In vivo characterization of magnetic resonance imaging-based T1w/T2w ratios reveals myelin-related changes in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of intractable epilepsy in adults. Although brain myelination alterations have been observed in TLE, it remains unclear how the myelination network changes in TLE. This study developed a novel method in characterization of myelination structural covariance network (mSCN) by T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mSCNs were estimated in 42 left TLE (LTLE), 42 right TLE (RTLE) patients, and 41 healthy controls (HCs). The topology of mSCN was analyzed by graph theory. Voxel-wise comparisons of myelination laterality were also examined among the three groups. Compared to HC, both patient groups showed decreased myelination in frontotemporal regions, amygdala, and thalamus; however, the LTLE showed lower myelination in left medial temporal regions than RTLE. Moreover, the LTLE exhibited decreased global efficiency compared with HC and more increased connections than RTLE. The laterality in putamen was differently altered between the two patient groups: higher laterality at posterior putamen in LTLE and higher laterality at anterior putamen in RTLE. The putamen may play a transfer station role in damage spreading induced by epileptic seizures from the hippocampus. This study provided a novel workflow by combination of T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI to investigate in vivo the myelin-related microstructural feature in epileptic patients first time. Disconnections of mSCN implicate that TLE is a system disorder with widespread disruptions at regional and network levels.

Safety assessment, whole genome sequence, and metabolome analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus CICC 20372 for bone cement fermentation.

Bone is a kind of meat processing by-product with high nutritional value but low in calorie, which is a typical food in China and parts of East Asian countries. Microbial fermentation by lactic acid bacteria showed remarkable advantages to increase the absorption of nutrients from bone cement by human body. Streptococcus thermophilus CICC 20372 is proven to be a good starter for bone cement fermentation. No genes encoding virulence traits or virulence factors were found in the genome of S. thermophilus CICC 20372 by a thorough genomic analysis. Its notable absence of antibiotic resistance further solidifies the safety. Furthermore, the genomic analysis identified four types of gene clusters responsible for the synthesis of antimicrobial metabolites. A comparative metabolomic analysis was performed by cultivating the strain in bone cement at 37 °C for 72 h, with the culture in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium as control. Metabolome analysis results highlighted the upregulation of pathways involved in 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, amino acid synthesis, and nucleotide metabolism during bone cement fermentation. S. thermophilus CICC 20372 produces several metabolites with health-promoting function during bone cement fermentation, including indole-3-lactic acid, which is demonstrated ameliorative effects on intestinal inflammation, tumor growth, and gut dysbiosis. In addition, lots of nucleotide and organic acids were accumulated at higher levels, which enriched the fermented bone cement with a variety of nutrients. Collectively, these features endow S. thermophilus CICC 20372 a great potential strain for bone food processing.

Helical insertion of polyphenylene chains into confined cylindrical slits composed of two carbon nanotubes.

The helical insertion behavior of poly(para-phenylene) (PP) chains into confined cylindrical slits constructed by two carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different diameters is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The contribution of system energy and each energy component to helical self-assembly is discussed to further explain the conditions, driving force and mechanism. The width and length of the slit, the diameter of the outer tube and the temperature have a great impact on the helical insertion of PP chains. Two equations are proposed to confirm the diameter and the distances between the PP helix and the inner and outer walls of the given CNTs. The helical self-assembly of PP with different numbers of chains inserted into the slits is further studied. This study has a great benefit in understanding the conformational behavior of polymers, even biological macromolecules in confinements.

An accurate genetic assay to identify human neutrophil antigen 2 deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop accurate and user-friendly genetic assays to identify the inherited neutrophil antigen-2 (HNA-2) deficiency in humans. BACKGROUND: HNA-2 is one of the most important neutrophil antigens implicated in a number of human disorders. HNA-2 deficiency or HNA-2 null is a common phenotype observed in 3%-5% Americans. HNA-2 null individuals are at risk to produce isoantibodies (or alloantibodies) that play important roles in transfusion-related acute lung injury, immune neutropenia, and bone marrow graft failure. We previously demonstrated that the CD177 coding SNP 787A > T (c.787A > T) is the most important genetic determinant for HNA-2 deficiency. However, reliable genetic assays are not available for routine clinical laboratory application up to now. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy was used to determine genotypes of the CD177 SNP c.787A > T. In the simplified PCR assay, all allele specific primers and internal control primers were included in the same reaction, which ensures reliability of the assay. In addition, a novel high-throughput nested TaqMan assay was developed to determine genotypes of c.787A > T for large population genetic analysis of HNA-2 deficiency. RESULTS: CD177 SNP c787A > T genotypes of 396 subjects were 100% concordant among the single PCR reaction method, the nested TaqMan assay, and Sanger Sequencing analysis. Out of 396 subjects, all 18 donors with the CD177 STP homozygous genotype were HNA-2 null. CONCLUSION: The novel PCR-based genotyping assay is accurate to identify HNA-2 deficient individuals and is suitable for clinical laboratories. In addition, the innovative high-throughput nested TaqMan assay will be useful for large-scale population screens and genetic studies of HNA-2 deficiency.

Comparative profiling of roots small RNA expression and corresponding gene ontology and pathway analyses for low- and high-cadmium-accumulating genotypes of wheat in response to cadmium stress.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in multiple biological processes in plant. Cd accumulation ability differs among varieties in wheat, but little is known about miRNAs and their function in Cd accumulation of wheat under Cd stress. Therefore, the present study detected small RNAs responsible for differential Cd accumulation between two contrasting wheat genotypes (low-Cd accumulation one L17 and high-Cd accumulation one H17) to identify novel targets to further study Cd stress in wheat. Under normal conditions, 139 miRNAs were differentially expressed between L17 and H17, while this value reached 142 after Cd exposure. For Cd-induced DEMs, total 25 miRNAs were differentially expressed in L17 after Cd treatment, while, 70 Cd-induced DEMs were found in H17. Moreover, GO analysis revealed that target genes of DEMs related to lipid biosynthetic process and chlorophyll binding are uniquely enriched in L17, target genes of DEMs related to ribosome biogenesis and sucrose alpha-glucosidase activity are uniquely enriched in H17. By pathway analysis, target genes of DEMs related to PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was specifically enriched in L17, target genes of DEMs related to carbohydrate digestion and absorption pathway was uniquely enriched in H17. In addition, miRNA-gene co-expression showed that tae-miR9774 was uniquely expressed between L17Cd and L17CK, while tae-miR398 was specially expressed between H17Cd and H17CK. Our results suggested that Cd-accumulating ability of L17 and H17 varied from the expression of induced unique miRNA, such as expression of tae-miR-9774 and tae-miR-398. Our study not only provide the foundation for further exploring the miRNAs-induced molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in wheat but also supply novel strategies for improving phytoremediation ability of food plants through genetic engineering.

A longitudinal study of brain volume changes in rhesus macaque model infected with SIV.

Given the current lack of understanding of brain volume changes caused by HIV infection, this study aimed to longitudinally assess the changes in regional brain tissue volume following HIV infection and to explore its relationship with peripheral blood absolute CD4+ lymphocyte count (CD4+), the percentage of monocytes in plasma(MON%) and cerebrospinal fluid viral load (CFVL).Four adult male rhesus monkeys were examined in healthy status and following infection with simian immunodeficiency virus using high-resolution 3D T1-weighted sagittal whole brain magnetic resonance imaging. DPABI and SPM were used to process and record changes in brain tissue volume. Correlation analyses were then used to explore the above relationships. Compared with brain tissue volume during the healthy stage, there was no change at 12 and 24 weeks postinoculation (12 wpi, 24 wpi). At 36 wpi, 48 wpi, and 60 wpi, basal ganglia, left inferior temporal gyrus, left occipital gyrus, and left superior frontal gyrus exhibited varying degrees of atrophy. There was no association found between CD4+, MON%, CFVL, and brain volume loss in any brain region. Our research demonstrated that in the early stage of HIV infection, local brain tissue atrophy can be demonstrated by MRI technique; furthermore, MRI can identify the earliest site of atrophy as well as the most severely affected site. Although there was no significant correlation between brain tissue volume loss and CD4+, MON%, and CFVL, our findings provided some evidence in the application of volumetric MR imaging in the early diagnosis and treatment follow-up of patients with HIV infection.

The blood cells in NSCLC and the changes after RFA.

Lung cancer has attracted a lot of attention because of its high morbidity and mortality. The emergence of RFA provides a new treatment for unresectable NSCLC patients. In addition to killing in situ lung tumors, RFA also provides new immuno-activated antigens, for the treatment of lung cancer. It changes the tumor microenvironment and activates the entire immune system of patients. The peripheral blood cell count is easy to achieve and the blood cells are important in tumor immunity, which changes after RFA. On the one hand, the changes in blood cells identify the immune changes of NSCLC; on the other hand, it provides support and suspicion for the treatment of RFA.

The nonconservative CD177 single-nucleotide polymorphism c.1291G>A is a genetic determinant for human neutrophil antigen-2 atypical/low expression and deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Human neutrophil antigen-2 (HNA-2) is exclusively expressed on neutrophils. HNA-2-deficient individuals (HNA-2 null) are susceptible to produce isoantibodies. The nonsense CD177 coding single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) c.787A>T has been demonstrated as the primary genetic mechanism for HNA-2 deficiency. We hypothesized that the other genetic variants also contribute to HNA-2 expression variation and deficiency. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The deficiency, density, and percentage of HNA-2 antigen on neutrophils from 292 healthy blood donors were determined in flow cytometry. CD177 genotypes were determined by genomic DNA sequence analyses. The full-length CD177 cDNAs were amplified and sequenced. Additionally, the whole CD177 genomic sequence in eight HNA-2-null immunized women and four HNA-2-positive donors were analyzed with next-generation sequencing. The associations of CD177 SNP genotypes with HNA-2 expression variation were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A functional CD177 SNP c.1291G>A was identified in the current study. Atypical (trimodal) HNA-2 expression phenotype was consistently observed in donors carrying the heterozygous c.1291G/A genotype. Phenotype-genotype analyses of SNP c.787A>T and SNP c.1291G>A revealed that all homozygous 787T-1291G (TG/TG) genotype donors were HNA-2 null in healthy blood donors. On the other hand, five of eight HNA-2-immunized females were homozygous for the 787T-1291G (TG/TG) genotype while the other three HNA-2-immunized females had the 787T-1291G/787A-1291A (TG/AA) genotype and the lowest HNA-2 expression was observed in healthy subjects with the 787T-1291G/787A-1291A (TG/AA) and 787A-1291A/787A-1291A (AA/AA) genotype. CONCLUSION: The CD177 SNP c.1291G>A is a genetic determinant for the atypical and low HNA-2 expression, which also contributes to HNA-2 deficiency phenotype.

Nanoparticle induced limitless spiral of polyacetylene isomers.

Helical nanomaterials represent an emerging group of nanostructures because of their multiple functionalities enabled by unique spiral geometry and nanoscale dimensions. This study demonstrates that several trans-transoid polyacetylene (Tt-PA) chains can self-spiral limitlessly over the whole length of polymers to form regular multiple helices under the inducement of water cluster, fullerene ball and metallic nanoparticles (NPs). Multi-helices possess random chirality selection which have equal probability of left-handedness and right-handedness. Energy components, geometric parameters and differences of helices induced by different NPs are analyzed to deeply probe the possible mechanism and the nature of the limitless spiral of the PA polymer. Furthermore, the helical self-assembly of cis-formed cis-transoid (Ct-PA) and trans-cisoid (Tc-PA) isomers is further studied. The spiral ability of Ct-PA is much higher, but Tc-PA is much lower than that of Tt-PA. Remarkably, Tc-PAs are always form five-helix at room temperature.

Genetic mechanism of human neutrophil antigen 2 deficiency and expression variations.

Human neutrophil antigen 2 (HNA-2) deficiency is a common phenotype as 3-5% humans do not express HNA-2. HNA-2 is coded by CD177 gene that associates with human myeloproliferative disorders. HNA-2 deficient individuals are prone to produce HNA-2 alloantibodies that cause a number of disorders including transfusion-related acute lung injury and immune neutropenia. In addition, the percentages of HNA-2 positive neutrophils vary significantly among individuals and HNA-2 expression variations play a role in human diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and gastric cancer. The underlying genetic mechanism of HNA-2 deficiency and expression variations has remained a mystery. In this study, we identified a novel CD177 nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP 829A>T) that creates a stop codon within the CD177 coding region. We found that all 829TT homozygous individuals were HNA-2 deficient. In addition, the SNP 829A>T genotypes were significantly associated with the percentage of HNA-2 positive neutrophils. Transfection experiments confirmed that HNA-2 expression was absent on cells expressing the CD177 SNP 829T allele. Our data clearly demonstrate that the CD177 SNP 829A>T is the primary genetic determinant for HNA-2 deficiency and expression variations. The mechanistic delineation of HNA-2 genetics will enable the development of genetic tests for diagnosis and prognosis of HNA-2-related human diseases.

Confinement of carbon nanotube enabled multi-strand helices of polyacetylenes.

Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that several polyacetylene (PA) chains can encapsulate and self-assemble into multi-stranded helical structures in confined inner space of carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The driving van der Waals force and curvature provided by the tube wall enable polymers to bend and spiral to maximize the π-π stacking area with the tube wall when filling the inside of the SWCNT. Structural forms and knitting patterns of multiple helices are influenced by the combined effect of the tube space, the number of PA chains and the temperature. The knitting pattern of a six-helix is unique and a knitted six-helix can exist steadily after removing the SWCNT while a two- to five-helix will recover intrinsic straight configurations.

Depsidone and xanthones from Garcinia xanthochymus with hypoglycemic activity and the mechanism of promoting glucose uptake in L6 myotubes.

Garcinia xanthochymus is a widely used folk medicine in southwestern China. Previous studies indicated it possesses potential anti-diabetic activities both in vitro (Fu et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2017) and in vivo (Shivanand et al., 2017). To discover bioactive ingredients from it and unveil their mechanism of action against diabetes, the present study was designed to isolate constituents from extract of G. xanthochymus, determine their structures, screen their activities and investigate mechanism of action of the active substances. Twenty compounds including a new depsidone named garciniadepsidone A (20) and 19 known xanthones were obtained. All of them were screened to discover the active compounds with anti-diabetic activities. Finally, three xanthones including 12b-hydroxy-des-d-garcigerrin (5), 1,2,5,6-tretrahydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-7-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) xanthone (13) and 1,5,6-trihydroxy-7,8-di(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-6',6'-dimethylpyrano (2',3':3,4) xanthone (18) were found to be able to significantly stimulate the glucose uptake in the skeleton muscle cells. The effects of the three compounds were comparable to those of insulin and metformin. Based on molecular mechanistic study, it was found that both of compound 5 and 13 promoted glucose uptake by activating phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) signaling pathway and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, resulting in the translocation of GLUT4 in L6 myotubes without affecting the expression of GLUT4. Compound 5 and 13 have great potential to be developed as promising leads to target diabetes.

Hexafluoroisopropanol-mediated cloud point extraction of organic pollutants in water with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) system was established. A small amount of HFIP (even 1%, v/v) can dramatically reduce the cloud point of Triton X-100 (TX-100) aqueous solution (even to 1 °C) and make liquid-liquid two-phase separation (coacervate phase and aqueous phase) occur at room temperature over a wide range of TX-100 concentration (0.5∼10%, g/mL). HFIP-mediated coacervate phase has smaller volume (volume ratio is 1.8∼8.9% relative to the volume of the total solution with 1∼5% TX-100) and larger micelle aggregates (30∼80 nm in diameter) compared to temperature-induced coacervate phase (volume ratio at 2.8∼14.0%, the diameter of micelle aggregates at 5∼30 nm). HFIP-mediated CPE was coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for the extraction and detection of organic pollutants in water, namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fluoroquinolones (FQs), and sulfonamides (SAs) with different polarities, charges, and hydrogen-bonding properties. HFIP-mediated CPE provides much higher extraction rates (ERs) and enrichment factors (EFs) for FQs (91∼106%, 50∼59), PAHs (63∼90%, 33∼49), and SAs (26∼55%, 16∼34) compared with the temperature-induced one (ERs: 4∼8% for FQs, 25∼46% for PAHs, and 4∼37% for SAs; EFs: 1∼3 for FQs, 6∼12 for PAHs, and 8∼13 for SAs). The limit of detection ranges from 0.24 to 0.33 ng/mL for FQs, 0.04 to 0.38 ng/mL for PAHs, and 0.63 to 1.31 ng/mL for SAs. The proposed method was applied in the analysis of real water samples, and the recovery of 79.4∼110.8% and the relative standard deviation of 0.2∼16.3% were achieved for the three types of pollutants. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of HFIP-mediated cloud point extraction.

FCGR3A and FCGR3B copy number variations are risk factors for sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that causes significant morbidity. Genetic factors contribute to sarcoidosis risks. In this study, we investigated whether copy number variations (CNVs) of FCGR3A (coding for FcγRIIIA) and FCGR3B (coding for FcγRIIIB) genes are associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility and whether the expressions of FcγRIIIA on NK cells and FcγRIIIB on neutrophils are altered in sarcoidosis patients. TaqMan real-time PCR assays were used to analyze the CNV of FCGR3A and FCGR3B genes. FCGR3A and FCGR3B CNV genotypes were compared between 671 biopsy-proven sarcoidosis patients and the same number of healthy controls matched with age, sex, race, and geographic area from the ACCESS (A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis) cohort. Flow cytometry analyses were used to determine expressions of FcγRIIIA on NK cells and FcγRIIIB on neutrophils in phenotype analyses. We found that FCGR3A CNVs were significantly associated with sarcoidosis in females (CN = 1 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 4.0156, SE = 2.2784, P = 0.0143; CN = 3 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 2.8044, SE = 1.1065, P = 0.0090), suggesting that FCGR3A gene abnormality influences sarcoidosis development in a gender-specific manner. Furthermore, FcγRIIIA expressions were significantly decreased on NK cells from sarcoidosis patients compared to those from healthy controls (P = 0.0007). Additionally, low FCGR3B CN was associated with sarcoidosis (CN <2 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 1.5025, SE = 0.2682, P = 0.0226), indicating that the functions of FCGR3B gene may also contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. We conclude that FCGR3A CNVs are a major risk factor for female sarcoidosis and FCGR3B CNVs may also affect the development of sarcoidosis.

Plague in China 2014-All sporadic case report of pneumonic plague.

BACKGROUND: Yersinia pestis is the pathogen of the plague and caused three pandemics worldwide. Pneumonic plague is rarer than bubonic and septicemic plague. We report detailed clinical and pathogenic data for all the three sporadic cases of pneumonic plagues in China in 2014. CASE PRESENTATION: All the three patients are herders in Gansu province of China. They were all infected by Yersinia pestis and displayed in the form of pneumonic plague respectively without related. We tested patient specimens from the upper (nasopharyngeal swabs) or the lower (sputum) respiratory tract and whole blood, plasma, and serum specimens for Yersinia pestis. All patients had fever, cough and dyspnea, and for patient 2 and 3, unconscious. Respiratory symptoms were predominant with acute respiratory failure. The chest X-ray showed signs consistent with necrotizing inflammation with multiple lobar involvements. Despite emergency treatment, all patients died of refractory multiple organ failure within 24 h after admission to hospital. All the contacts were quarantined immediately and there were no secondary cases. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, the plague is epidemic in animals and can infect people who contact with the infected animals which may cause an epidemic in human. We think dogs maybe an intermediate vector for plague and as a source of risk for humans who are exposed to pet animals or who work professionally with canines. If a patient has been exposed to a risk factor and has fever and dyspnea, plague should be considered. People who had contact with a confirmed case should be isolated and investigated for F1 antigen analysis and receive post-exposure preventive treatment. A vaccination strategy might be useful for individuals who are occupationally exposed in areas where endemically infected reservoirs of plague-infected small mammals co-exist.

Novel scroll peapod produced by spontaneous scrolling of graphene onto fullerene string.

Novel scroll peapods are fabricated simply by utilizing the spontaneous scrolling mechanism of graphene onto fullerene string. The basic interaction between the graphene and the fullerene string is investigated, and the mechanism of the formation of the scroll peapod is explained in particular. The formation of the scroll peapod and its formation time are influenced by the combined effects of fullerene number, diameter and graphene size. It is also worth noting that narrow graphene nanoribbon wrapped onto a C720 bean can form a particular helical peapod. Higher temperature slows the scrolling dynamics, and even hinders the formation of the scroll peapod. This study provides a scientific basis for producing scroll peapods simply, and eventually their applications in various areas.

Defect enabled formation of multilayered funnel from isolated graphene nanoring.

Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the cut defect can induce and guide the self-assembly of an isolated graphene nanoring (GNR) to form multi-layered funnel morphology. The vdW force is the driving force; the tangent component drives the self-assembly of GNR and the normal component adjusts and maintains the vertical distance between graphene layers, which is two times of the vdW radius. Moreover, the offset π-π stacking aids the adjacent layers to achieve the lowest energy of AB stacking. With different diameters of the annular GNRs, the final configurations experience multilayered cone, funnel and tube-shaped structures. It also illustrates the influence of temperature in the funnel-forming process. The wide gap with two edges beyond the cutoff distance of vdW force can utilize fullerenes to help and induce the assembly of the GNR. Cutting defect fissure would be a new way to induce the self-assembly of isolated graphene to design and fabricate new carbon nanostructures without impurities.

[Chemical constituents from leaves of Garcinia xanthochymus].

The constituents were isolated and purified by the silica gel and semi-preparative HPLC, and their structures were elucidated by NMR spectral and MS data. Fifteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of 95% ethanol extract from the leaves of Garcinia xanthochymus, and identified as 5, 7, 4'-trihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-flavone(1), 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone(2), 1, 3-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy xanthone(3), kaempferol(4),(2S,3S)-trans-dihydrokaempferol(5), 3, 24, 25-trihydroxytirucall-7-ene(6), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid(7), isovanillic acid(8),(Z)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-2, 6, 6-trimethylcyclohexylidene)acetic acid(9), volkensiflavone(10), morelloflavone(11), 3, 8″-biapigenin(12), bilobetin(13), fukugiside(14), GB2a glucoside(15). Compound 1 is a new compound, compounds 5, 6, 9 and 13 are isolated from the genus Garcinia for the first time, and compounds 4, 7-8, 10-12, 14 and 15 are firstly found from this plant. α-Amylase inhibitory activities of 10 compounds were determined using starch azure as the substrate, and the results show that compound 13 has the inhibitory activities against α-amylase, IC50 values of compound 13 and acarbose are 8.12, 4.32 µmol•L⁻¹ respectively.

Shear displacement controlled periodic wrinkles in hexagonal boron nitride sheet.

The initiation and geometry pattern of wrinkles in a single-layer hexagonal boron nitride sheet induced by in-plane shear displacement are studied. The periodic wrinkles in the central region are parallel to each other with an angle of approximate 50° to the fix edges, and the longitudinal shape of the wrinkle matches the sinusoidal mode shape well. The wrinkle wavelength decreases with an increase in shear loading, while the amplitude is found to initially increase and then become stable. The dependence of the wrinkle geometry on chirality and shear direction is further elucidated. This study theoretically provides a powerful way to produce uniform wrinkles in two-dimensional membranes and to tune their properties in devices.