ZDHHC18 negatively regulates cGAS-mediated innate immunity through palmitoylation.

Double-stranded DNA is recognized as a danger signal by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS), triggering innate immune responses. Palmitoylation is an important post-translational modification (PTM) catalyzed by DHHC-palmitoyl transferases, which participate in the regulation of diverse biological processes. However, whether palmitoylation regulates cGAS function has not yet been explored. Here, we found that palmitoylation of cGAS at C474 restricted its enzymatic activity in the presence of double-stranded DNA. cGAS palmitoylation was catalyzed mainly by the palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC18 and double-stranded DNA promoted this modification. Mechanistically, palmitoylation of cGAS reduced the interaction between cGAS and double-stranded DNA, further inhibiting cGAS dimerization. Consistently, ZDHHC18 negatively regulated cGAS activation in human and mouse cell lines. In a more biologically relevant model system, Zdhhc18-deficient mice were found to be resistant to infection by DNA viruses, in agreement with the observation that ZDHHC18 negatively regulated cGAS mediated innate immune responses in human and mouse primary cells. In summary, the negative role of ZDHHC18-mediated cGAS palmitoylation may be a novel regulatory mechanism in the fine-tuning of innate immunity.

Tandem Chemistry with Janus Mesopores Accelerator for Efficient Aqueous Batteries.

A reliable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the metallic Zn anode is imperative for stable Zn-based aqueous batteries. However, the incompatible Zn-ion reduction processes, scilicet simultaneous adsorption (capture) and desolvation (repulsion) of Zn2+(H2O)6, raise kinetics and stability challenges for the design of SEI. Here, we demonstrate a tandem chemistry strategy to decouple and accelerate the concurrent adsorption and desolvation processes of the Zn2+ cluster at the inner Helmholtz layer. An electrochemically assembled perforative mesopore SiO2 interphase with tandem hydrophilic -OH and hydrophobic -F groups serves as a Janus mesopores accelerator to boost a fast and stable Zn2+ reduction reaction. Combining in situ electrochemical digital holography, molecular dynamics simulations, and spectroscopic characterizations reveals that -OH groups capture Zn2+ clusters from the bulk electrolyte and then -F groups repulse coordinated H2O molecules in the solvation shell to achieve the tandem ion reduction process. The resultant symmetric batteries exhibit reversible cycles over 8000 and 2000 h under high current densities of 4 and 10 mA cm-2, respectively. The feasibility of the tandem chemistry is further evidenced in both Zn//VO2 and Zn//I2 batteries, and it might be universal to other aqueous metal-ion batteries.

Electron-Donating Conjugation Effect Modulated Zn2+ Reduction Reaction for Separator-Free Aqueous Zinc Batteries.

Zinc-based aqueous batteries (ZABs) are attracting extensive attention due to the low cost, high capacity, and environmental benignity of the zinc anode. However, their application is still hindered by the undesired zinc dendrites. Despite Zn-surface modification being promising in relieving dendrites, a thick separator (i.e. glass fiber, 250-700 µm) is still required to resist the dendrite puncture, which limits volumetric energy density of battery. Here, we pivot from the traditional interphase plus extra separator categories, proposing an all-in-one ligand buffer layer (ca. 20 µm) to effectively modulate the Zn2+ transfer and deposition behaviors proved by in situ electrochemical digital holography. Experimental characterizations and density functional theory simulations further reveal that the catechol groups in the buffer layer can accelerate the Zn2+ reduction reaction (ZRR) through the electron-donating p-π conjugation effect, decreasing the negative charge in the coordination environment. Without extra separators, the elaborated system endows low polarization below 28.2 mV, long lifespan of 4950 h at 5 mA cm-2 in symmetric batteries, and an unprecedented volumetric energy density of 99.2 Wh L-1 based on the whole pouch cells. The concomitantly "separator-free" and "dendrite-free" conjugation effect with an accelerated ZRR process could foster the progression of metallic anodes and benefit energetic aqueous batteries.

High-Energy Sn-Ni and Sn-Air Aqueous Batteries via Stannite-Ion Electrochemistry.

Tin is promising for aqueous batteries (ABs) due to its multiple electrons' reactions, high corrosion resistance, large hydrogen overpotential, and excellent environmental compatibility. However, restricted to the high thermodynamic barrier and the poor electrochemical kinetics, efficient alkaline Sn plating/stripping at facile conditions has not yet been realized. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a highly reversible stannite-ion electrochemistry and construct a novel paradigm of high-energy Sn-based ABs. Combined spectroscopic characterization, electrochemical evaluation, and theoretical computation reveal the thermodynamic merits with a low reaction energy barrier and feasible H2O participation in Sn-ion reduction as well as the kinetic merits with fastened surface charge transfer and SnO22- diffusion. The resultant alkaline Sn anode delivers a low potential of -1.07 V vs Hg/HgO, a specific capacity of 450 mA h g-1, a Coulombic efficiency of near 100%, superb rate capability at 45.5 A g-1, and excellent cycling durability without dendrite and dead Sn. As a proof of concept, we developed new high-energy Sn-based ABs, including 1.45 V Sn-Ni with 314 W h kg-1 (58 kW kg-1 and over 15,000 cycles) and 1.0 V Sn-air with 420 W h kg-1 (lifespan over 1900 h), on the basis of masses from cathode and anode active materials. The findings prove the feasibility of the alkaline Sn metal anode, and the new suite of high-energy Sn-based ABs may be of immediate benefit toward safe, reliable, and affordable energy storage.

Reviving Zn0 Dendrites to Electroactive Zn2+ by Mesoporous MXene with Active Edge Sites.

Zinc metal-based aqueous batteries (ZABs) offer a sustainable, affordable, and safe energy storage alternative to lithium, yet inevitable dendrite formation impedes their wide use, especially under long-term and high-rate cycles. How the battery can survive after dendrite formation remains an open question. Here, we pivot from conventional Zn dendrite growth suppression strategies, introducing proactive dendrite-digesting chemistry via a mesoporous Ti3C2 MXene (MesoTi3C2)-wrapped polypropylene separator. Spectroscopic characterizations and electrochemical evaluation demonstrate that MesoTi3C2, acting as an oxidant, can revive the formed dead Zn0 dendrites into electroactive Zn2+ ions through a spontaneous redox process. Density functional theory reveals that the abundant edge-Ti-O sites in our MesoTi3C2 facilitate high oxidizability and electron transfer from Zn0 dendrites compared to their in-plane counterparts. The resultant asymmetrical cell demonstrates remarkable ultralong cycle life of 2200 h at a practical current of 5 mA cm-2 with a low overpotential (<50 mV). The study reveals the unexpected edge effect of mesoporous MXenes and uncovers a new proactive dendrite-digesting chemistry to survive ZABs, albeit with inevitable dendrite formation.

Heterostructured CoFeP/CoP as an Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Media.

Developing highly efficient and persistent transition-metal-phosphide (TMP)-based electrocatalysts is critical for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via water splitting in alkaline media. Herein, we constructed a unique heterostructured CoFeP/CoP grown on a nickle foam (NF) via hydrothermal and dipping methods followed by phosphorization at different temperatures for HER. The experimental results exhibit that the HER activity of CoFeP/CoP-400 is accelerated after the construction of heterostructures. The unique heterostructure provides plentiful active sites and a large surface area, which are beneficial for HER in 1.0 M KOH. CoFeP/CoP-400 displays a small overpotential of 78 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a smaller Tafel slope of 55.5 mV dec-1. Moreover, CoFeP/CoP-400 shows excellent stability with a long-term operating time of 12 h. This work provides an effective method for the construction of TMPs with heterostructures for promoting energy conversion.

CircRNA-406918 enhances the degradation of advanced glycation end products in photoaged human dermal fibroblasts via targeting cathepsin D.

BACKGROUND: Lysosomal cathepsin D (CTSD) can degrade internalized advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in dermal fibroblasts. CTSD expression is decreased in photoaged fibroblasts, which contributes to intracellular AGEs deposition and further plays a role in AGEs accumulation of photoaged skin. The mechanism under downregulated CTSD expression is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore possible mechanism of regulating CTSD expression in photoaged fibroblasts. METHODS: Dermal fibroblasts were induced into photoaging with repetitive ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to predict candidate circRNAs or miRNAs related with CTSD expression. AGEs-BSA degradation by fibroblasts was studied with flow cytometry, ELISA, and confocal microscopy. Effects of overexpressing circRNA-406918 via lentiviral transduction on CTSD expression, autophagy, AGE-BSA degradation were analyzed in photoaged fibroblasts. The correlation between circRNA-406918 and CTSD expression or AGEs accumulation in sun-exposed and sun-protected skin was studied. RESULTS: CTSD expression, autophagy, and AGEs-BSA degradation were significantly decreased in photoaged fibroblasts. CircRNA-406918 was identified to regulate CTSD expression, autophagy, and senescence in photoaged fibroblasts. Overexpressing circRNA-406918 potently decreased senescence and increased CTSD expression, autophagic flux, and AGEs-BSA degradation in photoaged fibroblasts. Moreover, circRNA-406918 level was positively correlated with CTSD mRNA expression and negatively associated with AGEs accumulation in photodamaged skin. Further, circRNA-406918 was predicted to mediate CTSD expression through sponging eight miRNAs. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that circRNA-406918 regulates CTSD expression and AGEs degradation in UVA-induced photoaged fibroblasts and might exert a role in AGEs accumulation in photoaged skin.

Hierarchical Confinement Effect with Zincophilic and Spatial Traps Stabilized Zn-Based Aqueous Battery.

Zn-based aqueous batteries (ZABs) have been regarded as promising candidates for safe and large-scale energy storage in the "post-Li" era. However, kinetics and stability problems of Zn capture cannot be concomitantly regulated, especially at high rates and loadings. Herein, a hierarchical confinement strategy is proposed to design zincophilic and spatial traps through a host of porous Co-embedded carbon cages (denoted as CoCC). The zincophilic Co sites act as preferred nucleation sites with low nucleation barriers (within 0.5 mA h cm-2), and the carbon cage can further spatially confine Zn deposition (within 5.0 mA h cm-2). Theoretical simulations and in situ/ex situ structural observations reveal the hierarchical spatial confinement by the elaborated all-in-one network (within 12 mA h cm-2). Consequently, the elaborate strategy enables a dendrite-free behavior with excellent kinetics (low overpotential of ca. 65 mV at a high rate of 20 mA cm-2) and stable cycle life (over 800 cycles), pushing forward the next-generation high-performance ZABs.

Tailoring Silver Nanowire Nanocomposite Interfaces to Achieve Superior Stretchability, Durability, and Stability in Transparent Conductors.

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been considered as a promising candidate for transparent stretchable conductors (TSCs). However, the strong interface mismatch of stiff AgNWs and elastic substrates leads to the stress concentration at their interface and ultimately the low stretchability and poor durability of TSCs. Here, to address the interfacial mismatch of AgNWs-based TSCs we put forward a universal interface tailoring strategy that introduces the mercapto compound as the intermediate cross-linked layer. The mercapto compound strongly interacts with the AgNWs, forming a dense protective layer on their surface to improve their corrosion resistance, and reacts with the polymer substrate, forming a buffer layer to release the concentrated stress. As a result, the optimized TSCs showed superior stretchability (160%), exceptional durability (230 000 cycles), competent optoelectrical performance (18.0 ohm·sq-1 with a transmittance of 86.5%), and prominent stability. This work provides clear guidance and a strong impetus for the development of transparent stretchable electronics.

Preparation of MoFs-Derived Cobalt Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Composites for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitor.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived metallic oxide compounds exhibit a tunable structure and intriguing activity and have received intensive investigation in recent years. Herein, this work reports metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived cobalt oxide/carbon nanotubes (MWCNTx@Co3O4) composites by calcining the MWCNTx@ZIF-67 precursor in one step. The morphology and structure of the composite were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization. The compositions and valence states of the compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Benefiting from the structurally stable MOFs-derived porous cobalt oxide frameworks and the homogeneous conductive carbon nanotubes, the synthesized MWCNTx@Co3O4 composites display a maximum specific capacitance of 206.89 F·g-1 at 1.0 A·g-1. In addition, the specific capacitance of the MWCNT3@Co3O4//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric capacitor reaches 50 F·g-1, and has an excellent electrochemical performance. These results suggest that the MWCNTx@Co3O4 composites can be a potential candidate for electrochemical energy storage devices.

GLABRA2 Regulates Actin Bundling Protein VILLIN1 in Root Hair Growth in Response to Osmotic Stress.

Actin binding proteins and transcription factors are essential in regulating plant root hair growth in response to various environmental stresses; however, the interaction between these two factors in regulating root hair growth remains poorly understood. Apical and subapical thick actin bundles are necessary for terminating rapid elongation of root hair cells. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) actin-bundling protein Villin1 (VLN1) decorates filaments in shank, subapical, and apical hairs. vln1 mutants displayed significantly longer hairs with longer hair growing time and defects in the thick actin bundles and bundling activities in the subapical and apical regions, whereas seedlings overexpressing VLN1 showed different results. Genetic analysis showed that the transcription factor GLABRA2 (Gl2) played a regulatory role similar to that of VLN1 in hair growth and actin dynamics. Moreover, further analyses demonstrated that VLN1 overexpression suppresses the gl2 mutant phenotypes regarding hair growth and actin dynamics; GL2 directly recognizes the promoter of VLN1 and positively regulates VLN1 expression in root hairs; and the GL2-mediated VLN1 pathway is involved in the root hair growth response to osmotic stress. Our results demonstrate that the GL2-mediated VLN1 pathway plays an important role in the root hair growth response to osmotic stress, and they describe a transcriptional mechanism that regulates actin dynamics and thereby modulates cell tip growth in response to environmental signals.

Printable and Stretchable Temperature-Strain Dual-Sensing Nanocomposite with High Sensitivity and Perfect Stimulus Discriminability.

Skin-mountable physical sensors that can individually detect mechanical deformations with high strain sensitivity within a broad working strain range and temperature variations with accurate temperature resolution are a sought-after technology. Herein, a stretchable temperature and strain dual-parameter sensor that can precisely detect and distinguish strain from temperature stimuli without crosstalk is developed, based on a printable titanium carbide (MXene)-silver nanowire (AgNW)-PEDOT:PSS-tellurium nanowire (TeNW) nanocomposite. With this dual-parameter sensor, strain and temperature are effectively transduced into electrically isolated signals through the electrically conductive MXene-AgNW and thermoelectric PEDOT:PSS-TeNW components, respectively. In addition, the synergistic effect between the MXene nanosheets and PEDOT:PSS also greatly enhances the stretchability and sensitivity of the sensing devices. These properties enable the nanocomposite to decouple responses between temperature and strain stimuli with an accurate temperature resolution of 0.2 °C and a gauge factor of up to 1933.3 in a working strain range broader than 60%.

Hydration-Facilitated Fine-Tuning of the AIE Amphiphile Color and Application as Erasable Materials with Hot/Cold Dual Writing Modes.

Hydration water greatly impacts the color of inorganic crystals, but it is still unknown whether hydration water can be utilized to systematically manipulate the emission color of organic luminescent groups. Now, metal ions with different hydration ability allow fine-tuning the emission color of a fluorescent group displaying aggregation induced emission (AIE). Because the hydration water can be removed easily by gentle heating or mechanical grinding and re-gained by solvent fuming, rewritable materials can be fabricated both in the hot-writing and cold-writing modes. This hydration-facilitated strategy will open up a new vista in fine-tuning the emission color of AIE molecules based on one synthesis and in the design of smart luminescent devices.

The depth of catheter in chronic subdural haematoma: does it matter?

Objective: To investigate the appropriate depth of drainage catheter in the patients with chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH). Methods: We retrospectively analysed the data of 190 patients with CSDH undergoing single parietal burr-hole evacuation and drainage. Results: According to the depth of catheter (DC), 190 patients were divided into three groups: shallow group (DC <4.3 cm), middle group (DC 4.3 ~ 5.4 cm) and deep group (DC > 5.4 cm). During postdischarge 6 months, two, six and nine patients had recurrences in shallow, middle and deep groups, respectively. The recurrence rate in shallow or middle group was significantly lower than that in deep group. No significant difference in preoperative haematoma volume (PHV) was observed in three groups. While the residual subdural space (RSS) in shallow group was significantly smaller than those in the other two groups. The duration of drainage in shallow, middle and deep groups increased successively, and the differences were statistically significant. The total drainage volume (TDV) in shallow group showed no significant difference when compared with the other two groups. Conclusion: The depth of catheter may affect the outcome of CSDH. Inserting drainage catheter shallowly might be a preferred choice in patients with CSDH undergoing burr-hole evacuation and drainage.

Correlation of TGN-020 with the analgesic effects via ERK pathway activation after chronic constriction injury.

Extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway activation in astrocytes and neurons has been reported to be critical for neuropathic pain development after chronic constriction injury. TGN-020 was found to be the most potent aquaporin 4 inhibitor among the agents studied. The present study aimed to assess whether the inhibition of aquaporin 4 had an analgesic effect on neuropathic pain and whether the inhibition of astrocytic activation and ERK pathway was involved in the analgesic effect of TGN-020. We thus found that TGN-020 upregulated the threshold of thermal and mechanical allodynia, downregulated the expression of interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, attenuated the astrocytic activation and suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion. Additionally, TGN-020 suppressed ERK phosphorylation in astrocytes and neurons after injury. The findings suggested that the analgesic effects of TGN-020 in neuropathic pain were mediated mainly by the downregulation of chronic constriction injury-induced astrocytic activation and inflammation, which is via the inhibition of ERK pathway in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion.

Interactions between Sirt1 and MAPKs regulate astrocyte activation induced by brain injury in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Astrocyte activation is a hallmark of traumatic brain injury resulting in neurological dysfunction or death for an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and glial scar formation. Both the silent mating type information (Sirt1) expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway activation represent a promising therapeutic target for several models of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the potential effects of Sirt1 upregulation and MAPK pathway pharmacological inhibition on astrocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we attempted to confirm the underlying interactions between Sirt1 and MAPK pathways in astrocyte activation after brain injury. METHODS: The present study employs an interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) stimulated primary cortical astrocyte model in vitro and a nigrostriatal pathway injury model in vivo to mimic the astrocyte activation induced by traumatic brain injury. The activation of GFAP, Sirt1, and MAPK pathways were detected by Western blot; astrocyte morphological hypertrophy was assessed using immunofluorescence staining; in order to explore the neuroprotective effect of regulation Sirt1 expression and MAPK pathway activation, the motor and neurological function tests were assessed after injury. RESULTS: GFAP level and morphological hypertrophy of astrocytes are elevated after injury in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, the expressions of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and phosphorylated p38 activation (p-p38) are upregulated, but the Sirt1 expression is downregulated. Overexpression of Sirt1 significantly increases the p-ERK expression and reduces the p-JNK and p-p38 expressions. Inhibition of ERK, JNK, or p38 activation respectively with their inhibitors significantly elevated the Sirt1 expression and attenuated the astrocyte activation. Both the overproduction of Sirt1 and inhibition of ERK, JNK, or p38 activation can alleviate the astrocyte activation, thereby improving the neurobehavioral function according to the modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) and balance latency test. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, Sirt1 plays a protective role against astrocyte activation, which may be associated with the regulation of the MAPK pathway activation induced by brain injury in vitro and in vivo.

Alpha-lipoic acid reduces methylmercury-induced neuronal injury in rat cerebral cortex via antioxidation pathways.

Methylmercury (MeHg), an extremely dangerous environmental pollutant, accumulating preferentially in central nervous system, causes a series of cytotoxic effects. The present study explored the mechanisms which contribute to MeHg-induced neurotoxicity focusing on the oxidative stress in rat cerebral cortex. In addition, the protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant on MeHg-mediated neuronal injury, was also investigated in current study. A MeHg poisoning model was established as 64 rats randomly divided into 4 groups of which saline control group, MeHg-treated groups (4 and 12 µmol kg-1 ), and LA pretreatment (35 µmol kg-1 ) group, respectively. After administration of 12 µmol kg-1 MeHg for 4 weeks, it was found that obvious pathological changes and apoptosis in neuronal cells. Meanwhile, total Hg levels elevated significantly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were inhibited, and ROS formation elevated, which might be critical to aggravate oxidative stress in cerebral cortex. In addition, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways were activated, as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit (γ-GCSh) expressions were up-regulated obviously by MeHg exposure. Moreover, activities of Na+ -K+ -ATPase and Ca2+ -ATPase were inhibited, leading to intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) overload. LA pre-treatment partially reduced MeHg neurotoxic effects via anti-oxidation pathways. In conclusion, these findings clearly indicated that MeHg aggravated oxidative stress and Ca2+ overload in cerebral cortex. LA possesses the ability to prevent MeHg neurotoxicity through its anti-oxidative properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 931-943, 2017.

Histogram-based normalization technique on human brain magnetic resonance images from different acquisitions.

BACKGROUND: Intensity normalization is an important preprocessing step in brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) analysis. During MR image acquisition, different scanners or parameters would be used for scanning different subjects or the same subject at a different time, which may result in large intensity variations. This intensity variation will greatly undermine the performance of subsequent MRI processing and population analysis, such as image registration, segmentation, and tissue volume measurement. METHODS: In this work, we proposed a new histogram normalization method to reduce the intensity variation between MRIs obtained from different acquisitions. In our experiment, we scanned each subject twice on two different scanners using different imaging parameters. With noise estimation, the image with lower noise level was determined and treated as the high-quality reference image. Then the histogram of the low-quality image was normalized to the histogram of the high-quality image. The normalization algorithm includes two main steps: (1) intensity scaling (IS), where, for the high-quality reference image, the intensities of the image are first rescaled to a range between the low intensity region (LIR) value and the high intensity region (HIR) value; and (2) histogram normalization (HN),where the histogram of low-quality image as input image is stretched to match the histogram of the reference image, so that the intensity range in the normalized image will also lie between LIR and HIR. RESULTS: We performed three sets of experiments to evaluate the proposed method, i.e., image registration, segmentation, and tissue volume measurement, and compared this with the existing intensity normalization method. It is then possible to validate that our histogram normalization framework can achieve better results in all the experiments. It is also demonstrated that the brain template with normalization preprocessing is of higher quality than the template with no normalization processing. CONCLUSIONS: We have proposed a histogram-based MRI intensity normalization method. The method can normalize scans which were acquired on different MRI units. We have validated that the method can greatly improve the image analysis performance. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with the help of our normalization method, we can create a higher quality Chinese brain template.

Laser-machined micro-supercapacitors: from microstructure engineering to smart integrated systems.

With the rapid development of portable and wearable electronic devices, there is an increasing demand for miniaturized and lightweight energy storage devices. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs), as a kind of energy storage device with high power density, a fast charge/discharge rate, and a long service life, have attracted wide attention in the field of energy storage in recent years. The performance of MSCs is mainly related to the electrodes, so there is a need to explore more efficient methods to prepare electrodes for MSCs. The process is cumbersome and time-consuming using traditional fabrication methods, and the development of laser micro-nano technology provides an efficient, high-precision, low-cost, and convenient method for fabricating supercapacitor electrodes, which can achieve finer mask-less nanofabrication. This work reviews the basics of laser fabrication of MSCs, including the laser system, the structure of MSCs, and the performance evaluation of MSCs. The application of laser micro-nanofabrication technology to MSCs and the integration of MSCs are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of laser micro-nano technology for manufacturing supercapacitors are summarized.

A systematic review on utilization of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol in sustainable polymers preparation.

With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.