Drug concentration-dependent expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein and P-glycoprotein in the doxorubicin-resistant acute myelogenous leukemia sublines.

The multidrug resistance of cancer cells can be mediated by an overexpression of the human MDR1 and MRP genes, which encode the transmembrane efflux pumps, the 170 kDa P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and the 190 kDa multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), respectively. In this study, we investigate which protein is preferentially overexpressed in the function of doxorubicin concentrations in the acute myelogenous leukemia cell line (OCI/AML-2). Multidrug-resistant AML-2 sublines were isolated in doxorubicin concentrations of 20, 100, 250, and 500 ng/ml. MRP was at first expressed at low concentrations of less than 5 x IC50 (100 ng/ml) of doxorubicin followed by the overexpression of Pgp with concentrations of more than 12.5 x IC50 (250 ng/ml) of doxorubicin. In addition, it appeared that increased amounts of MRP and its mRNA in AML-2/DX20 and /DX100 decreased gradually in both AML-2/DX250 and /DX500 overexpressing Pgp. In conclusion, it is thought that the overexpression of MRP or Pgp is dependent upon drug concentrations. It could be implicated that the overexpression of MRP might be negatively related to that of Pgp.

Reactive oxygen species-specific mechanisms of drug resistance in paraquat-resistant acute myelogenous leukemia sublines.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-specific mechanisms of drug resistance were explored in paraquat (PQ)-resistant acute myelogenous leukemia cell (OCI/AML-2) sublines. For this, PQ-resistant AML sublines, AML-2/PQ100 and AML-2/PQ400, were selected in the presence of PQ concentrations of 100 microg/ml and 400 microg/ml, respectively. They showed a moderate level of cross resistance to cisplatin and doxorubicin. They were also slightly more resistant than the parental cell (AML-2/WT) to etoposide, camptothecin and daunorubicin. The resistance of PQ-resistant AML-2 sublines to cisplatin seemed to be due to increased amounts of metallothionein, which was not only supported by reversal of resistance to cisplatin by propargylglycin (an inhibitor of metallothionein synthesis) but also confirmed by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-PCR assay. In addition, both AML-PQ100 and /PQ400 sublines showed increased activities of Cu-, Zn-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), whereas AML-2/PQ400, but not AML-2/PQ100, showed increased glutathione S-transferase activity as compared to that of AML-2/WT. However, there was no difference in other ROS-related cellular antioxidants between AML-2/WT and its PQ-resistant sublines. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that increases in levels of metallothionein, glutathione S-transferase, Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD play important roles in protective mechanisms against toxicity of PQ or ROS in AML cells.

Clonazepam release from bioerodible hydrogels based on semi-interpenetrating polymer networks composed of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) macromer.

Poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) macromers terminated with acrylate groups and semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) composed of poly(epsilon-caprolactone)(PCL) and PEG macromer were synthesized to obtain a bioerodible hydrogel. Polymerization of PEG macromer resulted in the formation of cross-linked gels due to the multifunctionality of macromer. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) of PEG networks and PCL in the SIPNs were inner-shifted, indicating an interpenetration of PCL and PEG chains. Water content in the SIPNs increased with increasing PEG weight fraction due to the hydrophilicity of PEG. The amount of clonazepam (CNZ) released from the SIPNs increased with higher content in the SIPNs, lower drug loading, lower concentration of PEG macromer during the SIPNs preparation, and higher molecular weight of PEG. In particular, a combination with low PEG content and low CNZ solubility in water led to long-term constant release from these matrices in vitro and in vivo.

Comparison of catecholamine release in the isolated adrenal glands of SHR and WKY rats.

1 The present study was designed to investigate the secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by stimulation of cholinergic receptors and membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused adrenal gland of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYR) at adult age. 2 The wet weight of adrenal gland in SHR was greater than that in WKYR. The CA releasing responses evoked by acetylcholine (5.32 x 10-3 m), and high potassium (5.6 x 10-2 m), a membrane depolarizer, were significantly lower in WKYR than in SHR. 3 The secretory responses of CA evoked by DMPP (10-4 m for 2 min), a selective agonist of neuronal nicotinic receptors, and McN-A-343 (10-4 m for 2 min), a selective agonist of neuronal muscarinic receptors, were also significantly lower in WKYR than in SHR. 4 The CA release evoked by Bay-K-8644 (10-5 m), a dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel activator, and cyclopiazonic acid (10-5 m), a selective inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum, were also significantly greater in SHR than WKYR. 5 Taken together, these experimental results demonstrate that the CA secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors as well as membrane depolarization is enhanced more greatly in the perfused adrenal glands of SHR than in those of WKYR. It is suggested that the augmented CA release in SHR compared with WKYR was involved in essential hypertensive pathogenesis.

Influence of quinine on catecholamine release evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal gland.

The present study was attempted to investigate the effect of quinine on secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. The perfusion of quinine (15-150 microM) into an adrenal vein for 60 min produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition in CA secretion evoked by ACh (5.32 x 10(-3) M), high K+ (5.6 x 10(-2) M), DMPP (10(-4) M for 2 min), McN-A-343 (10(-4) M for 2 min), cyclopiazonic acid (10(-5) M for 4 min) and Bay-K-8644 (10(-5) M for 4 min). Also, under the presence of pinacidil (10(-4) M), which is also known to be a selective potassium channel activator, CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high potassium, DMPPF McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclopiazonic acid were also greatly reduced. When preloaded along with quinine (5 x 10(-5) M) and glibenclamide (10(-6) M), a specific blocker of ATP-regulated potassium channels, CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high potassium, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclopiazonic acid were recovered as compared to those of quinine-treatment only. Taken together, these results demonstrate that quinine inhibits CA secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors as well as by membrane depolarization through inhibiting influx of extracellular calcium and release in intracellular calcium in the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. These findings suggest that activation of potassium channels may be involved at least in inhibitory action of quinine on CA secretion from the rat adrenal gland.

Studies on secretion of catecholamine evoked by caffeine from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland.

The influence of caffeine on secretion of catecholamines (CA) was examined in the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. Caffeine (0.3 mM) perfused into an adrenal vein of the gland produced a marked increase in secretion of CA. This secretory effect of CA evoked by perfusion of caffeine for one minute was considerably prolonged, lasting for more than 90 minutes. The tachyphylaxis to releasing effect of CA induced by caffeine was observed by repeated perfusion of this drug. The caffeine-evoked CA secretion was markedly inhibited by pretreatment with ouabain, trifluoperazine, TMB-8 and perfusion with calcium-free Krebs solution containing 5 mM EGTA, but was not affected by perfusion of calcium-free Krebs solution without other addition. CA secretion evoked by caffeine was not reduced significantly by pretreatment with chlorisondamine but after the first collection of perfusate for 3 min was clearly inhibited. Interestingly, the caffeine-evoked CA secretion was considerably potentiated by pretreatment with atropine or pirenzepine, but after the first collection for 3 min it was markedly decreased. These experimental results suggest that caffeine causes a marked increase in secretion of CA from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland by an extracellular calcium-independent exocytotic mechanism. The secretory effect of caffeine may be mainly due to mobilization of calcium from an intracellular calcium pool in the rat chromaffin cells and partly due to stimulation of both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

Inhibitory mechanism of pinacidil on catecholamine secretion from the rat perfused adrenal gland evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization.

1. The present study attempted to investigate the effect of potassium channel openers on secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from rat isolated perfused adrenal gland. 2. The perfusion of pinacidil (30-300 microM) into an adrenal vein for 20 min produced dose-dependent inhibition of CA secretion evoked by acetylcholine (ACh; 5.32 mM), high K+ (56 mM), 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP; 100 microM for 2 min), 3-(m-chloro-phenyl-carbamoyl-oxy)-2-butynyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (McN-A-343; 100 microM for 2 min), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA; 10 microM for 4 min) and methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyri dine-5-carboxylate (Bay-K-8644; 10 microM for 4 min). 3. In the presence of minoxidil (100 microM), which is also known to be a potassium channel activator, CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high potassium, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and CPA were also significantly depressed. 4. In adrenal glands preloaded with pinacidil (100 microM) in the presence of glibenclamide (GB; 1 microM), a specific blocker of ATP-regulated potassium channels, CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high potassium, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and CPA were restored to a considerable extent of the control release as compared with that of pinacidil only. 5. These results suggest that pinacidil causes marked inhibition of CA secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors, as well as by membrane depolarization, indicating that this effect may be mediated by inhibiting influx of extracellular calcium and release of intracellular calcium in the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Furthermore, these findings suggest that these potassium channel opener-sensitive membrane potassium channels also play a modulatory role in regulating CA secretion.

Influence of endothelin-1 on clonidine-induced cardiovascular effects in anesthetized rabbits.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) on clonidine-induced cardiovascular effects in urethane-anesthetized rabbits and to clarify the mechanism of its action. Clonidine (5, 10, and 20 micrograms/kg) given into a femoral vein (i.v.) produced a marked dose-dependent fall in arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) clonidine (2, 4, and 8 micrograms/kg) induced a slight depressor effect and bradycardia. Intravenous clonidine-induced hypotension was significantly enhanced by pretreatment with ET-1 or sarafotoxin, but the bradycardia was not affected. Intracerebroventricular clonidine-induced depressor responses were greatly inhibited by sarafotoxin pretreatment but not by ET-1. Both i.v. and i.c.v. ET-1 and sarafotoxin elicited marked hypotensive responses, with a slight decrease in heart rate. The depressor action evoked by i.v. ET-1 and sarafotoxin was significantly inhibited by nitroprusside but not by phentolamine or sodium acetylsalicylate. Furthermore, the weak bradycardia induced by ET-1 or sarafotoxin was not influenced by pretreatment with phentolamine, nitroprusside, or sodium acetylsalicylate. Taken together, these experimental data suggest that ET-1 potentiates clonidine-induced hypotensive responses in the urethane-anesthetized rabbit through facilitation of nitric oxide release, which appears to be associated with endothelin receptors.

A functional role for VAP-33 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 traffic.

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are critical proteins in membrane fusion, in both regulated and constitutive vesicular traffic. In addition, proteins that interact with the SNAREs are thought to regulate fusion. Vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2) is a SNARE protein involved in insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) traffic. VAMP-2 is required for productive GLUT4 incorporation into the plasma membrane. VAMP-associated protein of 33 kDa (VAP-33) is an integral membrane protein that binds VAMPs in vitro, and is hypothesized to be a regulator of VAMPs. In L6 skeletal myoblasts, which display insulin-dependent traffic of GLUT4, we show that VAP-33 colocalized significantly with VAMP-2 using indirect confocal immunofluorescence and biochemical cosegregation. Overexpression of wild-type VAP-33 in L6 myoblasts attenuated the insulin-dependent incorporation of myc-tagged GLUT4 into the plasma membrane, and this response was restored by co-overexpression of VAMP-2 linked to green fluorescent protein. Antibodies to VAP-33 microinjected into 3T3-L1 adipocytes abrogated the insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, as measured in adhered plasma membrane lawns. Immunopurified VAMP-2-containing compartments from L6 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed significant levels of VAP-33. We propose that VAP-33 may be a regulator of VAMP-2 availability for GLUT4 traffic and other vesicle fusion events.

Influence of arachidonic acid on catecholamine secretion in the perfused rat adrenal medulla.

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of arachidonic acid, which is known to be an important unsaturated fatty acid component of membrane phospholipids and to be liberated by phospholipase A2 action, on secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused rat adrenal glands and to clarify the mechanism of its action. Arachidonic acid (10 uM) perfused into an adrenal gland of the rat for 20 min caused a significant inhibition of CA secretion evoked by ACh (5.32 x 10(-3) M), DMPP (10(-4) M) and muscarine (10(-4) M) while it did not affect that induced by excess K+ (5.6 x 10(-2) M). Arachidonic acid, in the presence of ouabain (100 uM), an inhibitor of Na+, K(+) -ATPase, also produced a marked inhibitory effect of CA secretion evoked by ACh, DMPP and muscarine but did not modify the secretory effect of excess K+. The perfusion of arachidonic acid along with indomethacin (30 uM), which is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, for 20 min attenuated markedly CA secretory effect evoked by ACh, DMPP and muscarine while it did not influence that by excess K+. Prostaglandin F2 alpha perfused in a retrograde direction for 20 min inhibited greatly the CA secretion evoked by DMPP but did not affect the effect evoked by excess K+. All of arachidonic acid, ouabain, indomethacin and prostaglandin F2 alpha used in the present study did not affect the spontaneous basal release of CA in the perfused rat adrenal glands. Taken together, these experimental results suggest that arachidonic acid, as well as prostaglandin F2 alpha, cause the inhibitory action of CA secretion evoked by cholinergic receptor-mediated stimulation, but not by membrane depolarization, and also play a modulatory role in regulating CA secretion from the rat adrenal medulla.

Influence of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the changes of blood pressure in rats.

This is an attempt to investigate the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a well-known major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, on the blood pressure response in rats and to elucidate the mechanism of its action. GABA injected into a femoral vein of the rat produced a dose-related fall in blood pressure followed by a secondary pressor response. The depressor response evoked by GABA was clearly blocked by pretreatment with chlorisondamine, diazepam and picrotoxin but was unaffected by atropine, prazosin and debrisoquin. GABA-induced pressor responses were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with prazosin or picrotoxin, while not affected by atropine, diazepam, debrisoquin and chlorisondamine. These experimental data suggest that GABA causes biphasically depressor and pressor responses in rats, and that the hypotensive activity evoked by GABA may be exerted through activation of GABAergic receptors and hypertensive activity due to stimulation of the adrenergic alpha-receptors, which appears to be associated with GABAergic receptors.

Influence of amineptine on changes of blood pressure evoked by norepinephrine and dopamine.

The influence of amineptine, an antidepressant currently employed having mainly selective dopaminergic neurochemical activity, on the pressor responses evoked by norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) was studied in anesthetized whole rats. Amineptine at doses of 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 mg/kg/30 min infused into the femoral vein of the rat caused a dose-related inhibition of the pressor responses of NE and DA. The hypertensive responses of NE and DA augmented by pretreatment with reserpine, a catecholamine depletor, were also clearly depressed following the infusion of amineptine with a rate of 1.5 mg/kg/30 min. Furthermore, the pressor responses of NE and DA potentiated by pretreatment with debrisoquin, a sympathetic neuron blocker, were markedly diminished after pretreatment with the infusion of amineptine at the above same rate (1.5 mg/kg/30 min). These experimental results demonstrate that amineptine causes an inhibitory effect on the pressor responses evoked by NE and DA. It is thought that the amineptine effect may be due to the blockade of the peripheral adrenergic alpha-receptors in addition to the previously described uptake inhibition of dopamine.

Structure-activity relationship study of asiatic acid derivatives against beta amyloid (A beta)-induced neurotoxicity.

8 Semi-synthetic derivatives of asiatic acid were prepared and their protective effect against A beta-induced neurotoxicity was evaluated. Among them, asiatic acid (2), and 4, 16 showed 97, 92 and 87% of protective effect, respectively.

Influence of 17- alpha-estradiol on catecholamine secretion from the perfused rat adrenal gland.

OBJECTIVES: It has been known that adrenal corticosteroids influence the expression of adrenomedullary catecholamine-synthetizing enzymes and also suppress the emission of axonal-like processes in cultured chromaffin cells. In the present study, it was attempted to investigate the effect of 17-alpha-estradiol on catecholamine (CA) secretion evoked by acetylcholine (ACh). DMPP. McN-A-343, excess K+ and Bay-K-8644 from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. METHODS: Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with ether. The adrenal gland was isolated by the method of WaKade. A cannula used for perfusion of the adrenal gland was inserted into the distal end of the renal vein. The adrenal gland, along with ligated blood vessels and the cannula, was carefully removed from the animal and placed on a platform of a leucite chamber. RESULTS: The perfusion of 17-alpha-estradiol (1-100 uM) into an adrenal vein for 20 min produced relatively dose-dependent inhibition in CA secretion evoked by ACh (5.32 mM). DMPP (100 uM for 2 min). McN-A-343 (100 uM for 2 min) and Bay-K-8644 (10 uM for 4 min), while it did not affect the CA secretory effect of high K+ (56 mM). Also, in the presence of 17-beta-estradiol. CA secretion of ACh. DMPP and McN-A-343, without any effect on excess K(+)-evoked CA sectretion was depressed. However, in adrenal glands pre-loaded with 17-alpha-estradiol (10 uM) plus tamoxifen (2 uM), which is known to be a selective antagonist of estrogen receptors (for 20 min). CA secretory responses evoked by ACh. DMPP and McN-A-343 were condiderably recovered as compared to that of 17-alpha-estradiol only, but excess K(+)-induced CA secretion was not affected. However, pre-treatment with 17-alpha-estradiol in the presence of meclopramide (dopaminergic antagonist) did not affect the secretory effect of CA evoked by ACh. DMPP, McN-A-343 and high potassium. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that 17-alpha-estradiol causes the marked inhibition of CA secretion evoked by cholinergic receptor stimulation, but not that by excess K+, indicating strongly that this effect may be mediated by inhibiting the influx of extracellular calcium into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells through the activation of inhibitory estrogen receptors, and it also plays a modulatory role in regulating CA secretion.

Influence of pentobarbital-Na on stimulation-evoked catecholamine secretion in the perfused rat adrenal gland.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was attempted to investigate the effects of pentobarbital-Na, one of the barbiturates which are known to depress excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system at concentrations similar to those required for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, on catecholamines (CA) secretion evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane-depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland, and to clarify the mechanism of its action. METHODS: Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with thiopenal-Na (40 mg/kg, s.c.). The adrenal gland was isolated by the methods of Wakade. A cannula used for perfusion of the adrenal gland was inserted into the distal end of the renal vein. The adrenal gland was carefully removed from the animal and placed on a platform of a leucite chamber. RESULTS: The perfusion of pentobarbital-Na(30-300 uM) into an adrenal vein for 20 min produced relatively dose-dependent inhibition in CA secretion evoked by ACh(5.32 mM), DMPP(100 uM for 1 min), McN-A-343(200 uM for 2 min), Bay-K-8644(10 uM) and high potassium(56 mM), while it did not affect the CA secretion of cyclopiazonic acid(10 uM). Also, in the presence of thiopental-Na (100 uM), CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, DMPP, McN-A-343 and high K+ were markedly depressed. Moreover, in adrenal glands preloaded with ketamine(100 uM for 20 min), which is known to be a dissociative anesthetic, CA secretion evoked by ACh, DMPP, McN-A-343 and high K+ were significantly attenuated. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these experimental results suggest that pentobarbital-Na depresses CA release evoked by both cholinergic stimulation and membrane-depolarization from the isolated rat adrenal medulla and that this inhibitory activity may be due to the result of the direct inhibition of Ca++ influx into the chromaffin cells without any effect on the calcium mobilization from the intracellular store.