Insights into the Acceleration Mechanism of Intracellular N and Fe Co-doped Carbon Dots on Anaerobic Denitrification Using Proteomics and Metabolomics Techniques.

Bulk carbon-based materials can enhance anaerobic biodenitrification when they are present in extracellular matrices. However, little information is available on the effect of nitrogen and iron co-doped carbon dots (N, Fe-CDs) with sizes below 10 nm on this process. This work demonstrated that Fe-NX formed in N, Fe-CDs and their low surface potentials facilitated electron transfer. N, Fe-CDs exhibited good biocompatibility and were effectively absorbed by Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588. Intracellular N, Fe-CDs played a dominant role in enhancing anaerobic denitrification. During this process, the nitrate removal rate was significantly increased by 40.60% at 11 h with little nitrite and N2O accumulation, which was attributed to the enhanced activities of the electron transport system and various denitrifying reductases. Based on proteomics and metabolomic analysis, N, Fe-CDs effectively regulated carbon/nitrogen/sulfur metabolism to induce more electron generation, less nitrite/N2O accumulation, and higher levels of nitrogen removal. This work reveals the mechanism by which N, Fe-CDs enhance anaerobic denitrification and broaden their potential application in nitrogen removal.

Effect of sludge humic acid-derived nano-biochars on anaerobic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

Some nano-biochars (nano-BCs) as electron mediators could enter into cells to directly promote intracellular electron transfer and cell activities. However, little information was available on the effect of nano-BCs on SMX degradation. In this study, nano-BCs were prepared using sludge-derived humic acid (SHA) and their effects on SMX degradation by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 were investigated. Results showed that nano-BCs (Carbon dots, CDs, <10 nm) synthesized using SHA performed a better accelerating effect than that of the nano-BCs with a larger size (10-100 nm), which could be attributed to the better electron transfer abilities of CDs. The degradation rate of 10 mg/L SMX in the presence of 100 mg/L CDs was significantly increased by 84.6% compared to that without CDs. Further analysis showed that CDs could not only be combined with extracellular Fe(III) to accelerate its reduction, but also participate in the reduction of 4-aminobenzenesulphonic acid as an intermediate metabolite of SMX via coupling with extracellular Fe(III) reduction. Meanwhile, CDs could enter cells to directly participate in intracellular electron transfer, resulting in 32.2% and 25.2% increases of electron transfer system activity and ATP level, respectively. Moreover, the activities of SMX-degrading enzymes located in periplasm and cytoplasm were increased by around 2.2-fold in the presence of CDs. These results provide an insight into the accelerating effect of nano-BCs with the size of <10 nm on SMX degradation and an approach for SHA utilization.

The fertilization process in Lithocarpus dealbatus (Fagaceae) and its implication on the sexual reproduction evolution of Fagales.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The pistillate flowers of Lithocarpus dealbatus show two pollen tube (PT) arresting sites (the style-joining and micropyle) within the pistil during the postpollination-prezygotic stage. The PT, arrested at the pre-ovule stage, enhanced PT competition allowing the most compatible PTs to enter the ovary to ensure the highest fertilization success. During the shift from animal pollination to wind pollination, plants require a series of changes in reproductive traits. The mode of pollination is striking labile in Fagaceae. Lithocarpus is insect pollinated and is closely related to wind-pollinated Quercus. Little is known about the sexual reproduction of Lithocarpus. This study aimed to reveal the sexual reproduction of Lithocarpus dealbatus and to explore the evolutionary pattern of the key sexual reproduction traits to better understand their possible role in labile pollination. We found that after pollination, L. dealbatus PTs grew slowly in the style reaching style-joining in mid-January of the second year; then PT growth was arrested at style-joining for four months. Only two to three PTs resumed growth in mid-May to reach the micropyle, where PT growth ceased for one month before one PT resumed growth and passed through the micropyle to the embryo sac. Fagaceae showed a generalized mating system. Vast pollen production, small-sized pollen grains, long stigmatic receptive time, and reduced perianth were compatible with beetle pollination syndrome, representing the plesiomorphic status in Fagaceae. A large stigmatic surface and dry pollen grains linked to wind pollination might be independently derived several times in fagaceous lineages. Beetle pollination syndrome can cope with the uncertainty of pollinators to ensure conspecific pollen capture, which represents pre-adaptation status and has a selective advantage when conditions change, favouring wind pollination. The arrest of the PT at style-joining is a unique mechanism in later derived fagaceous lineages to enhance PT competition and promote outcrossing.

Effect of riboflavin and carbon black co-modified fillers coupled with alkaline pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge.

Additional various carbon and free riboflavin could improve anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS). However, these substances were not reused. In this study, a reusable riboflavin and carbon black (RCB) co-modified filler was developed and combined with alkaline pretreatment for enhancing the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and methane during anaerobic digestion of WAS. The results showed that RCB-modified fillers exhibited a promoting effect on the reduction of alkali-pretreated WAS. The amounts of the accumulated VFAs mainly containing acetate and the produced methane rose with the increased concentration of immobilized riboflavin (0-0.75 g/L) in the presence of 4 g/L carbon black. When the alkaline pretreatment time of WAS increased from 3 d to 8 d, the amount of methane production increased from 22.8% to 63.9% in the presence of 0.75 g/L riboflavin and 4 g/L carbon black compared with that without RCB-modified fillers. Moreover, 0.75 g/L riboflavin and 4 g/L carbon black had a synergetic effect on promoting methane production via broadening extracellular electron transfer pathways. During this process, microbial dehydrogenase activity, electron transport system activity and coenzyme F420 were enhanced. Microbial community analysis showed that RCB-modified filler addition promoted the enrichment of Syntrophomonas and Pseudomonas involved in direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). These results indicated that DIET establishment was accelerated. Meanwhile, the populations of acetic acid-producing bacteria including Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Proteiniphilum, aceticlastic and acid-tolerant methanogenic archaea including Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta, RumEn_M2 were increased. These results indicate that RCB-modified fillers coupled with alkaline pretreatment is an effective method to promote the production of methane during anaerobic digestion of WAS.

Development of Quercus acutissima (Fagaceae) pollen tubes inside pistils during the sexual reproduction process.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Extensive histology of pistillate flowers revealed two pollen tube arresting sites (the style-joining and micropyle) within the pistil of Quercus acutissima during the postpollination-prezygotic stage, which reflects a unique female and male gametophyte recognition/selection mechanism. Sexual reproduction is among the most delicate and essential stages in plant life cycles and involves a series of precise interactions between pistils and male gametophytes. Quercus is a woody genus that dominates Northern Hemisphere forests and is notorious for interspecific hybridization, but its sexual reproduction is poorly understood, especially its pollen tube (PT) growth dynamics within pistils. This study used microtome techniques and scanning electron microscopy to observe the postpollination-prezygotic process in the biennially fruiting oak Quercus acutissima. Many pollen grains germinated at anthesis instantly, and PTs penetrated stigmatic surfaces and elongated through the stylar transmitting tissue, then arrested at style-joining for about 12-13 months. Few PTs resumed growth along the compitum in the upper ovarian locule wall in the subsequent April, concurrent with the rapid growth of rudimentary ovules. PTs arrived in the micropyle, and upper septum during megaspore mother cell meiosis, then arrested again for 7-10 days waiting for the embryo sac maturation. Fertilization occurred one week later. Our study shows a clear female dominant crosstalk growth pattern between PT and the ovule. The intermittent PT growth might reflect a unique male gametophyte recognition/selection mechanism to avoid self-pollination and enhance PT competition while increasing interspecific hybridization.

Comparative genome and transcriptome of Rhodococcus pyridinivorans GF3 for analyzing the detoxification mechanism of anthraquinone compounds.

Anthraquinone compounds (ACs) could be efficiently degraded and detoxified by bacteria. However, the molecular mechanism of bacterial degradation and detoxification of ACs remains unclear. In this study, 1-aminoanthraquinone-2-sulfonate (ASA-2) was used as a model anthraquinone compound, the response mechanism of Rhodococcus pyridinivorans GF3 to ASA-2 using genomics and transcriptomics techniques was investigated. Comparative genome analysis showed that strain GF3 owned an especial gene region (Genes 1337-1399) containing the genes encoding cytochrome P450, monooxygenase, dehydrogenase and oxidoreductase, which did not commonly exist in Rhodococcus genus. The amino acid sequences of these genes were similar to those of the cleavage enzymes of anthraquinone ring in Aspergillus genus. Moreover, the transcriptions of Genes 1392-1394 (cytochrome 450 gene cluster) displayed 1.8-3.1-fold up-regulation under ASA-2 exposure. Meanwhile, as an intermediate product of ASA-2, catechol was degraded to acetyl-CoA, succinyl-CoA and pyruvate, resulting in the enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP generation. This process also promoted the up-regulation of the genes encoding resistance, efflux, transporter and anti-oxidation pressure proteins, which were involved in resisting ASA-2 and maintaining the homeostasis of cells. These results provided us with a further understanding of the molecular mechanism of degradation and detoxification of ACs.

Morphological and photosynthetic response to high and low irradiance of Aeschynanthus longicaulis.

Aeschynanthus longicaulis plants are understory plants in the forest, adapting to low light conditions in their native habitats. To observe the effects of the high irradiance on growth and physiology, plants were grown under two different light levels, PPFD 650 µmol·m(-2) ·s(-1) and 150 µmol·m(-2) ·s(-1) for 6 months. Plants under high irradiance had significantly thicker leaves with smaller leaf area, length, width, and perimeter compared to the plants grown under low irradiance. Under high irradiance, the leaf color turned yellowish and the total chlorophyll decreased from 5.081 mg·dm(-2) to 3.367 mg·dm(-2). The anthocyanin content of high irradiance leaves was double that of those under low irradiance. The plants under high irradiance had significantly lower Amax (5.69 µmol·m(-2) ·s(-1)) and LSP (367 µmol·m(-2) ·s(-1)) and higher LCP (21.9 µmol·m(-2) ·s(-1)). The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F v /F m was significantly lower and NPQ was significantly higher in high irradiance plants. RLCs showed significantly lower ETRmax and E k in plants under high irradiance. It can be concluded that the maximum PPFD of 650 µmol·m(-2) ·s(-1) led to significant light stress and photoinhibition of A. longicaulis.

Shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf explants of Lysionotus serratus D. Don.

The gesneriaceous perennial plant, Lysionotus serratus, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. It also has a great development potential as an ornamental plant with its attractive foliage and beautiful flowers. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant was established in this study. High active cytokinin (6-benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ)) was effective for direct organogenesis of initial induction. Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth media containing 0.5 mg L(-1) BA alone or with combination of 0.1 mg L(-1) α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were the most effective for shoot proliferation. High BA concentration (1.0 mg L(-1)) in the media caused high percentage of vitrified shoots though they introduced high shoot proliferation rate. Histological observation indicated that adventitious shoot regeneration on the medium containing 0.5 mg L(-1) BA alone occurred directly from leaf epidermal cells without callus formation. Regenerated shoots rooted well on medium containing half-strength MS medium with 0.5 mg L(-1) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the plantlets successfully acclimatized and grew vigorously in the greenhouse with a 94.2% and 92.1% survival rate.

Aerobic degradation of ketoprofen by marine consortia: Fenton-like reaction and degradation pathway.

Ketoprofen (KTP) as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug has been detected in coastal environment due to its wide usage. However, little information is available about the fate of KTP in marine environment. In the present study, the aerobic degradation of 20 mg L-1 KTP using the enriched marine consortia was investigated. Results showed that CA consortium cultured with casamino acids exhibited a higher KTP-degrading ability than those cultured with glucose, yeast extract and mixed vitamins. During CA consortium-mediated degradation of KTP, additional casamino acids resulted in the production of H2O2 and OH. Fe(III) could be also reduced to Fe(II) by CA consortium. This result indicated the occurrence of Fenton-like reaction. Further studies found that both biogenic Fenton-like reaction and enzyme-catalyzed reactions were involved in the initial hydroxylation reaction of KTP, then the subsequent mineralization of KTP was only performed via enzyme-catalyzed reactions. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that Halomonas, Marinobacter, Owenweeksia and Oceanimonas were significantly enriched in CA consortium. As these genera contain amino acid oxidases, and the former two genera are capable of reducing Fe(III), it is assumed that these genera participated in biogenic Fenton-like reaction. The involvement of biogenic Fenton-like reaction provides a new insight into understanding the fate of KTP and other similar organic pollutants in marine environment containing amino acids and iron.

Anaerobic biotransformation of sulfonated anthraquinones by Pseudomonas nitroreducens WA and the fate of the sulfonic acid group in the presence of nitrate.

The presence of the sulfonic acid group in sulfonated anthraquinones (SAs) resulted in the difficulty in the mineralization of anthraquinone ring. Little information is available on the removal pathway of the sulfonic acid group of SAs under aerobic/anaerobic conditions. Herein, sodium 1-aminoanthraquinone-2-sulfonate (ASA-2) was used as an important intermediate of SAs. A novel Pseudomonas nitroreducens WA capable of ASA-2 desulfonation was isolated from the Reactive Blue 19-degrading consortium WRB. Anaerobic desulfonation efficiency of 0.165 mM ASA-2 by strain WA reached 99% in 36 h at pH 7.5 and 35 â„ƒ using glucose as an electron donor. Further analysis showed that ASA-2 as an electron acceptor could be anaerobically transformed into 1-aminoanthraquinone and sulfite via the cleavage of C-S bond. Strain WA could also desulfonate sodium 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonate and sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate. Under denitrification conditions, the formed sulfite could be oxidized to sulfate by nitrite via a chemical reaction, which was beneficial for nitrite removal. This phenomenon was observed in consortium WRB-amended system. Moreover, the consortium WRB could reduce the formed sulfite to sulfide due to the presence of Desulfovibrio. These results provide a theoretical basis for the anaerobic biodesulfonation of SAs along with nitrate removal and support for the development of sulfite-based biotechnology.

Diagnosis and treatment of hyper-delayed graft function after renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Renal transplant recipients may experience delayed graft function (DGF), but recovery can take many months, a condition we define as hyper-delayed graft function (HDGF). METHODS: A retrospective review of 50 renal transplant recipients who had HDGF and comparison with patients who had immediate graft function (IGF) and DGF. RESULTS: Acute renal tube necrosis (ATN) during or soon after surgery was the most common cause of HDGF. Following standard treatment, 48 HDGF patients transitioned from oliguria to polyuria in 45 days (± 3) and renal function of the kidney fully recovered in 73 days (± 1). These HDGF patients had similar overall survival and kidney survival rates as IGF and DGF patients who were matched for age, sex, primary underlying disease, tissue matching, warm and cold ischemia time, and surgery time. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate care and monitoring of HDGF patients allows them to regain normal renal function and to achieve patient and renal survival rates similar to those of IGF and DGF patients.

Comparison of urological complications with primary ureteroureterostomy versus conventional ureteroneocystostomy.

Urological complications after kidney transplantation may be serious and carry a high risk of graft loss. The purpose of this study was to compare urological complications with primary ureteroureterostomy versus conventional ureteroneocystostomy retrospectively. Between December 1993 and April 2008, 1287 kidney transplants were performed at our institution. Urological complications such as urine leakage, ureteral obstruction and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were summarized according to the different ways of urinary tract reconstruction, ureteroureterostomy (U-U) and ureteroneocystostomy (U-C). Overall, urological complications were encountered in 94 (7.3%) cases, including urine leakage (n = 44, 3.4%), ureteral obstruction (n = 36, 2.8%), VUR (n = 14, 1.1%). Seventy-six cases (7.8%) were in the U-C group and 18 cases (5.8%) were in the U-U group. Ninety-three recipients were successfully treated, and one lost the graft because of pelvis and ureteral necrosis. There was no recipient loss secondary to these complications. In conclusion, U-U does not change the overall incidence of urological complications comparing to U-C, but it can decrease the incidence of urine leakage. It is a good first option with a greater possibility of resolving a ureteral stenosis with endourology and no risk of reflux.

Tunable and sustainable photocatalytic activity of photochromic Y-WO3 under visible light irradiation.

Although photochromic and photocatalytic performance are the most significant features of WO3, the effects of photochromism on photocatalytic activities have not been investigated further. Herein, a novel gear-shaped WO3, with high coloration efficiency, fast reversibility, and remarkable photocatalytic performance was successfully prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. The influence of photochromic effects on its photocatalytic properties was evaluated under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the yellow WO3 sample exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiencies toward tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), oxytetracycline (OTC), rhodamine B (RhB), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (94.3%, 87.9%, 76%, and 68.6%, respectively, in 60 min). Further research found that the redox conversion between W6+ and W5+ played a key role in separating e-/h+ pairs. Importantly, the rapid and reversible conversion between W6+ and W5+ could be realized through light radiation or H2O2 treatment. Therefore, the gear-shaped WO3 possessed tunable and sustainable photocatalytic properties and maintained a high level of activity after recycling ten times under visible light irradiation. This work provides new insights into practical WO3 applications for environmental remediation based on photochromic regulation.

[Urological complications in 1223 kidney transplants].

OBJECTIVE: To review retrospectively the urological complications in 1 223 kidney transplants. METHODS: A total of 1 223 kidney transplants were divided into ureteroneocystostomy group (n = 948) and ureteroureterostomy group (n = 275) according to the methods of urinary tract reconstruction. The incidence and management of urological complications such as urinary fistula, obstruction of ureter, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and urinary tract infection (UTI) were summarized respectively. RESULTS: Overall, urological complications were encountered in 217 (17.7%) cases, including 43 cases of urinary fistula (3.5%), 35 obstruction of ureter (2.9%), 14 VUR (1.1%) and 125 UTI (10.2%). Urinary fistula was 39 (4.1%) cases and 4 cases (1.5%) (P < 0.05), obstruction of ureter 22 (2.3%) & 13 (4.7%) (P < 0.05), VUR 14 (1.5%) & 0 (0%) (P < 0.05) and UTI 109 (11.5%) & 16 (5.8%) (P < 0.01) in the ureteroneocystostomy group and ureteroureterostomy group respectively. Seventy patients underwent surgical treatment. The 3-year survival rate of graft with urological complications and without urological complications were 82.3% and 84.7% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ureteroureterostomy can decrease the incidence of urological complications after kidney transplantation. Most of urological complications require surgical interventions. The long-term graft survival is not affected by a correctly treated urological complication.

[Testis homotransplantation: a report of 12 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of testis homotransplantation in the treatment of androgen deficiency and infertility. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 12 cases of testis homotransplantation. RESULTS: Surgical success was achieved in 11 cases, all with a significantly increased level of serum testosterone, and markedly improved secondary sex characteristics and sexual function. CONCLUSION: Testis homotransplantation is highly effective for the treatment of androgen deficiency in males, but has little effect on spermatogenesis.

WITHDRAWN: Kidney injury molecule-1: a novel kidney-specific injury molecule playing potential double-edged functions in kidney injury.

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by Publisher. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a recently discovered transmembrane protein, is expressed in dedifferentiated renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in damaged regions. Many studies have confirmed that KIM-1 is a specific marker of renal proximal tubular damage. Recently, more attention has been paid to its potential pathophysiological functions in renal injury or repair. A number of studies have illustrated the different functions of KIM-1 in various renal diseases, including its protective functions in acute kidney injury and damaging functions in chronic kidney disease. Although the exact functions of KIM-1 still remain unclear, some scientists speculate that KIM-1 may be a therapeutic target for kidney injury. In this review, some of the known features and functions of KIM-1 are highlighted.

Pedicled greater omentum graft: a new technique to repair recurrent urinary fistulae after kidney transplantation.

Urinary fistula is the most frequent urologic complication within the first month after kidney transplantation, which often leads to graft loss and mortality. Open surgery is the most popular approach for the treatment of these fistulae; however, it is associated with high failure rates. Here, we present a new technique of pedicled greater omentum graft to repair recurrent urinary fistulae after kidney transplantation. We used this technique in the repair of recurrent urinary fistulae in 13 post-kidney transplant patients. All operations were successful at the first attempt, and there was no fistula recurrence. Further, no complications associated with the technique have been observed during the follow-up (1-7 years). In conclusion, the use of pedicled greater omentum graft for the repair of recurrent urinary fistulae after kidney transplantation is both effective and safe.

Management of complete ureteral avulsion and literature review: a report on four cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment modality of complete ureteral avulsion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the data of four patients with complete ureteral avulsion who were treated between November 2003 and March 2008 in our hospital. Of the four patients, one had ureteropelvic junction avulsion, one had proximal ureteral avulsion, and the other two had distal ureteral avulsion. One patient underwent autotransplantation of kidney for treatment of severe proximal ureteral avulsion. Pyeloureterostomy plus greater omentum investment outside the native distal ipsilateral ureter was performed in the patient with ureteropelvic junction avulsion. The other two patients underwent ureterovesical anastomosis. All four patients were followed up for an average time of 29 months (16-45 months). RESULTS: Renal function recovered well in the patient who underwent autotransplantation of kidney and ureterovesical anastomosis and the two patients who underwent ureterovesical anastomosis. The other patient who underwent pyeloureterostomy developed hydronephrosis and nonfunctioning kidney. The patient then underwent nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Complete ureteral avulsion is a rare but severe complication. Autotransplantation of kidney and ureterovesical anastomosis may result in positive outcomes in patients with proximal ureteral avulsion.

Vaccination with a chaperone complex based on PSCA and GRP170 adjuvant enhances the CTL response and inhibits the tumor growth in mice.

Increasing knowledge demonstrate that prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a promising candidate for immunotherapy of advanced prostate cancer. However, tumor escape with down-regulation of target antigens may limit the susceptibility of tumor cells to the immune attack. Concomitant generation of T-cell responses against several immunodominant antigens may circumvent this potential drawback. In this study, we prepared the chaperone complex vaccine based on PSCA and GRP170, and utilized it to immunize the C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the T-cell response was monitored with ELISPOT and (51)Cr-release assays, and the tumor growth and the life span of tumor-bearing mice were assessed. The results demonstrated the chaperone complex based on PSCA and GRP170 could enhance the T-cell mediate immune responses, which significantly inhibited the tumor growth and prolonged the life span of tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, our findings supported the strategy of chaperone complex, based on PSCA and GRP170, could be an effective treatment for prostate cancer therapy.

Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel kidney-specific injury molecule playing potential double-edged functions in kidney injury.

Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a recently discovered transmembrane protein, is expressed in dedifferentiated proximal renal tubular epithelial cells in damaged regions. It may participate in the progress of renal injury or repair. Many studies have illustrated the different functions of KIM-1 in various renal diseases including protective functions in acute kidney injury and damaging functions in chronic kidney disease. Although, the exact functions of KIM-1 still remain unclear, some scientists speculate that KIM-1 is expected to be a therapeutic target for kidney injury. In this review, some of the known features and functions of KIM-1 are highlighted.