Homocystamide Conjugates of Human Serum Albumin as a Platform to Prepare Bimodal Multidrug Delivery Systems for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.

Boron neutron capture therapy is a unique form of adjuvant cancer therapy for various malignancies including malignant gliomas. The conjugation of boron compounds and human serum albumin (HSA)-a carrier protein with a long plasma half-life-is expected to extend systemic circulation of the boron compounds and increase their accumulation in human glioma cells. We report on the synthesis of fluorophore-labeled homocystamide conjugates of human serum albumin and their use in thiol-'click' chemistry to prepare novel multimodal boronated albumin-based theranostic agents, which could be accumulated in tumor cells. The novelty of this work involves the development of the synthesis methodology of albumin conjugates for the imaging-guided boron neutron capture therapy combination. Herein, we suggest using thenoyltrifluoroacetone as a part of an anticancer theranostic construct: approximately 5.4 molecules of thenoyltrifluoroacetone were bound to each albumin. Along with its beneficial properties as a chemotherapeutic agent, thenoyltrifluoroacetone is a promising magnetic resonance imaging agent. The conjugation of bimodal HSA with undecahydro-closo-dodecaborate only slightly reduced human glioma cell line viability in the absence of irradiation (~30 µM of boronated albumin) but allowed for neutron capture and decreased tumor cell survival under epithermal neutron flux. The simultaneous presence of undecahydro-closo-dodecaborate and labeled amino acid residues (fluorophore dye and fluorine atoms) in the obtained HSA conjugate makes it a promising candidate for the combination imaging-guided boron neutron capture therapy.

Biotin-decorated anti-cancer nucleotide theranostic conjugate of human serum albumin: Where the seed meets the soil?

Human serum albumin is playing an increasing role as a drug carrier in clinical settings. Biotin molecules are often used as suitable tags in targeted anti-tumor drug delivery systems. We report on the synthesis and properties of a new multimodal theranostic conjugate based on an anti-cancer fluorinated nucleotide conjugated with a biotinylated dual-labeled albumin. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo study revealed stronger anti-tumor activity of the non-tagged theranostic conjugate than that of the biotin-tagged conjugate, which can be explained by decreased binding of the biotin-tagged conjugate to cellular receptors. Our study sheds light on the importance of site-specific albumin modification for the design of albumin-based drugs with desirable pharmaceutical properties.

Multifunctional human serum albumin-therapeutic nucleotide conjugate with redox and pH-sensitive drug release mechanism for cancer theranostics.

We report on the synthesis and properties of a new multimodal theranostic conjugate based on an anticancer fluorinated nucleotide conjugated with a dual-labeled albumin. A fluorine-labeled homocysteine thiolactone has been used as functional handle to synthesize the fluorinated albumin and couple it with a chemotherapeutic agent 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (pTFT). The conjugate allows for direct optical and 19F magnetic resonance cancer imaging and release of the drug upon addition of glutathione. Interestingly, the pTFT release from albumin conjugate could only be promoted by the increased acidity (pH 5.4). The in vitro study and primary in vivo investigations showed stronger antitumor activity than free pTFT.

Ligand-directed acid-sensitive amidophosphate 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine conjugate as a potential theranostic agent.

Herein, we report a novel strategy to engineer an acid-sensitive anticancer theranostic agent using a vector-drug ensemble. The ensemble was synthesized by directly conjugating the linoleic acid (LA)-modified branched polyethyleneimine with a chemotherapeutic drug trifluorothymidine. Linoleic acid residues were grafted onto 25 kDa polyethyleneimine (PEI) by treating PEI with linoleic acid chloroanhydride. 5-Trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (trifluorothymidine, TFT) was introduced into LA-PEI conjugate by phosphorylating the conjugate with amidophosphate of trifluorothymidine 5'-monophosphate (pTFT), which had been activated by its conversion into the N,N-dimethylaminopyridine derivative. The extent of mononucleotide analog incorporation in the polymer was regulated by the ratio of pTFT to the polymer during the synthesis. Samples containing 20-70 TFT residues per PEI molecule were obtained. The cytotoxicity of PEI-LA-pTFT conjugates decreased with increasing nucleotide content, as examined using the MTT method. Due to the presence of fluorine atoms, TFT-based conjugates could be detected directly in the animals by (19)F magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, the presence of the amidophosphate group in PEI-LA-pTFT conjugates allowed their detection by in vivo(31)P NMR spectroscopy. Indeed, the (31)P NMR signal of a phosphoramide (δ ~ 12 ppm) was observed in the mouse muscle tissue treated with PEI-LA-pTFT conjugate along with the signals from endogenous phosphorus-containing compounds. At the same time, the use of PEI-LA-pTFT conjugate for chemotherapeutic drug delivery is limited due to the low release of pTFT from the carrier. To enhance the release of the drug from the conjugate in the endosomes, PEI-LA polymer was coupled with urocanic acid (UA), which bears imidazole ring and thus can form an acid-labile P-N bond with pTFT. The PEI-LA-UA-pTFT conjugate containing 30 residues of UA and 40 residues of pTFT was tested against the murine Krebs-II ascites carcinoma, grown as an ascetic tumor. The intraperitoneal injection of the conjugates resulted in prolongation of the animals' life and to the complete disappearance of the tumor after three injections.

Protein modification by thiolactone homocysteine chemistry: a multifunctionalized human serum albumin theranostic.

As the most abundant protein with a variety of physiological functions, albumin has been used extensively for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Thiolactone chemistry provides a powerful tool to prepare spin-labeled albumin-based multimodal imaging probes and therapeutic agents. We report the synthesis of a tamoxifen homocysteine thiolactone derivative and its use in thiol-'click' chemistry to prepare multi-functionalized serum albumin. The released sulfhydryl group of the homocysteine functional handle was labeled with a nitroxide reagent to prepare a spin-labeled albumin-tamoxifen conjugate confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS, EPR spectroscopy, UV-vis and fluorescent emission spectra. This is the basis for a novel multimodal tamoxifen-albumin theranostic with a significant (dose-dependent) inhibitory effect on the proliferation of malignant cells. The response of human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells and breast cancer MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen and its albumin conjugates was different in tumor cells with different expression level of ERα in our experiments. These results provide further impetus to develop a serum protein for delivery of tamoxifen to cancer cells.