Optimization and implementation of four duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for gene doping control in horseracing.

The concern about gene doping has remained high in horseracing and other equestrian competitions. Our laboratory has previously developed a duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay capable of detecting in equine blood the human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgene and equine tubulin α 4a (TUBA4A) gene as an internal control the latter providing quality control over DNA extraction and qPCR. This study aimed to optimize the method for routine testing of regulatory samples. The use of an automated DNA extraction system has increased the sample throughput, consistency of DNA extraction, and recovery of reference materials. The use of reduced concentration of primers and hydrolysis probe for internal control minimized their competition with transgene amplification and improved the assay sensitivity. Spike-in of an exogenous internal control at low concentration for plasma analysis has also been validated. Using the new workflow, four duplex qPCR assays have been developed for the detection of transgenes, namely, hEPO, human growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (hIGF-1), and equine EPO (eEPO). The estimated limits of detection (LODs) of each transgene were 2000 copies/mL of blood and 200 copies/mL of plasma. This method could detect the presence of transgene in blood and plasma collected from a horse administered intramuscularly (IM) with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) carrying the hEPO transgene. A longer detection time was observed in blood than in plasma. The methods have been applied to the screening of over a thousand official racehorse samples since June 2020 for the presence of these transgenes.

A duplex qPCR assay for human erythropoietin (EPO) transgene to control gene doping in horses.

The misuse of genetic manipulation technology to enhance athletic performance is termed gene doping which is prohibited in human sports, horseracing, and equestrian sports. Although many qPCR assays have been developed, most assays employ genomic DNA (gDNA) from humans, non-human primates, and mice as a background and they may not be applicable for testing horse samples. This study aimed to develop a qPCR assay for the detection of human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgene in horse blood cells where the viral vectors used in gene therapy can reside for months. For the detection of hEPO transgene, the performance of three sets of primers and a hydrolysis probe for hEPO were compared. One set showed adequate specificity, sensitivity, amplification efficiency, and a dynamic range of detection in the presence of horse gDNA. The assay was duplexed with the detection of horse tubulin α 4A (TUBA4A) gene as an endogenous internal control in order to prevent false-negative results due to poor recovery and storage of extracted DNA and/or qPCR experimental variation. For the extraction of hEPO-plasmid, the QIAGEN Gentra Puregene blood kit was shown to recover the majority (62%) of hEPO-plasmid from spiked horse blood cells. The specificity and limit of detection (LOD) of the duplex qPCR assay were determined in accordance with MIQE guidelines. These findings supported the application of this duplex qPCR assay to the detection of hEPO transgene in horse blood cells.