[Regulation of androgen on singing behavior and song control system of songbirds].

Androgen plays an important role in singing of songbirds. Recent studies have shown that androgen levels in vivo not only affect the external morphology of songbirds, but also affect their singing behavior. Androgens (including derivatives) affect singing behavior and singing system in many ways. Based mainly on the results from our research group in the zebra finch, this review summarizes the effects of androgen on singing behavior, excitability and synaptic transmission of projection neurons of singing system, and the interaction of androgen with other neurotransmitter receptors in the brain of songbirds.

Inhibition of microRNA-129-5p expression ameliorates ultraviolet ray-induced corneal epithelial cell injury via upregulation of EGFR.

Existing evidence has highlighted the effect of ultraviolet light radiation leading to corneal epithelium impairment. During this study, we aim to investigate the effect of microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p) on the wound healing process of corneal epithelial cells (CECs) induced by ultraviolet rays in mice by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). First, mouse models of ultraviolet ray-induced CEC injury were established and intrastromally injected with different mimic, inhibitor, and short interfering RNA (siRNA) to detect the effect of miR-129-5p on CEC injury. Subsequently, the corneal tissues were obtained to detect the antioxidant ability and EGFR-positive expression rate. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to test whether EGFR could directly target miR-129-5p. To further investigate the specific mechanism of miR-129-5p and EGFR in CEC injury, CECs were cultured and transfected with miR-129-5p mimic, miR-129-5p inhibitor, siRNA-EGFR, and miR-129-5p inhibitor + siRNA-EGFR. miR-129-5p has been proven to directly target EGFR. Inhibition of miR-129-5p is able to increase the antioxidant capacity, EGFR-positive rate and the expressions of EGFR, B-cell lymphoma-2, zonula occluden-1, occludin, and keratinocyte growth factor-2, but decrease the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, BCL2-associated X protein, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-4. Inhibition of miR-129-5p arrests cells at the S and G2 phases and decreases apoptosis. Our study provides evidence stating that inhibiting miR-129-5p and upregulating EGFR could aid in the repair of mice CEC injury induced by ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, inhibition of miR-129-5p might provide a basic theory in the repair of CEC injury caused by ultraviolet rays.

Mesoporous g-C3N4 Nanosheets: Synthesis, Superior Adsorption Capacity and Photocatalytic Activity.

Elimination of pollutants from water is one of the greatest challenges in resolving global environmental issues. Herein, we report a high-surface-area mesoporous g-C3N4 nanosheet with remarkable high adsorption capacity and photocatalytic performance, which is prepared through directly polycondensation of urea followed by a consecutive one-step thermal exfoliation strategy. This one-pot method to prepare mesoporous g-C3N4 nanosheet is facile and rapid in comparison with others. The superior adsorption capacity of the fabricated mesoporous g-C3N4 nanostructures is demonstrated by a model organic pollutant-methylene blue (MB), which is up to 72.2 mg/g, about 6 times as that of the largest value of various g-C3N4 adsorbents reported so far. Moreover, this kind of porous g-C3N4 nanosheet exhibits high photocatalytic activity to MB and phenol degradation. Particularly, the regenerated samples show excellent performance of pollutant removal after consecutive adsorption/degradation cycles. Therefore, this mesoporous g-C3N4 nanosheet may be an attractive robust metal-free material with great promise for organic pollutant elimination.

[Effects of androgens on the long-term depression of HVC-RA pathway in adult male zebra finches].

Androgens can affect the singing behavior via regulating the song control system. In the present study, the effect of androgen on the synaptic plasticity of high vocal center (HVC)-robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) pathway was investigated through electrophysiological recording in vivo. We divided the adult male zebra finches into control, castration and castration plus testosterone implantation groups. The changes of long-term depression (LTD) and the paired-pulse facilitation in HVC-RA pathway induced by high-frequency (400 Hz, 2 s) stimulation of HVC were recorded, respectively. The results showed that high-frequency stimulation could effectively induce LTD in control group, but only evoke short-term depression in the castration group. In castration plus testosterone implantation group, LTD was restored. The paired-pulse facilitation was not obvious in the castration group, whereas it was significantly improved in the control and castration plus testosterone implantation groups. These results suggest that androgens may maintain the stability of song by influencing the level of LTD in HVC-RA pathway in adult male zebra finches, and androgens can affect the short-term synaptic plasticity of HVC-RA pathway.

Carbachol-Induced Reduction in the Activity of Adult Male Zebra Finch RA Projection Neurons.

Cholinergic mechanism is involved in motor behavior. In songbirds, the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) is a song premotor nucleus in the pallium and receives cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain. The activity of projection neurons in RA determines song motor behavior. Although many evidences suggest that cholinergic system is implicated in song production, the cholinergic modulation of RA is not clear until now. In the present study, the electrophysiological effects of carbachol, a nonselective cholinergic receptor agonist, were investigated on the RA projection neurons of adult male zebra finches through whole-cell patch-clamp techniques in vitro. Our results show that carbachol produced a significant decrease in the spontaneous and evoked action potential (AP) firing frequency of RA projection neurons, accompanying a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, an increase in the evoked AP latency, afterhyperpolarization (AHP) peak amplitude, and AHP time to peak, and a decrease in the membrane input resistance, membrane time constant, and membrane capacitance. These results indicate that carbachol reduces the activity of RA projection neurons by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential and increasing the AHP and the membrane conductance, suggesting that the cholinergic modulation of RA may play an important role in song production.

Influence of hypocalcemia on the prognosis of patients with multiple trauma.

BACKGROUND: Hypocalcemia is highly common in hospitalized patients, especially in those with trauma, On the other hand, abnormal calcium metabolism is an important metabolic challenge; however, it is often neglected and untreated, and certain factors may induce serious neurological and cardiovascular complications. AIM: To retrospectively analyze the impact of hypocalcemia on the prognosis of patients with multiple traumas. METHODS: The study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021. Ninety-nine patients with multiple injuries were treated at the critical care medicine department of Fuyang People's Hospital. The selected indicators included sex, age, and blood calcium and hematocrit levels. Many indicators were observed, including within 24 h of hospitalization, and the prognosis was collected after 28 d. Based on the blood calcium levels, the patients were divided into the following two groups: Normocalcemia and hypocalcemia. Of the 99 patients included, 81 had normocalcemia, and 18 had hypocalcemia. Separate experiments were conducted for these two groups. RESULTS: There was an association between serum calcium levels and the prognosis of patients with polytrauma. CONCLUSION: Clinically, the prognosis of patients with multiple traumas can be preliminarily evaluated based on serum calcium levels.

The effect on income of providing near vision correction to workers in Bangladesh: The THRIVE (Tradespeople and Hand-workers Rural Initiative for a Vision-enhanced Economy) randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Presbyopia, the leading cause of vision impairment globally, is common during working years. However, no trials have assessed presbyopia's impact on income. METHODS: In April 2017, we conducted a census among 59 Bangladesh villages to identify persons aged 35 to 65 years with presbyopia (presenting distance vision > = 6/12 bilaterally and correctable inability to see 6/13 at 40 cm with both eyes), who never had owned glasses. Participants were randomized (1:1) to receive immediate free reading glasses (intervention) or glasses delivered 8 months later (control). Visual demand of different jobs was stratified into three levels. Outcomes were between-group differences in the 8 month change in: self-reported monthly income (primary) and Near Vision Related Quality of Life (NVRQOL, secondary). RESULTS: Among 10,884 census participants, 3,655 (33.6%) met vision criteria and 863 (23.6%) comprised a sample enriched for near vision-intensive jobs, but 39 (4.52%) could not be reached. All participants allocated to intervention (n = 423, 51.3%) and control (n = 401, 48.7%) received the appropriate intervention, and follow-up was available for 93.4% and 96.8% respectively. Groups were similar at baseline in all characteristics: mean age was 47 years, 50% were male, 35% literate, and about half engaged in "most near vision-intensive" occupations. Glasses wear at 8-month follow-up was 88.3% and 7.81% in intervention and control respectively. At baseline, both the intervention and control groups had a self-reported median monthly income of US$35.3. At endline, the median income for the intervention group was US$47.1 compared with US$35.3 for control, a difference of 33.4%. Predictors of greater income increase in multivariate models included intervention group allocation (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.12, 1.88, P = 0.005), male sex (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.84, 3.16, P <0.001), and not engaging in income-producing work at baseline (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.69, 3.26, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Provision of reading glasses increases income in near vision-intensive occupations, and may facilitate return to work for those currently unemployed.

Decreased expression of DAB2IP in pancreatic cancer with wild-type KRAS.

BACKGROUND: KRAS mutation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. However, the role of wild-type KRAS in the progression of pancreatic cancer remains unknown. The present study was to investigate the expression of the Ras GTPase activating protein (DAB2IP) in pancreatic cancer and its clinical significance. METHODS: The expression of DAB2IP in pancreatic cancer cell lines and normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells was analyzed by Western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). The KRAS mutational types of pancreatic cancer tissues obtained from pancreatic cancer patients (n=20) were also analyzed. Subsequently, DAB2IP expression was detected in pancreatic cancer tissues, adjacent and normal pancreatic tissues (n=2) by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between DAB2IP expression and the clinical characteristics of patients was evaluated. RESULTS: Western blotting and qRT-PCR results showed that DAB2IP expression in pancreatic cancer cells with wild-type KRAS was lower than that in those with mutation-type KRAS and normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that DAB2IP expression was lower in pancreatic cancer tissues than that in adjacent and normal pancreatic tissues (Z=-4.000, P=0.000). DAB2IP expression was lower in pancreatic cancer patients with the wild-type KRAS gene than that in those with KRAS mutations (WilcoxonW=35.000, P=0.042). Furthermore, DAB2IP expression in patients with perineurial invasion was lower than that in those without invasion (WilcoxonW=71.500, P=0.028). DAB2IP expression was lower in patients with more advanced stage than that in those with early clinical stage (WilcoxonW=54.000, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: DAB2IP expression was reduced in patients with pancreatic cancer compared with those with no cancer. DAB2IP expression was correlated with the KRAS gene, perineurial invasion and clinical stage of the disease. Our data indicated that DAP2IP expression can be used as a potential prognostic indicator and a promising molecular target for therapeutic intervention in patients with pancreatic cancer.

[Long-term plasticity of HVC-RA synapses in adult male zebra finches].

Long-term synaptic plasticity is considered as a key part of the neural mechanism of learning and memory. The production of learned vocalization of male zebra finches is closely related to high vocal center (HVC)-robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) pathway. However, the long-term plasticity of HVC-RA synapses is unclear. This study investigated the long-term plasticity of HVC-RA synapses in adult male zebra finches through in vivo field potential recording. The results showed that physiologic stimulation, i.e., δ rhythmic stimulation and low frequency stimulation could not effectively induce long-term synaptic plasticity. The former leaded to no change of the amplitudes of evoked population spikes, and the latter induced short-term depression (STD) of the amplitudes of the second evoked population spikes caused by paired pulses. But high frequency stimulation induced long-term depression (LTD) of the amplitudes of evoked population spikes to show out long-term synaptic plasticity. These results suggest that LTD represents the long-term plasticity of HVC-RA synapses in adult male zebra finches, which may be a key part of the neural mechanism of vocal learning and memory and can explain the plasticity of adult song to some degree.

A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Dislocation-Precipitate Interaction in a Nickel Based Superalloy during the Tensile Deformation.

In the present paper, the dislocation-precipitate interaction in the Inconel 718 superalloy is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulation. The atomistic model composed of the ellipsoidal Ni3Nb precipitate (γ″ phase) and the Ni matrix is constructed, and tensile tests on the composite Ni3Nb@Ni system along different loading directions are simulated. The dislocation propagation behaviors in the precipitate interior and at the surface of the precipitate are characterized. The results indicate that the dislocation shearing and bypassing simultaneously occur during plastic deformation. The contact position of the dislocation on the surface of the precipitate could affect the penetration depth of the dislocation. The maximum obstacle size, allowing for the dislocation shearing on the slip planes, is found to be close to 20 nm. The investigation of anisotropic plastic deformation behavior shows that the composite system under the loading direction along the major axis of the precipitate experiences stronger shear strain localizations than that with the loading direction along the minor axis of the precipitate. The precipitate size effect is quantified, indicating that the larger the precipitate, the lower the elastic limit of the flow stress of the composite system. The dislocation accumulations in the precipitate are also examined with the dislocation densities given on specific slip systems. These findings provide atomistic insights into the mechanical behavior of nickel-based superalloys with nano-precipitates.

Reliability and Validity of A Novel Device for Evaluating the Cervical Proprioception.

INTRODUCTION: In clinical practice, cervical proprioception is usually evaluated by calculating the cervical joint position error (JPE) with laser pointer devices (LPD) or cervical range-of-motion (CROM) instruments. As technology continues to improve, more and more advanced tools are used to evaluate cervical proprioception. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability and validity of the WitMotion sensor (WS) device in evaluating cervical proprioception, and to explore a cheaper, more convenient, and more practical testing tool. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy participants (16 women, 12 men; age 25-66 years) were recruited and evaluated for cervical joint position error with a WS and LPD by two independent observers. All participants repositioned their head to the target position and the deviation of repositioning was calculated using these two instruments. The intra- and inter-rater reliability of the instrument were determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and the validity was analyzed by calculating the ICC and the Spearman's correlation. RESULTS: The intra-rater reliability of the WS (ICCs = 0.682-0.774) was higher than that of the LPD (ICCs = 0.512-0.719) for measuring JPE of cervical flexion, right lateral flexion, and left rotation. However, the LPD (ICCs = 0.767-0.796) outperformed the WS (ICCs = 0.507-0.661) in cervical extension, left lateral flexion, and right rotation. For the inter-rater reliability, the ICC values obtained by the WS and the LPD were above 0.70 for all cervical movements except cervical extension and left lateral flexion (ICCs = 0.580-0.679). For the validity, the ICC values were moderate to good (ICCs > 0.614) for measuring JPE in all movements with the WS and the LPD. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the high ICC values of reliability and validity, the novel device can be an alternative tool to evaluate cervical proprioception in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100047228).

Overexpression of microRNA-378 attenuates ischemia-induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 expression in cardiac myocytes.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of powerful, endogenous regulators of gene expression. In an intact rat model of myocardial ischemia caused by coronary artery ligation, this study identified 17 miRNAs that changed more than 1.5-fold in the myocardium subjected to 4-h ischemia. Using miRNA microarray analysis, most of these aberrantly expressed miRNAs were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. MiR-378, a significantly down-regulated miRNA, was selected for further function study. In serum deprived rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia (1% O(2)), miR-378 expression was down-regulated as well. The overexpression of miR-378 resulting from miR-378 mimic transfection significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced lactate dehydrogenase release, and inhibited apoptosis and necrosis. By contrast, miR-378 deficiency resulting from miR-378 inhibitor transfection aggravated the hypoxia-induced apoptosis and cell injury. In accordance, miR-378 inhibitor caused significant apoptosis and cell injury to cardiomyocytes cultured under normoxia. Using bioinformatic algorithms, caspase-3, a key apoptosis executioner, was predicted as a putative target of miR-378. The quantitative RT-PCR showed no effects of miR-378 mimic or inhibitor on caspase-3 mRNA level. However, the amount of caspase-3 proteins was reduced by miR-378 mimic, whereas increased by miR-378 inhibitor. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assay confirmed caspase-3 to be a target of miR-378, and the apoptosis and cell injury caused by miR-378 inhibitor in both normoxic and hypoxic cells were abolished by a caspase-3 inhibitor. This study first showed that miR-378 inhibited caspase-3 expression and attenuated ischemic injury in cardiomyocytes. It may represent a potential novel treatment for apoptosis and ischemic heart disease.

The gain modulation by N-methyl-D-aspartate in the projection neurons of robust nucleus of the arcopallium in adult zebra finches.

The song of zebra finch is stable in life after it was learned successfully. Vocal plasticity is thought to be a motor exploration that can support continuous learning and optimization of performance. The activity of RA, an important pre-motor nucleus in songbird's brain, influences the song directly. This variability in adult birdsong is associated with the activity of NMDA receptors in LMAN-RA synapses, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. The control of gain refers to modulation of a neuron's responsiveness to input and is critically important for normal sensory, cognitive, and motor functions. Here, we observed the change of gain in RA projection neurons after exogenous NMDA was applied to activate NMDA receptors using the whole-cell current clamp recording. We found that NMDA substantially increased the slope (gain) of the firing rate-current relationship in RA projection neurons. The AMPA receptor-dependent excitability played a crucial role in the modulation of gain by NMDA. These results suggested that NMDA receptors may regulate the dynamics of RA projection neurons by input-output gain.

9-(2-Bromo-eth-yl)-9H-carbazole.

In the title compound, C(14)H(12)BrN, the fused-ring system is slightly buckled as its two benzene rings are inclined to one another by 3.41 (14)°.

Ethyl 2-[4,5-bis-(butyl-sulfan-yl)-1,3-dithiol-2-yl-idene]-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-c]pyrrole-4-carboxyl-ate.

In the title mol-ecule, C(19)H(25)NO(2)S(6), the butyl chains are each disordered over two conformations in a 0.689 (10):0.311 (10) ratio. In the crystal, pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers. Short S⋯S contacts of 3.553 (4) Šare observed.

1-(1,3-Benzothia-zol-2-yl)-3-phenyl-2-pyrazoline.

In the title compound, C(16)H(13)N(3)S, the pyrazoline ring forms dihedral angles of 6.89 (14) and 4.96 (11)° with the benzene ring and the benzothia-zole group, respectively. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯N inter-actions link the mol-ecules into chains extending along the b-axis direction.

[Effects of C-reactive protein on the expression of transforming growth factor ß1 and receptors on human renal tubular epithelial cells].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the expression of Fcγ receptors in human renal tubular epithelial cells and determine the role of Fcγ receptors in CRP-induced expression of transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1). METHODS: Human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were cultured and stimulated with recombinant human CRP. The mRNA expression of Fcγ receptors, including FcγRI (CD64), FcγRIIa (CD32a) and FcγRIII (CD16), was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On the basis of real-time PCR results, CD32a was selected for further analysis: the CD32a expression in HK-2 cells incubated with 10 mg/L CRP for 24 h was determined by flow cytometry and Western blotting. HK-2 cells were preincubated with or without anti-CD32a IgG, followed by the addition of recombinant human CRP. Subsequently the biological effects of CRP were tested. TGFß1, type I collagen (ColI) and type IV collagen (ColIV) released into media were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. And TGFß1 mRNA expression was measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS: On real-time PCR, CRP was found to significantly up-regulate the CD32a mRNA expression in HK-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). The peak up-regulation was observed at a dose of 10 mg/L. In contrast, mRNAs of CD16 and CD64 were not detected in HK-2 cells. Flow cytometry showed that CD32a expressed on HK-2 cells incubated with 10 mg/L recombinant human CRP for 24 h accounted for 23.35% ± 7.43%, significantly higher than that on non-CRP-treated cells (1.66% ± 0.28%, P < 0.01). Western blotting showed that CRP up-regulated CD32a expression in a dose-dependent manner. And 10 mg/L CRP induced the peak effect. Antibodies to CD32a inhibited the stimulatory effect of CRP on the generation of TGFß1, ColI and ColIV (all P < 0.05) and down-regulated the expression of TGFß1 mRNA (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The stimulation of CRP can significantly increase CD32a expression in renal tubular epithelial cells and up-regulate the expression of transforming growth factor TGFß1 through CD32a receptor.

2,3-Bis(ethyl-sulfan-yl)-1,4,5,8-tetra-thia-fulvalene-6,7-dicarbonitrile.

In the title compound, C(12)H(10)N(2)S(6), all non-H atoms, except for those in the ethyl groups, lie in the same non-crystallographic plane, with a r.m.s. deviation of 0.0366 (5) Å. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked through weak C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds between methyl and cyano groups, forming centrosymmetric dimers. The dimers are arranged along the a axis, due to inter-molecular N⋯S [3.337 (4) Å] inter-actions.

Methyl 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propano-ate.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(12)H(13)NO(2), adopts an essentially planar conformation (r.m.s. deviation = 0.057 Å). In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating chains along [201].

(E)-Methyl 3-(1H-indol-2-yl)acrylate.

The title compound, C(12)H(11)NO(2), is close to being planar (r.m.s. deviation for the non-H atoms = 0.033 Å). In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating C(7) chains running along the b axis. A weak C-H⋯O interaction helps to establish the packing.