The protective effect of muscimol against systemic inflammatory response in endotoxemic mice is independent of GABAergic and cholinergic receptors.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome plays an important role in the development of sepsis. GABAergic and cholinergic pathways activation are considered important for inflammatory response regulation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-12, IL-10, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived nitric oxide (NO) are important inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Muscimol, an active compound from the mushroom Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam., is a potent GABAA agonist, inhibits inflammatory response via activating GABAA receptor and vagus nerve. However, the effect of muscimol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammatory response is still unclear. Therefore, we studied the effects of muscimol on systemic inflammatory response and survival rate in endotoxemic mice. Mice endotoxemia was induced by LPS. Muscimol was given to mice or RAW264.7 cells 30 min before LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p., or 10 ng/mL, respectively). Mice received GABAergic and cholinergic receptor antagonists 30 min before muscimol and LPS. Muscimol decreased TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-12, iNOS-derived NO, and increased IL-10 levels and survival rate after LPS treatment. Muscimol significantly decreased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity, increased IκB expression, and decreased pIKK expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. GABAergic and cholinergic antagonists failed to reverse muscimol's protection in LPS-treated mice. In conclusion, muscimol protected against systemic inflammatory response in endotoxemic mice may be partially independent of GABAergic and cholinergic receptors.

Dietary Ziziphus jujuba Fruit Attenuates Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis: A Pivotal Role of the NF-κB/IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 Pathway.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the risk factors for the development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). CAC is a type of colorectal cancer (CRC), the third leading cause of cancer death. Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) fruit contains bioactive components such as polysaccharides, triterpenoid acid, and flavonoids, and it has shown anti-inflammatory property. The aim of the study was to investigate the protective effect of dietary ZJ on colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. Mice (n = 42, two sets) were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) followed by three cycles of 2% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water to induce CAC. Simultaneously, those mice were fed with ZJ diet for 70 days (5% or 10% w/w). Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by LSD Bonferroni test. Dietary ZJ decreased fecal blood, diarrhea, disease activity index (DAI), spleen weight (P < 0.001), and the number of tumors (P < 0.001). In addition, dietary ZJ increased colon length (P < 0.001) and suppressed the activation of NF-кB/IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we suggest that dietary ZJ attenuates inflammation by interfering NF-κB/IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby inhibits AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice.

Who is the real killer? Chlorfenapyr or detergent micelle-chlorfenapyr complex?

1. Chlorfenapyr [4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(ethoxymethl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile] is a commonly employed pesticide throughout the world. The mechanism of chlorfenapyr action is to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. The characteristic features of chlorfenapyr intoxication are high fever, rhabdomyolysis and neurologic symptoms that gradually get worse until death. 2. In recent years, suicide attempt cases using commercial chlorfenapyr pesticide were reported. Even small doses of commercial chlorfenapyr pesticide intoxication caused human fatality. However, world health organization (WHO) has classified chlorfenapyr as class 2-moderately hazardous chemical. Animal studies using technical grade (94.5%; AC 7504-59A) chlorfenapyr in 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose as the vehicle, single dose through oral route in male rats were well tolerated. 3. We planned a therapeutic strategy for suicidal chlorfenapyr intoxication, therefore we evaluated the three different toxic doses of chlorfenapyr (10% chlorfenapyr and 90% detergent) through oral route in male rats for human extrapolation. The major difference between the technical grade chlorfenapyr and commercial grade chlorfenapyr was the vehicle. In the technical grade chlorfenapyr study, 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose was used as a vehicle, whereas in the present study 90% detergent acted as a vehicle. The LD50 of commercial grade chlorfenapyr-40.63 mg/kg bw, which was approximately tenfold decrease than technical grade chlorfenapyr, LD50 - 441 mg/kg bw. 4. The combination of chlorfenapyr and detergent, a deadly cocktail to form micelle complex that can greatly influence bioavailability by attaching to biological membranes in vivo. To conclude, the enhanced bioavailability of chlorfenapyr by the detergent causes the fatality in suicidal attempts using chlorfenapyr.

Mast Cell Stabilizer Ketotifen Inhibits Gouty Inflammation in Rats.

Gout, an extremely painful arthritis with relapsing inflammatory attacks, is a common inflammatory joint disease in adults. We examined the therapeutic effect of ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer, on monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced acute inflammation. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were injected with MSU crystals (5 mg per rat) into air pouch. Ketotifen (0, 0.1, 03, and 1 mg/kg) was given 1 hour before MSU crystal injection. Lavage histamine, leukocyte counts, mast cell counts, nitric oxide, and proinflammatory mediator levels were assessed 12 hours after MSU injection. Ketotifen significantly inhibited MSU-induced mast cell activation and histamine concentration in air pouch lavage. Ketotifen dose-dependently inhibited MSU-initiated leukocyte infiltration into the air pouch. Furthermore, ketotifen significantly decreased proinflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-6, production in MSU-treated rats. Ketotifen may attenuate MSU-induced acute inflammation by inhibiting mast cell activation and leukocyte infiltration in rats. Furthermore, ketotifen has the potential to be a new approach in managing patients with gouty inflammation in the future.

Curative effect of sesame oil in a rat model of chronic kidney disease.

AIM: Chronic kidney disease causes a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function. We investigated the curative effect of sesame oil, a natural, nutrient-rich, potent antioxidant, in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. METHODS: Chronic kidney disease was induced by subcutaneously injecting uni-nephrectomized rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and 1% NaCl [DOCA/salt] in drinking water. Four weeks later, the rats were gavaged with sesame oil (0.5 or 1 mL/kg per day) for 7 days. Renal injury, histopathological changes, hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite, lipid peroxidation, Nrf2, osteopontin expression, and collagen were assessed 24 h after the last dose of sesame oil. RESULTS: Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, urine volume, and albuminuria were significantly higher in the DOCA/salt treated rats than in control rats. Sesame oil significantly decreased these four tested parameters in DOCA/salt treated rats. In addition, creatinine clearance rate and nuclear Nrf2 expression were significantly decreased in the DOCA/salt treated rats compared to control rats. Sesame oil significantly decreased hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite level, lipid peroxidation, osteopontin, and renal collagen deposition, but increased creatinine clearance rate and nuclear Nrf2 expression in DOCA/salt treated rats. CONCLUSION: We conclude that supplementation of sesame oil mitigates DOCA/salt induced chronic kidney disease in rats by activating Nrf2 and attenuating osteopontin expression and inhibiting renal fibrosis in rats.

Daily supplement of sesame oil prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis via maintaining serum estrogen and aromatase levels in rats.

Estrogen deficiency is one of the main causes of postmenopausal osteoporosis in elderly women. Hormone replacement therapy has been employed to manage postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, it has raised concerns related to heart attacks and breast cancer. Sesame oil has been reported to affect sex hormone status. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of sesame oil supplement on postmenopausal osteoporosis in rats. We used female Sprague Dawley rats that underwent bilaterally ovariectomy (OVX) as an experimental postmenopausal osteoporosis animal model. These rats were orally administrated sesame oil (0.25 or 0.5 mL/kg/day) for four months as the therapeutic group. We assessed bone mineral density (BMD) and the levels of osteocalcin, procollagen-I C-terminal propeptide (PICP), collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx), estradiol, and aromatase in the sera. The daily supplementation of sesame oil significantly increased BMD, serum osteocalcin levels, and trabecular areas in the OVX-treated rats. Sesame oil also elevated serum PICP levels and decreased NTx levels in these rats. Furthermore, sesame oil effectively maintained serum estradiol and aromatase levels in the OVX-induced osteoporosis rats. In conclusion, daily supplementation of sesame oil prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis by maintaining serum estrogen and aromatase levels, while also modulating the imbalance between bone formation and resorption in osteoporosis rats.

Arsenic-induced health crisis in peri-urban Moyna and Ardebok villages, West Bengal, India: an exposure assessment study.

Drinking of arsenic (As)-contaminated groundwater has adverse effects on health of millions of people worldwide. This study aimed to determine the degree of severity of As exposure from drinking water in peri-urban Moyna and Ardebok villages, West Bengal, India. Arsenic concentrations in hair, nail and urine samp les of the individuals were determined. Arsenical dermatosis, keratosis and melanosis were investigated through medical evaluation. We have evaluated the association between As exposure from drinking water, and keratosis and melanosis outcomes. The results showed that 82.7 % of the sampled tube wells contain As concentrations above 10 µg/L, while 57.7 % contain As concentrations above 50 µg/L. The hair, nail and urine As concentrations were positively correlated with As concentrations in drinking water. In our study population, we observed a strong association between As concentrations ranging 51-99 µg/L and keratosis and melanosis outcomes, although the probability decreases at higher concentration ranges perhaps due to switching away from the use of As-contaminated tube wells for drinking and cooking purposes. High As concentrations in hair, nail and urine were observed to be associated with the age of the study population. The level of As concentrations in hair, nail and urine samples of the study population indicated the degree of severity of As exposure in the study region.

Triptolide Attenuates Muscular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in a Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Animal Model.

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is associated with exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation, which is mainly caused by prolonged eccentric exercise in humans. Triptolide, an extract from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has been used for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in clinical practice. However, whether triptolide attenuates acute muscle damage is still unclear. Here, we examined the effect of triptolide on carrageenan-induced DOMS in rats. Rats were injected with 3% of carrageenan into their muscles to induce acute left gastrocnemius muscular damage, and triptolide treatment attenuated carrageenan-induced acute muscular damage without affecting hepatic function. Triptolide can significantly decrease lipid hydroperoxide and nitric oxide (NO) levels, proinflammatory cytokine production, and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-ĸB, as well as increase a reduced form of glutathione levels in carrageenan-treated rat muscles. At the enzyme levels, triptolide reduced the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and muscular myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in carrageenan-treated DOMS rats. In conclusion, we show that triptolide can attenuate muscular damage by inhibiting muscular oxidative stress and inflammation in a carrageenan-induced rat DOMS model.

Sesame oil prevents acute kidney injury induced by the synergistic action of aminoglycoside and iodinated contrast in rats.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sesame oil on acute kidney injury induced by the synergistic action of aminoglycoside and iodinated contrast in rats. Acute kidney injury was induced by a 5-day course of daily gentamicin injections (100 mg/kg of body weight, subcutaneously) and then iodinated contrast (4 ml/kg, intravenously) in male specific-pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats. Sesame oil (0.5 ml/kg, orally) was given 1 h before iodinated contrast. Renal function and oxidative stress were assessed 6 h after iodinated contrast injection. Renal function was evaluated by measuring serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Renal oxidative stress was assessed by determining renal lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, nitrite/nitrate, and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels. Sesame oil significantly prevented the rise of serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Furthermore, there was a parallel inhibition of the rise in levels of expression of renal lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase, hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion, nitrite/nitrate, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rats with gentamicin-plus-iodinated contrast-induced acute kidney injury. We conclude that sesame oil may attenuate aminoglycoside-plus-iodinated contrast-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting renal oxidative stress in rats.

Sesamol attenuates isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction via inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The protective role of sesamol and its possible action against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury and infarction is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that sesamol's protection against myocardial infarction is associated with the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. METHODS: Four groups of experimental rats were subcutaneously injected with sesamol (0, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) and then, 2 h later, intraperitoneally injected with isoproterenol (100 mg/kg 24 h apart on 2 consecutive days) to induce myocardial infarction. Control rats were treated with saline only. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and electrocardiography (ECG) wave durations, serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes (CKMB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myocardial histology, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were assessed 24 h after the last dose of isoproterenol was given. RESULTS: BP was lower, and HR, ECG wave durations, CKMB, LDH, myocardial injury, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels were higher in experimental rats than in control rats. BP was significantly higher, and all the other parameters were significantly lower in the rats treated with sesamol than in those treated with isoproterenol only. CONCLUSIONS: Sesamol effectively prevented myocardial infarction, at least in part, by controlling proteolytic activities and the expression of MMP-2 and -9 in isoproterenol-treated rats.

Elastases from inflammatory and dendritic cells mediate ultrafine carbon black induced acute lung destruction in mice.

CONTEXT: Exposure to ultrafine particles (<100 nm in diameter) is postulated to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether ultrafine particle exposure causes the infiltration of inflammatory and dendritic cells (DCs) with increased elastase activity, contributing to lung parenchymal destruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C57BL/6 male mice were intratracheally instilled with 300 µg ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm in diameter), and sacrificed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d post-exposure. Differential cell counts, elastase activities, and desmosine and hydroxyproline in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid were determined. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis determined the cell origin of macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12). Anti-neutrophil antibody was applied to assess the contribution of elastase in ufCB induced lung destruction. RESULTS: ufCB exposure led to significant increases in neutrophils, mononuclear cells and total proteins in BAL fluid. Desmosine and hydroxyproline were significantly increased in the ufCB group. Elastase activities were found to be significantly elevated, with both neutrophil elastase and MMP-12 peaking at 3 d post-exposure. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that pulmonary infiltrations of MMP-12 positive DCs, including Langerhans cells-derived DCs, occurred at 3 d and 7 d, while macrophage infiltration was obvious starting at 1 d. Anti-neutrophil antibody significantly reduced neutrophil elastase activity and prevented the increases in BAL desmosine and hydroxyproline following ufCB exposure. CONCLUSION: For the first time we demonstrate the infiltration of Langerhans and myeloid dendritic cells, and show that elastase production contributes to pulmonary destruction following exposure to ultrafine particles.

Physical and psychological stress along with candle fumes induced-cardiopulmonary injury mimicking restaurant kitchen workers.

Restaurant kitchens are work areas where involve strict and hierarchal environments that promote opportunity for bullying and workplace aggression and violence. These physical and psychological stress and fumes ultimately trigger severe occupational stress by disrupting the body's homeostasis that might induce cardiopulmonary injury. The study aimed to investigate the physical and psychological stress and candle fumes on cardiopulmonary injury in an animal model mimicking a restaurant kitchen worker. Social disruption stress (SDR) mice were exposed to scented candle fumes (4.5 h/d, 5 d/wk) in an exposure chamber for 8 weeks. Exposure to burning scented candles failed to reduce serum corticosterone level and increased proinflammatory cytokines levels and NF-ƙB activity in the lung. In addition, burning scented candle fumes synergistically increased SDR-induced serum LDH, CPK, CKMB levels, proinflammatory cytokines production as well as NF-ƙB activation in the lung and heart. Further, cardiac HIF-1α and BNP levels were also increased. We conclude that the physical and psychological stress along with candle fumes might induce cardiopulmonary injury in mice. These results could be extrapolated to restaurant kitchen workers.

Sesame oil accelerates kidney healing following gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the therapeutic effect of a single dose of sesame oil against gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. METHODS: Experimental rats were subcutaneously injected with gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day for 7 days) to induce renal injury. Sesame oil (1, 2 or 4 ml/kg) was given orally 24 h after the last dose of gentamicin. Control rats were treated with saline only. Renal injury, histopathological examination, histochemical staining, osteopontin expression, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite radical and lipid peroxidation were assessed 24 h after sesame oil administration. RESULTS: Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine as well as renal osteopontin expression, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite radical and lipid peroxidation levels were higher in gentamicin-treated rats than in control rats. Sesame oil significantly decreased all the tested parameters compared with gentamicin-alone rats. Furthermore, histopathological and histochemical staining showed that renal tubules had recovered and regenerated in the sesame oil-treated rats. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that a single dose of sesame oil inhibits oxidative stress to shorten the recovery period and allow the regeneration of renal tubules after the onset of gentamicin-induced renal injury in rats.

Effect of sesame oil on acidified ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: Exposure of gastric mucosa to concentrated ethanol induces acute gastritis. Gastric mucosal lipid peroxidation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame oil on acidified ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. METHODS: We performed gastric bilateral vagotomy in rats. A small incision on forestomach was made and stomach content was expelled. Normal artificial gastric acid (54 mM NaCl plus 100 mM HCl) or acidified ethanol (30% ethanol plus 150 mM HCl) was instilled into the stomach. Gastric lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and nitric oxide levels were measured 3 hours after acidified ethanol administration. RESULTS: Acidified ethanol caused mucosal ulceration, luminal hemorrhage, lipid peroxidation, and a lower level of mucosal glutathione and nitric oxide production. Pretreatment of sesame oil, but not mineral oil, significantly decreased acidified ethanol-induced mucosal ulcer formation and luminal hemorrhage. Sesame oil reduced mucosal lipid peroxidation, as well as glutathione and nitric oxide production in acidified ethanol-treated stomachs. Furthermore, both sesame oil and mineral oil did not affect serum ethanol concentration in acidified ethanol-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Sesame oil attenuates acidified ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury by reducing oxidative stress in rats.

Effect of sesame oil against acetaminophen-induced acute oxidative hepatic damage in rats.

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes acute liver injury or even death in both humans and experimental animals. We investigated the effect of sesame oil on APAP-induced acute liver injury. Male Wistar rats were given APAP (1,000 mg/kg; orally) to induce acute liver injury. Acetaminophen significantly increased aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical generation levels; it also induced glutathione depletion. Sesame oil (8 mL/kg; orally) did not alter the gastric absorption of APAP, but it inhibited all the parameters altered by APAP and protected the rats against APAP-induced acute liver injury. We hypothesize that sesame oil maintained the intracellular glutathione levels, reduced reactive oxygen species levels, and inhibited lipid peroxidation in rats with APAP-induced acute liver injury.

Sesame oil does not show accumulatively enhanced protection against oxidative stress-associated hepatic injury in septic rats.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is one of the major causes of death reported in intensive care units. A daily supplement of sesame oil for 1 week significantly attenuates oxidative stress-associated hepatic injury in septic rats. However, the excess intake of sesame oil may be associated with a health risk. This study investigates the effect of accumulative sesame oil on oxidative stress-associated hepatic injury after cecal ligation and puncture in rats. METHODS: Sesame oil was administered daily (4 mL/kg/d, orally) to rats, and the total intake of sesame oil ranged from 0 (control) to 140 mL/kg before cecal ligation and puncture in 9 groups of rats. Oxidative stress was examined by determining the levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione. Hepatic injury was evaluated by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. RESULTS: Rats that received sesame oil for 4 and 5 weeks had a lower body weight gain compared with those that received saline. Lipid peroxidation was decreased in the 20-mL/kg and 28-mL/kg groups, but it was increased in the 140-mL/kg group compared with the control group. Glutathione levels were increased in the < or =28-mL/kg groups compared with the control group. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were reduced in the < or =28-mL/kg groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Sesame oil does not demonstrate accumulatively enhanced protection against oxidative stress-associated hepatic injury after cecal ligation and puncture in rats.

Sesame oil attenuates hepatic lipid peroxidation by inhibiting nitric oxide and superoxide anion generation in septic rats.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in the intensive care unit. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of organ failure during sepsis. Sesame oil decreases circulating oxygen free radicals in septic rats; however, its effect on hepatic oxidative status is unknown. The authors examined the effect of sesame oil on hepatic lipid peroxidation in septic rats. METHODS: Hepatic injury was induced using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were divided into 4 groups: sham, rats given a sham operation without CLP; SO, rats given sesame oil alone; CLP, rats given saline and then CLP; and CS, rats given sesame oil and then CLP. All rats were first given a 1-week daily oral supplement of sesame oil or saline (4 mL/kg/d) and then CLP or a sham operation. The authors assessed hepatic oxidative stress by determining hepatic lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and nitric oxide levels 12 hours after CLP. They also assessed xanthine oxidase activity and nitric oxide synthase expression. RESULTS: Hepatic lipid peroxidation (P < .0001), hydroxyl radical (P < .05), superoxide anion (P < .05), and nitrite (P < .05) levels were significantly lower in sesame oil-treated septic rats. Furthermore, sesame oil significantly reduced xanthine oxidase activity (P < .01) and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (P < .005) in septic rats. CONCLUSIONS: Sesame oil might attenuate hepatic lipid peroxidation by inhibiting superoxide anion and nitric oxide, at least partially, in experimental septic rats.

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-I and -II stimulate steroidogenesis in prepubertal murine Leydig cells in vitro.

AIM: To study the effect and mechanism of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on murine Leydig cell steroidogenesis. METHODS: Purified murine Leydig cells were treated with GnRH-I and -II agonists, and testosterone production and steroidogenic enzyme expressions were determined. RESULTS: GnRH-I and -II agonists significantly stimulated murine Leydig cell steroidogenesis 60%-80% in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, P450scc, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), but not 17alpha-hydroxylase or 17beta-HSD, were significantly stimulated by both GnRH agonists with a 1.5- to 3-fold increase (P < 0.05). However, only 3beta-HSD protein expression was induced by both GnRH agonists, with a 1.6- to 2-fold increase (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: GnRH directly stimulated murine Leydig cell steroidogenesis by activating 3b-HSD enzyme expression.

The prophylactic protective effect of sesamol against ferric-nitrilotriacetate-induced acute renal injury in mice.

The aim of this study was to examine the prophylactic protective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol (sesamol) on ferric-nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced acute renal damage in mice. We induced acute renal injury in mice by treating them with 4 mg/kg of Fe-NTA for 3h. We used blood biochemistry, creatinine clearance, and histological examinations to assess renal function. With a high-performance chemiluminescence analyzer, we also determined the hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion levels (free radicals) generated. Renal xanthine oxidase activities were also assessed. Sesamol inhibited Fe-NTA-induced acute renal injury, renal lipid peroxidation, the levels of renal hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion generated, and the activity of xanthine oxidase in mice. Therefore, we concluded that sesamol protected mice against Fe-NTA-induced oxidative-stress-associated acute renal injury by at least partially inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species.