RESUMO
Abnormal activation of the extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ceftriaxone (Cef) can improve cognitive impairment by upregulating glutamate transporter-1 and promoting the glutamate-glutamine cycle in an AD mouse model. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cef on synaptic plasticity and cognitive-behavioral impairment and to unravel the associated underlying mechanisms. We used an APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model of AD in this study. Extrasynaptic components from hippocampal tissue homogenates were isolated using density gradient centrifugation. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expressions of extrasynaptic NMDAR and its downstream elements. Intracerebroventricular injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatase 61 (STEP61 ) and AAV-STEP61 -shRNA were used to modulate the expressions of STEP61 and extrasynaptic NMDAR. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed to evaluate the synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. The results showed that the expressions of GluN2B and GluN2BTyr1472 in the extrasynaptic fraction were upregulated in AD mice. Cef treatment effectively prevented the upregulation of GluN2B and GluN2BTyr1472 expressions. It also prevented changes in the downstream signals of extrasynaptic NMDAR, including increased expressions of m-calpain and phosphorylated p38 MAPK in AD mice. Furthermore, STEP61 upregulation enhanced, whereas STEP61 downregulation reduced the Cef-induced inhibition of the expressions of GluN2B, GluN2BTyr1472 , and p38 MAPK in the AD mice. Similarly, STEP61 modulation affected Cef-induced improvements in induction of LTP and performance in MWM tests. In conclusion, Cef improved synaptic plasticity and cognitive behavioral impairment in APP/PS1 AD mice by inhibiting the overactivation of extrasynaptic NMDAR and STEP61 cleavage due to extrasynaptic NMDAR activation.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Camundongos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Ceftriaxona/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Cognição , Camundongos Transgênicos , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismoRESUMO
Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) removes most glutamate in the synaptic cleft. Sulbactam confers neuronal protection against ischemic insults in the hippocampal CA1 region accompanied by the upregulation of GLT-1 expression in rats. The present study further investigates the effect of sulbactam on the binding property and uptake capacity of GLT-1 for glutamate, and the change in extracellular glutamate concentration in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats with global brain ischemia. The binding property and uptake capacity of GLT-1 were measured using a radioligand binding and uptake assay, respectively, with L-3H-glutamate. The extracellular glutamate concentration was detected using microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neuropathological evaluation was performed based on thionin staining. It was shown that sulbactam pre-treatment changed GLT-1 binding property, including increased Bmax and decreased Kd values, increased GLT-1 uptake capacity for glutamate, and inhibited the elevation of extracellular glutamate concentration in rats with global cerebral ischemia. These effects of sulbactam were accompanied by its neuronal protection on the hippocampal CA1 neurons against delayed neuronal death resulted from ischemic insult. Furthermore, administration of GLT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, which inhibited the expression of GLT-1, blocked the aforementioned sulbactam-related effects, which suggested that GLT-1 upregulation mediated the above effect although other mechanisms independent of the upregulation of GLT-1 expression could not be excluded. It could be concluded that sulbactam improves the binding property and uptake capacity of GLT-1 for glutamate and then reduces the glutamate concentration and excitotoxicity during global cerebral ischemia, which contributes to the neuroprotection of sulbactam against brain ischemia.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Sulbactam/administração & dosagem , Animais , Transporte Biológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Isquemia Encefálica/genética , Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Synapse loss is a major contributor to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impairments in the expression and/or glutamate uptake activity of glia glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) contribute to synapse loss in AD. Hence, targeting the restoration of GLT-1 activity may have potential for alleviating synapse loss in AD. Ceftriaxone (Cef) can upregulate the expression and glutamate uptake activity of GLT-1 in many disease models, including those for AD. The present study investigated the effects of Cef on synapse loss and the role of GLT-1 using APP/PS1 transgenic and GLT-1 knockdown APP/PS1 AD mice. Furthermore, the involvement of microglia in the process was investigated due to its important role in synapse loss in AD. We found that Cef treatment significantly ameliorated synapse loss and dendritic degeneration in APP/PS1 AD mice, evidenced by an increased dendritic spine density, decreased dendritic beading density, and upregulated levels of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin. The effects of Cef were suppressed by GLT-1 knockdown in GLT-1+/-/APP/PS1 AD mice. Simultaneously, Cef treatment inhibited ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) expression, decreased the proportion of CD11b+CD45hi cells, declined interleukin-6 (IL-6) content, and reduced the co-expression of Iba1 with PSD95 or synaptophysin in APP/PS1 AD mice. In conclusion, Cef treatment ameliorated synapse loss and dendritic degeneration in APP/PS1 AD mice in a GLT-1-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect of Cef on the activation of microglia/macrophages and their phagocytosis for synaptic elements contributed to the mechanism.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Camundongos , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , Microglia/metabolismo , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Sinapses/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Proteína 4 Homóloga a Disks-Large/metabolismo , Sistema X-AG de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Presenilina-1/genética , Presenilina-1/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismoRESUMO
This study was undertaken to determine the role of glutamate transporter-1a (GLT-1a), one of the splice variants of glutamate transporter-1, in the induction of brain ischemic tolerance by cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP). We used a rat global cerebral ischemic model and assessed changes by neuropathological evaluation, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, in vivo brain microdialysis, and high performance liquid chromatography. We found that CIP induced a significant upregulation of GLT-1a expression in the CA1 hippocampus in a time course corresponding to that of neuroprotection of CIP against brain ischemia. Severe brain ischemia for 8 min induced delayed downregulation of GLT-1a, an obvious increase in glutamate concentration and delayed neuronal death of the pyramidal neurons in the CA1 hippocampus. When the animals were pretreated with CIP before the severe ischemia, the above changes normally induced by the severe ischemia were effectively prevented. Importantly, such a preventive effect of CIP on these changes was significantly inhibited by intracerebroventricular administration of GLT-1a antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, which have been proven to specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a protein and mRNA, and had no effect on the expression of GLT-1b. In addition, the concentration of aspartate was also elevated after severe brain ischemic insult. However, CIP had no effect on the elevated aspartate concentrations. These results indicate that GLT-1a participated in the brain ischemic tolerance induced by CIP in rats.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Região CA1 Hipocampal/irrigação sanguínea , Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/metabolismo , Precondicionamento Isquêmico/métodos , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Região CA1 Hipocampal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Masculino , Microdiálise , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Glutamate excitotoxicity in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is an important cause of neurological damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) involved in l ow concentration of ouabain (Oua, activating NKA)-induced protection of rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and neurological deficit scores (NDS) were performed to evaluate rat cerebral injury degree respectively at 2 h, 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 2 h in rats. NKA α1/α2 subunits and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) protein expression were investigated by Western blotting. The cerebral infarct volume ratio were evidently decreased in Oua group vs MCAO/R group at 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats (*p ï¼ 0.05 ). Moreover, NDS were not significantly different (p ï¼ 0.05 ). NKA α1 was decreased at 6 h and 1 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was improved in Oua group. However, NKA α1 and α2 were increased at 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was decreased in Oua group. GLT-1 was decreased at 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was improved in Oua group. These data indicated that l ow concentration of Oua could improve MCAO/R injury through probably changing NKA α1/α2 and GLT-1 protein expression, then increasing GLT-1 function and promoting Glu transport and absorption, which could be useful to determine potential therapeutic strategies for patients with stroke. Low concentration of Oua improved rat MCAO/R injury via NKA α1/α2 and GLT-1.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Animais , Isquemia Encefálica/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Ouabaína , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/induzido quimicamente , Proteína Vesicular 1 de Transporte de Glutamato/metabolismoRESUMO
The accumulation of glutamate (Glu) in the synaptic cleft during cerebral ischemia triggers the death of neurons, causing mental or physical handicap. However, the mechanisms of the alteration in Glu homeostasis and the imbalance between the release and clearance of Glu in ischemia are not yet completely understood. Additionally, the role of Glu transporters in regulating Glu concentration in the synaptic cleft is controversial. This review aims to provide readers with an in-depth understanding of Glu transporters in the early or later stages of ischemic events, or in mild or severe cerebral ischemia via alteration of Glu transporter expression, reversal of Glu transporters function, and trafficking between membrane and cytoplasm, to further clarify whether the Glu transporters are neuroprotective or neurodegenerative during cerebral ischemia. We provide the insights for deeper understanding of the mechanism of Glu transporters regulation after different periods and severities of cerebral ischemia.
Assuntos
Sistema X-AG de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Neuroproteção , Transporte ProteicoRESUMO
Glutamate excitotoxicity is responsible for neuronal death in acute neurological disorders, including stroke, trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes are the main cells for the removal of glutamate in the synaptic cleft and may affect the tolerance of neurons to the glutamate excitotoxicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the tolerance of rat cortical neurons to glutamate excitotoxicity in the presence and absence of astrocytes. Rat cortical neurons in the presence or absence of astrocytes were exposed to different concentrations of glutamate (102,000 µM) and 10 µM glycine for different incubation periods. After 24 h, the Cell Counting kit8 (CCK8) assay was used to measure the cytotoxicity to neurons in the presence or absence of astrocytes. According to the results, in the absence of astrocytes, glutamate induced a concentrationdependent decrease of neuronal survival rate compared with the control rat cortical neurons, and the neurotoxic halfmaximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 15, 30 and 60 min was 364.5, 258.5 and 138.3 µM, respectively. Furthermore, in the presence of astrocytes, glutamate induced a concentrationdependent decrease of neuronal survival rate compared with the control rat cortical neurons, and the neurotoxic IC50 at 15, 30 and 60 min was 1,935, 932.8 and 789.3 µM, respectively. However, astrocytic toxicity was not observed when the rat cortical astrocytes alone were exposed to different concentrations of glutamate (500, 1,000 and 2,000 µM) for 6, 12 and 24 h. In conclusion, the glutamateinduced neurotoxic IC50 values at 15, 30 and 60 min were respectively higher in the presence of astrocytes as compared with those in the absence of astrocytes, suggesting that astrocytes can protect against rat cortical neuronal acute damage induced by glutamate.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Glutâmico/administração & dosagem , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Tolerância a Medicamentos/genética , Ácido Glutâmico/toxicidade , Glicina/administração & dosagem , Glicina/efeitos adversos , Neurônios/patologia , RatosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to design antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) of glial glutamate transporter-la (GLT-1a) and to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed AS-ODNs on the expression of GLT-1a. METHODS: Five sequences of GLT-1a AS-ODNs were designed according to the C terminus specific sequences of GLT-1a mRNA using antisense design software of IDT Com- pany. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the inhibition effects of the five GLT-1a AS-ODNs on the expression of GLT-la. RESULTS: The sequence of GLT-1a AS-ODNs with sequence of 5'-GGTTCTTCCTCAACACTGCA-3' could specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of rats, while it had no effect on the expression of GLT-1b. This sequence showed similar inhibition on the expression of GLT-la in sham and ceftriaxone (Cef)-treated rats. It could also significantly inhibit the cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP)-induced up-regulation in the expression of GLT-1a. The magnitude of the inhibition in sham, Cef- or CIP-treated rats was similar by more than 60%. CONCLUSION: From the designed five sequences of GLT-1a AS-ODNs, we obtained an effective sequence which can specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a.
Assuntos
Região CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/antagonistas & inibidores , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/genética , Animais , Transportador 2 de Aminoácido Excitatório/metabolismo , Precondicionamento Isquêmico , RNA Mensageiro , Ratos , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
It is well known that neurons in the CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subfields of the hippocampus are resistant to short period of ischemia which is usually lethal to pyramidal neurons in hippocampal CA1 subfield. The present study was undertaken to clarify whether the inherent higher resistance of neurons in CA3 and DG to ischemia is associated with glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in rats. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry assay showed that the basal expressions of GLT-1 in both CA3 and DG were much higher than that in CA1 subfield. Mild global brain ischemia for 8 min induced delayed death of almost all CA1 pyramidal neurons and marked GLT-1 down-regulation in the CA1 subfield, but it was not lethal to the neurons in either CA3 or DG and induced GLT-1 up-regulation and astrocyte activation showed normal soma and aplenty slender processes in the both areas. When the global brain ischemia was prolonged to 25 min, neuronal death was clearly observed in CA3 and DG accompanied with down-regulation of GLT-1 expression and abnormal astrocytes represented with hypertrophic somas, but shortened processes. After down-regulating of GLT-1 expression and function by its antisense oligodeoxynucleotides or inhibiting GLT-1 function by dihydrokainate, an inhibitor of GLT-1, the mild global brain ischemia for 8 min, which usually was not lethal to CA3 and DG neurons, induced the neuronal death in CA3 and DG subfields. Taken together, the higher expression of GLT-1 in the CA3 and DG contributes to their inherent resistance to ischemia.