPOSE: When a suspected hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) lesion is detected on a contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, an additional triphasic or non-enhanced CT scan is required to determine the presence of calcification and enhancement. As a result, imaging costs and exposure to ionizing radiation will increase. We can create a non-enhanced series from routine contrast-enhanced images using dual-energy CT (DECT) and virtual non-enhanced (VNE) images. This study's objective is to assess virtual non-enhanced DECT reconstruction as a potential diagnostic tool for hepatic AE. METHODS: Triphasic CT scans and a routine dual energy venous phase were acquired using a third-generation DECT system. A commercially available software package was used to generate VNE images. Individual evaluations were conducted by two radiologists. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 100 patients (30 AE, 70 other solid liver masses). All AE cases were diagnosed [no false positives/negatives, 95% confidence interval (CI) sensitivity: 91.3%-100%; 95% CI specificity: 95.3%-100%]. Interrater agreement was k: 0.79. In total, 33 (33.00%) of the patients had AE, which was detected using both true non-enhanced (TNE) and VNE images. The mean dose-length product of a standard triphasic CT was significantly higher than biphasic dual-energy VNE images. CONCLUSION: In terms of diagnostic confidence, VNE images are comparable with actual non-enhanced imaging when evaluating hepatic AE. Further, VNE images could replace TNE images with a substantial radiation dose reduction. Advances in knowledge: hepatic cystic echinococcosis and AE are serious and severe diseases with high fatality rates and a poor prognosis if managed incorrectly, especially AE. Moreover, VNE images produce equal diagnostic confidence to TNE images for assessing liver AE, with a significant reduction in radiation dose.

Percutaneous management in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: A sum of single center experiences and a brief overview of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a serious zoonotic infection that affects humans. It may have a tumor-like appearance at times. Percutaneous treatment of HAE patients is extremely relaxing for them. HAE is a significant human zoonotic infection caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus Multilocularis larvae. It possesses the characteristics of an invasive tumor-like lesion due to its infiltrative growth pattern and protracted incubation period. The disease is endemic over central Europe, Asia, and North America. AIM: To characterize HAE patients who were treated percutaneously, their outcomes, and the major technical features of percutaneous treatment in HAE. METHODS: Patients who were treated with percutaneous cyst drainage and/or percutaneous biliary drainage were included in the study. Uncorrected abnormal coagulation values and solid or non-infected HAE with minor necrotic change were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients underwent percutaneous cyst drainage, two patients underwent percutaneous biliary drainage, and four patients underwent percutaneous biliary drainage alone. Interventional radiology is utilized to drain echinococcal necrosis and abscesses within/without the liver, as well as diseased and clogged bile ducts. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous drainage of cyst contents and/or biliary channels using a minimally invasive technique is a very beneficial. Percutaneous cyst drainage with albendazole therapy improves quality of life in patients who are unable to undergo surgery, even when the mass resolves with long-term treatment.

Quadruple-Rule-Out Computed Tomography Angiography (QRO-CT): A Novel Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Technique for the Diagnostic Work-Up of Acute Chest Pain.

BACKGROUND: Computerized tomography (CT) has been increasingly utilized in the differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. Combining the triple rule out CT angiography (TRO-CT) approach with dual-energy CT (DECT) can enhance the diagnostic capability by identifying myocardial perfusion deficiencies. This combination can yield a quadruple-rule-out computed tomography angiography (QRO-CT) technique. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of the QRO-CT. METHODS: Intraluminal diseases and abnormalities in the main coronary arteries and branches were investigated. The myocardial dark spots on the color-coded iodine map were identified as perfusion deficiencies. Pulmonary arteries and aorta were also evaluated. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 211 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of QRO-CT for pulmonary embolism were 93.5%, 100%, 100%, and 95.3%, respectively. For obstructive coronary artery disease, the values were 96.1%, 93.4%, 89.2%, and 97.7%, respectively. For myocarditis, the values were 69.2%, 100%, 100%, and 93.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: the QRO-CT method may successfully evaluate myocardial perfusion deficits, hence expanding the differential diagnosis capabilities of the standard TRO-CT method for myocarditis. It can provide useful information on myocardial perfusion, which may influence the choice to perform invasive catheterization in cases of coronary artery obstruction.

Evaluation of abdominal computed tomography findings in patients with COVID-19: a multicenter study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency of abdominal computed tomography (CT) findings in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and interrogate the relationship between abdominal CT findings and patient demographic features, clinical findings, and laboratory test results as well as the CT atherosclerosis score in the abdominal aorta. METHODS: This study was designed as a multicenter retrospective study. The abdominal CT findings of 1.181 patients with positive abdominal symptoms from 26 tertiary medical centers with a positive polymerase chain-reaction test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were reviewed. The frequency of ischemic and non-ischemic CT findings as well as the association between CT findings, clinical features, and abdominal aortic calcific atherosclerosis score (AA-CAS) were recorded. RESULTS: Ischemic and non-ischemic abdominal CT findings were detected in 240 (20.3%) and 328 (27.7%) patients, respectively. In 147 patients (12.4%), intra-abdominal malignancy was present. The most frequent ischemic abdominal CT findings were bowel wall thickening (n = 120; 10.2%) and perivascular infiltration (n = 40; 3.4%). As for non-ischemic findings, colitis (n = 91; 7.7%) and small bowel inflammation (n = 73; 6.2%) constituted the most frequent disease processes. The duration of hospital stay was found to be higher in patients with abdominal CT findings than in patients without any positive findings (13.8 ± 13 vs. 10.4 ± 12.8 days, P < 0.001). The frequency of abdominal CT findings was significantly higher in patients who did not survive the infection than in patients who were discharged after recovery (41.7% vs. 27.4%, P < 0.001). Increased AA-CAS was found to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic conditions in abdominal CT examinations. CONCLUSION: Abdominal symptoms in patients with COVID-19 are usually associated with positive CT findings. The presence of ischemic findings on CT correlates with poor COVID-19 outcomes. A high AA-CAS is associated with abdominal ischemic findings in patients with COVID-19.

Diagnostic efficiency of multidetector computed tomography with multiplanar reformatted imaging and virtual cystoscopy in the assessment of bladder tumors after transurethral resection.

PURPOSE: In the assessment of recurrent bladder tumors, diagnostic efficiency of virtual cystoscopy carried out by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was investigated and compared with the criterion standard of conventional cystoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients between 39 and 83 years who had undergone transurethral resection because of bladder tumors were assessed using virtual and conventional cystoscopy. Virtual cystoscopy was performed using a 16-MDCT (Aquilion, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) in the supine and prone positions. After axial scanning, the 2-dimensional axial images were assessed, followed by coronal and sagittal multiplanar reconstruction of the images. In addition, virtual cystoscopy and cystographic investigations were performed using software in which volume-rendering technical algorithms shaded the surface display. In the images obtained, the existence and localization of lesions, morphological features, environment invasions, involvement of lymph nodes, and, if any, metastases of abdomen were assessed. RESULTS: For bladder pathologies, the sensitivity and specificity of CT cystography coupled with virtual cystoscopy were 91% and 92%, respectively. The percentage of correct diagnoses using CT cystography was 92%. In addition to bladder pathologies, we investigated liver metastases, kidney cysts, fluid in abdomen, and lymphadenopathies. CONCLUSIONS: Using MDCT with virtual cystoscopy to assess primary bladder tumors and, in particular, to determine tumor recurrence after transurethral resection is a minimally invasive method that can be used in the long-term follow-up care of patients.

The comparison of direct magnetic resonance arthrography with volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination sequence and multidetector computed tomography arthrography techniques in detection of talar osteochondral lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare additive diagnostic values of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography with volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequence and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) arthrography for diagnosis and grading of talar osteochondral lesions. METHODS: MDCT arthrography and MR arthrography with three dimensional VIBE sequence were performed in 27 patients. Findings of MR arthrography and MDCT arthrography images were compared with arthroscopic findings. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates were calculated for both MR arthrography and MDCT arthrography imaging findings. RESULTS: For grade I osteochondral lesions; sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of MR arthrography were 95%, 73%, 90%, respectively; For grade I osteochondral lesions; sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of MDCT arthrography were 96%, 79%, 81%. For grade IV osteochondral lesions; sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of MDCT arthrography and MR arthrography were 100%. For grade II lesions, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of the MR arthrography were 80%, 76%, 77%, respectively; for grade III lesions, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of the MR arthrography were 78%, 68%, 75%. For grade II osteochondral lesions; the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of the MDCT arthrography were 91%, 81%, 86%; for grade III osteochondral lesions; the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates of the MDCT arthrography were 90%, 83%, 89%; For grade II and III osteochondral lesions, MDCT arthrography had higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates than MR arthrography. MDCT arthrography had higher diagnostic performance than MR arthrography for detection of grade II and III lesions (p = 0.041 and p = 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSION: MDCT arthrography appears to be more reliable than MR arthrography with three dimensional VIBE sequence for accurate detection and grading of osteochondral lesions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Diagnostic Study.

Brachial Artery Vasospasm Caused by Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglion Degeneration After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Experimental Study.

PURPOSE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may lead to vasospasm in various vessels. The cervical nerves have a vasodilatory effect on the upper extremity arteries. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between C6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) degeneration and brachial artery (BA) vasospasm after spinal SAH. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted on 23 rabbits. The animals were divided into 3 groups: control (n = 5), SHAM (n = 5), and study group (n = 13). One cubic centimeter (cc) of serum saline was injected into the cisterna magna of animals of the SHAM group; the same procedure was performed by 1 cc of homologous blood in the study group. Degenerated neuron densities (DNDs) of DRGs (n/mm3) at C6 levels and BA vasospasm indexes (VSI; wall surface/lumen surface) of all animals were determined and results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Mean VSI values of BAs and DNDs of C6DRGs of the control, SHAM, and study groups were estimated as 10 ± 3/1.12 ± 0.11 n/mm3, 34 ± 9/1.27 ± 0.24 n/mm3, and 1031 ± 145/2.93 ± 0.78 n/mm3, respectively. Mean DNDs and VSI values were statistically significantly different between the control and study groups (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: C6DRG degeneration may be considered as an important factor in the etiopathogenesis of severe BA vasospasm after SAH.

Predictive Role of the Cervical Sympathetic Trunk Ischemia on Lower Heart Rates in an Experimentally Induced Stenoocclusive Carotid Artery Model by Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation.

Bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL) leads to acute craniocervicocerebral ischemia, retrograde blood flow, increased blood pressure, and significant hemodynamic and histomorphological changes at the posterior cerebral vasculature. We examined the potential relationship between denervation injury following BCCAL-induced cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) ischemia and heart rate after permanent BCCAL. Rabbits (n = 25) were randomly divided into three groups: an unoperated control group (GI, n = 6); a sham-operated control group (GII, n = 6), and an experimental group subjected to BCCAL (GIII, n = 13); and then followed for one month. All animals were then sacrificed and the stellate ganglia (STGs) were examined histologically using stereological methods. The densities of degenerated neurons in the STGs were compared with heart rates and the results were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The mean normal neuron density in STGs was 10.340 ± 954/mm3 and the degenerated neuron density was 12 ± 3/mm3 in the GI group (p > 0.5). The mean heart rates and degenerated neuron densities of STGs were recorded as 267 ± 19/min and 237 ± 45/mm3 in GII (p < 0.005 for GII vs. GI); and 190 ± 11/min 1421 ± 230/mm3 in GIII (p < 0.0001 for GIII vs. GI and p < 0.005 for GIII vs. GII). An inverse and meaningful association was observed between the heart rate and degenerated neuronal density in the STGs. BCCAL may lead to hazardous histomorphological changes in the CST. A high density of degenerated neurons in the STG may provoke excessive sympathetic hypoactivity-related cardiac damage and bradyarrhythmias after stenoocclusive carotid artery diseases.

Comparison of Ultrasonography and Low-Dose Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Urolithiasis in the Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare ultrasonography (US) and low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for diagnosing pediatric urolithiasis in the emergency department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by our institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was waived. From March 2016 to March 2017, 100 consecutive patients met the selection criteria and were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly selected in a 1:1 ratio and were allocated to one of the following two imaging groups: US or abdominal LDCT. LDCT examinations were performed using a 320-detector row CT. Radiation dose analysis was performed using Radimetrics. US examinations were performed using the Aplio 500 ultrasound system. The presence of urolithiasis, anatomical location of urolithiasis, and measurements of renal stones were evaluated and recorded. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between US and standard-dose CT (SDCT) with respect to the diagnosis of urolithiasis, anatomical location of urolithiasis, and measurements of renal stones (p<0.001, p=0.005, and p=0.03, respectively). The mean effective radiation dose of LDCT was 1.44±0.34 mSv and that of SDCT was calculated to be 4.36±1.33 mSv. There was no statistically significant difference between LDCT and SDCT with regard to the diagnosis of urolithiasis, anatomical location of urolithiasis and measurements of renal stones (p=1 for all). The diagnostic accuracy of US and LDCT was 0.68 and 1.0, respectively. CONCLUSION: Low-dose computed tomography had 1/3 SDCT radiation dose, and LDCT and SDCT accurately diagnosed pediatric urolithiasis in the emergency department. US had a lower accuracy than SDCT and LDCT for diagnosing pediatric urolithiasis in the emergency department. LDCT can be an alternative for SDCT for diagnosing pediatric urolithiasis.

Predictive Role of External Carotid Artery Vasospasm on Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Experimental Study.

AIM: Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may lead to a devastating neurological outcome by inducing cerebral ischemia. However the role of external carotid artery (ECA) vasospasm has been rarely reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of ECA vasospasm on cerebral ischemia related neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex after SAH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was performed on 23 rabbits, divided into three groups: control (n=5), sham (n=5), and SAH (n=13). Experimental SAH was performed by injecting 0.75 mL auricular arterial homologous blood into the cisterna magna. After three weeks, the animals were decapitated and the common carotid arteries with their external and internal branches and the brains were examined histopathologically. Vasospasm indexes (VSI) of ECAs and internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and degenerated glial cell numbers of temporal cortices (n/mm3) were estimated stereologically and the results were compared statistically. RESULTS: Temporal cortex glial cell density was estimated as 136.950±9.257/mm3 in normal rabbits, 131.324±7.987/mm3 in sham, 112.320±6.112/mm3 in light, and 97.543±5.432/mm3 in severe ECA vasospasm. The mean VSI values of ECA of all groups were 1.95±0.21, 2.15±0.29, 2.95±0.65 and 3.12±0.276, respectively. Statistical differences between the VSI values of ECA and degenerated neuron densities in temporal cortices were significant (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: ECA vasospasm was observed to have a more important predictive role on the serious cerebral ischemia and neuronal degeneration after SAH. The mechanism may be related to ischemia of the parasympathetic ganglia of the lower cranial nerves and dorsal root ganglion.

How Can New Imaging Modalities Help in the Practice of Radiology?

The purpose of this article was to provide an up-to-date review on the spectrum of new imaging applications in the practice of radiology. New imaging techniques have been developed with the objective of obtaining structural and functional analyses of different body systems. Recently, new imaging modalities have aroused the interest of many researchers who are studying the applicability of these modalities in the evaluation of different organs and diseases. In this review article, we present the efficiency and utilization of current imaging modalities in daily radiological practice.

How can we reduce the pain associated with FNA biopsy? Comparison of parallel and perpendicular method.

PURPOSE: To assess the tolerability of two different biopsy methods for thyroid nodules in a patient with nodular thyroid disease (NTD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 58 consecutive patients who had NTD from June 2014 to October 2015. Each patient had, at least, two thyroid nodules were located in two lobes. Parallel and perpendicular fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) were performed. RESULTS: The mean maximum diameters of the assessed thyroid nodules using ultrasound (US) in parallel and perpendicular techniques were 23 ± 7 and 22 ± 6 mm, respectively. Nodule sizes were not significantly different (p > 0.05). For the parallel and perpendicular techniques, the mean numeric rating scale (NRS), verbal rating scale (VRS), and visual analog scale (VAS) values were 3.6 ± 1.9, 2.6 ± 1.1, and 17.2 ± 13 with 6.6 ± 1.7, 3.4 ± 0.5, and 37.8 ± 18, respectively. All these values were statistically significant (p < 0.001); there were no statistical differences between females and males in terms of three pain scales (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients experienced significantly less pain when undergoing FNA of NTD using the parallel technique as opposed to the perpendicular technique. Therefore, we believe that FNA using parallel technique is preferable for NTD patients.

Leptomeningeal Dissemination of Intraventricular Rhabdoid Meningioma: Imaging Findings.

A 20-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with a 1-year history of headache. The patient's systemic-neurological examination and laboratory findings were normal. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Imaging findings showed calcified intraventricular mass and subependymal and gyral nodular lesions. There was a slight increase in ventricular volume. Surgical treatment was performed. Pathological specimens revealed the diagnosis of rhabdoid meningioma. Leptomeningeal dissemination refers to diffuse seeding of the leptomeninges by tumor metastases. To our knowledge, leptomeningeal dissemination of intraventricular rhabdoid meningioma is very rare in the literature. We aimed to discuss imaging findings and differential diagnosis of leptomeningeal dissemination of rhabdoid meningioma.