Pain threshold monitoring during chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve in rats.

Background: The chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the infraorbital nerve (ION) has been used to establish an animal mode of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), but key parameters of the model have not been quantified until now. Objective: The aim of the study was to quantify a standard of pain threshold to evaluate a successful TN model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Forty-eight adult SD rats (200-220 g) underwent chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. The pain threshold was tested one day preoperatively (baseline) and day 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 postoperatively using the up-down method. At day 28, all the animals were killed by dislocation of the cervical spine and the trigeminal nerve specimens were removed for electron microscopy. Results: The baseline pain threshold was 14.40 ± 0.87 g. Postoperatively, all the rats presented an initial reduced sensitivity to mechanical stimulation from day 1 (15.63 ± 1.92 g) through 7 (17.39 ± 1.43 g) after the surgery. At day 14, 32 (66.7%) began to show significant mechanical allodynia (0.71 ± 0.43 g) which did not change significantly till day 28 (0.88 ± 0.54 g). These animals were regarded as successful TN models with a 95% confidence interval of the pain threshold of 0.58-1.27 at Day 14. The electron microscopy demonstrated homogeneously demyelinated changes in those successful TN model animals rather than severe or mild epineurial lesions in those unsuccessful model animals. Conclusion: Our study showed that an animal TN model could be established with a two-week chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. The mechanical allodynia index <1.27 at Day 14 was suggested as a criterion for a successful model.

Microvascular decompression for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a retrospective analysis of 228 cases.

BACKGROUND: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is an uncommon craniofacial pain syndrome caused by neurovascular conflict. Compared to trigeminal neuralgia or hemifacial spasm, the incidence of GPN was very low. Until now, little is known about the long-term outcome following microvascular decompression (MVD) process. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2016, 228 idiopathic GPN patients underwent MVD in our department. Those cases were retrospectively reviewed with emphasis on intraoperative findings and long-term postoperative outcomes. The average period of follow-up was 54.3 ± 6.2 months. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, the culprit was identified as the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 165 cases (72.3%), the vertebral artery (VA) in 14 (6.1%), vein in 10 (4.4%), and a combination of multiple arteries or venous offending vessels in 39 (17.2%). The immediately postoperative outcome was excellent in 204 cases (89.5%), good in 12 (5.3%), fair in 6 (2.6%) and poor in 6 (2.6%). More than 5-year follow-up was obtained in 107 cases (46.9%), which presented as excellent in 93 (86.9%), good in 6 (5.6%), fair in 3 (2.8%) and poor in 5 (4.7%). Thirty-seven (16.2%) of the patients experienced some postoperative neurological deficits immediately, such as dysphagia, hoarseness and facial paralysis, which has been improved at the last follow-up in most cases, except 2. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation demonstrated that MVD is a safe and effective remedy for treatment of GPN.

Fatal complications following microvascular decompression: could it be avoided and salvaged?

Although the microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery has become an effective remedy for cranial nerve rhizopathies, it is still challengeable and may result in a fatal sequel sometimes. Therefore, the operative skill needs to be further highlighted with emphasis on the safety and a preplan for management of postoperative fatal complications should be established. We retrospectively analyzed 6974 cases of MVD. Postoperatively, 46 patients (0.66 %) presented decline in consciousness with a positive finger-nose test (or failure to be tested) after wake up from the anesthesia, whom were focused on in this study. Their surgical findings and intraoperative manipulation as well as computer tomography (CT) delineation were reviewed in detail. These cases consisted of trigeminal neuralgia in 37 and hemifacial spasm in 9. All these patients underwent an immediate CT scan, which demonstrated cerebellar hemorrhages in 38 and epidural hematomas in 6. A later magnetic resource image delineated cerebral infarctions in basal ganglia in 2. Eventually, 15 (0.2 %) died and 31 survived. Data analysis showed that the mortality is significantly higher in trigeminal cases with cerebellar hematoma and an immediate hematoma evacuation plus ventricular drainage could give the patient more chance of survival (p < 0.05). It appeared that the cerebellar hemorrhage was the predominant cause contributable to the postoperative consciousness decline, which occurred more often in trigeminal cases. To have a safe MVD, an appropriate surgical technique is the priority. It is very important to create a satisfactory working space before decompression of the cranial nerve root, which is obtained by a patient microdissection of the arachnoids rather than blind retraction of the cerebellum and hotheaded sacrifice of the petrous vein. Once a cerebellar hematoma is confirmed, an emergency surgery should not be hesitated. A prompt evacuation of the hematomas followed by a dual ventricular drainage via both the frontal horns may save the patient.

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion with a Compressive C-JAWS Staple.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is currently the most commonly used technique in cervical surgery. But the implantation of a traditional plate is time-consuming and exposes the patient to additional adverse events. In this study, we analyzed results in patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with C-JAWS fixation. The C-JAWS device is a new cervical compressive staple developed to stabilize the spacer. METHODS: At our department, between January 2012 and December 2013, nine consecutive patients with cervical spondylopathy underwent an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion process in which we used a polyether ether ketone cervical spacer prefilled with bone substitute and secured with a cervical compressive staple. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) score and visual analog score (VAS) for neck and arm pain, as well as radiographic examinations, were adopted to assess postoperative outcome and fusion. RESULTS: Bony fusion was observed in all of the nine patients, and no serious surgery-related or implant-related complications were observed during the operation or in the postoperative period. The average operative time was 60.3 ± 11.6 min. The average hospital stay was 3.2 ± 0.8 days. The average skin incision length was 3.0 ± 0.3 cm. The average follow-up was 18.4 ± 4.3 months. At the last follow-up, the NDI had changed from the baseline value of 23.4 ± 10.3 to 7.1 ± 4.8, and the VAS values for neck and arm pain had changed from 6.1 ± 1.0 and 4.6 ± 1.6,respectively, to 2.3 ± 1.7 and 2.4 ± 1.1, respectively. The patients' subjective satisfaction was excellent in six and good in three. CONCLUSIONS: Without screws, this low-profile design compressive staple, the C-JAWS, performed well in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgeries.

One-Pot Aqueous Synthesization of Near-Infrared Quantum Dots for Bioimaging and Photodynamic Therapy of Gliomas.

BACKGROUND: As the early detection and total destruction of gliomas are essential for longer survival, we attempted to synthesize a quantum dot (QD) that is capable of recognizing glioma cells for imaging and photodynamic therapy. METHODS: Using a one-pot aqueous approach, near infrared-emitting CdTe was produced. After detection of its physicochemical characteriistics, it was conjugated with RGD. The emission images were observed with confocal microscopy. To test its toxicity, CdTe-RGD at various concentrations was separately added to a human glioma cell line (U251) and a mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (3T3) (control) for incubation in dark conditions. To test its photodynamic effect, the U251 and 3T3 cells were then irradiated for 5-60 min, using a 632.8-nm laser. RESULTS: This QD (Φ = 3.75 nm, photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength = 700 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) = 20 %), was a spherical crystal with excellent monodispersity. Under a confocal microscope, U251 cells were visualized, but not the 3T3 cells. In dark conditions, the survival rates of both U251 and 3T3 cells were above 85 %. After laser irradiation, the survival rate of U251 cells decreased to 37 ± 1.6 % as the irradiation time and the CdTe-RGD concentration were increased. CONCLUSIONS: With good physicochemical characteriistics and low toxicity, this QD-RGD has broad prospects for use in the biomedical imaging and photodynamic therapy of gliomas.

The Significance of Abnormal Muscle Response Monitoring During Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm.

BACKGROUND: Despite the wide adoption of the abnormal muscle response (AMR) to electrical stimulation of the facial nerve during microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery, the value of AMR in the prognosis of the postoperative outcome is still controversial. In order to better use this intraoperative electrophysiology, it is necessary to further address the relationship between AMR and postoperative results. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-two patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) in whom MVD surgery was performed and in whom AMR was available were finally enrolled in this study. The intraoperative AMR changes were classified as amplitude ≥ 50 %, <50 %, and disappearance. These changes were retrospectively analyzed in association with intraoperative findings and postoperative outcomes. The follow-up period ranged from 11 to 62 months, with an average of 34.1 months. RESULTS: Among the 332 patients with a typical AMR wave recorded at the beginning of the operation, the AMR disappeared in 305, and amplitude was <50 % in 11 and ≥50 % in 16. Of those with AMR disappearance plus those with amplitude < 50 %, 98.4 % achieved relief on the first postoperative day and at the latest follow-up, while of those with amplitude ≥50 %, 18.8 % and 25 %, respectively, achieved relief on the first postoperative day and at the latest follow-up (P < 0.01). Accordingly, a more than 50 % decrease of AMR amplitude may predict a good prognosis. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of AMR monitoring were 97.5 %, 99 %, and 72.2 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: AMR could be a good tool for successful MVD in patients with HFS when a rational analysis is conducted in association with the intraoperative findings. Persistence of AMR may imply that the real offending vessel was missed. If the entire facial nerve root is cleared of any vessel, a remaining AMR amplitude of less than 50 % might be acceptable. Otherwise, neurocombing is suggested before finishing the operation.

Teflon Might Be a Factor Accounting for a Failed Microvascular Decompression in Hemifacial Spasm: A Technical Note.

BACKGROUND: Although Teflon is widely adopted for microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery, it has never been addressed for failure analysis. This study analyzed the reasons for failed MVDs with emphasis on the Teflon sponge. METHODS: Among the 685 hemifacial spasm cases between 2010 and 2014, 31 were reoperated on within a week because of unsatisfactory outcome, which was focused on in this study. Intraoperative findings regarding Teflon inserts of these repeat MVDs were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 38 without satisfactory outcomes, 31 underwent repeat MVDs, and they were all spasm free afterwards. Eventually, the final cure rate was 99.2%. It was found in the repeat MVDs that the failure was attributable to the Teflon insert in most of the cases (74.2%) directly or indirectly. It was caused by improper placement (47.8%), inappropriate size (34.8%) and unsuitable shape (17.4%) of the Teflon sponge. CONCLUSION: Although it is not difficult for an experienced neurosurgeon to discover a neurovascular conflict during the MVD process, the size, shape and location of the Teflon sponge should not be ignored. Basically, the Teflon insert is used to keep the offending artery away from the facial nerve root rather than to isolate it. Therefore, the ideal Teflon sponge should be just small enough to produce a neurovascular separation.

Management of symptomatic hemifacial spasm or trigeminal neuralgia.

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) or trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a kind of hyperactivity disorder of cranial nerves caused by vascular compression. However, sometimes, the disease may arise from nerve damage produced by tumors, which was called as symptomatic HFS/TN. Until now, little is known about the exact mechanism and the necessity of microvascular decompression (MVD) regarding the tumor-induced HFS/TN, which is necessary to be retrospectively analyzed in a considerable sample. Among the 4021 patients who underwent MVD in our department between 2006 and 2014, 44 were finally diagnosed as symptomatic HFS or TN. These patients were focused in this study and their clinical features as well as intraoperative findings and postoperative outcomes were retrospectively investigated. Data analysis exhibited the symptomatic HFS/TN cases accounted for 1.1 % in the study, which were caused by epidermoid in 18 (40.9 %) and meningioma in 15 (34.1 %) followed by neuroma in 7 (15.9 %) as well as aneurysm in 2 (4.5 %) and arteriovenous malformation in 2 (4.5 %). Compared to those with idiopathic HFS/TN, younger females were more susceptible (p < 0.05). After resection of the neoplasm, the offending vessel was identified in 26 (59.1 %), which were followed by MVD process. Postoperatively, the symptoms relief rate was 88.6 %. Our study showed that surgical management of patients with symptomatic HFS/TN may lead to a satisfactory result, yet those primary lesions should be removed firstly. In some cases, a microvascular decompression process might be unnecessary afterward, but the entire nerve root should be checked to exclude any vessel in contact with.

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with a compressive staple of C-JAWS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of C-JAWS in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) surgery. METHODS: Between January 2012 and December 2013, nine consecutive patients with cervical spondylopathy underwent ACDF process using a polyetheretherketone cervical spacer prefilled with bone substitute and secured by a cervical compressive staple in our department. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) score and visual analogy scale (VAS) of neck or arm pain as well as radiographic examination were adopted to assess the postoperative outcome and fusion. RESULTS: Bony fusion was observed in all of the nine patients, and no serious surgery-related or implant-related complications were observed during the operation or postoperative period. The average operative time was 60.3 ± 11.6 min. The average hospital stay was 3.2 ± 0.8 days. The average skin incision length was about 3.0 ± 0.3 cm. The average of the follow-up days was 18.4 ± 4.3 months. At the last follow-up, the NDI changed from the baseline of 23.4 ± 10.3 to 7.1 ± 4.8, the VAS of neck or arm pain from 6.1 ± 1.0 and 4.6 ± 1.6 to 2.3 ± 1.7 and 2.4 ± 1.1, respectively. The patients' subjective satisfaction was excellent in 6 and good in 3. CONCLUSIONS: Without screws, this low-profile designed compressive staple C-JAWS performed well in the ACDF surgeries.

Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia using DREZotomy guided by spinal cord stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication following an episode of acute herpes zoster. The curative effect of current treatments is limited. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to report a new treatment for PHN with a combination of dorsal root entry zone lesion (DREZotomy) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS). METHODS: Microsurgical DREZotomy assisted with SCS for target localization was performed in 6 patients with PHN. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Except for 1 patient, in whom the test SCS was unsatisfactory, all patients finally underwent DREZotomy. These 5 patients experienced apparent symptom relief postoperatively, and the VAS score decreased from a baseline of 8.4 ± 1.14 to 2.4 ± 1.14 (p = 0.0020) and did not change significantly during the follow-up of up to 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical DREZotomy assisted with SCS for target localization is an effective remedy for PHN.

Delayed relief of hemifacial spasm after microvascular decompression: can it be avoided?

BACKGROUND: Although microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery has been widely accepted as an effective treatment for hemifacial spasm (HFS), delayed relief cases have been frequently reported. Therefore, the value of an immediate redo MVD should be discussed. METHODS: This study included 1,435 HFS patients who underwent MVD with intraoperative abnormal muscle response (AMR) monitoring from 2011 through 2013 at XinHua Hospital. These cases were analyzed retrospectively with emphasis on the postoperative outcomes and introaperative findings. RESULTS: After MVD, 1,384 HFS patients obtained relief immediately. The 51 unrelieved patients underwent AMR monitoring again the next day; this was positive in 48 and negative in 3 patients. These three patients with negative AMR obtained relief spontaneously within a week. Among the 48 positive patients, 31 and 11 were underwent redo MVD within a week and 5-22 months, respectively, and all achieved relief after the second operation. Of the six remainig patients, two obtained relief within 2 months and 4 remained unchanged in the up-to-3-year's follow-up period. In redo MVDs, insufficient decompression of the facial nerve accounted for the failure. Finally, in this database, the immediate postoperative cure rate was 96.4 %; with earlier redo MVD, the final cure rate could be increased to 99.9 %. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a reasonable remedy for HFS in the hands of an experienced neurosurgeon, sometimes small vessels can be missed while managing the main offending arteries during MVDs, which might account for the delayed relief. Therefore, reexamination of the AMR is necessary for unimproved patients; if a positive result is recorded, an immediate redo MVD is suggested.

Delayed relief of hemifacial spasm after microvascular decompression.

Microvascular decompression (MVD) has been accepted worldwide as a reasonable treatment for hemifacial spasm (HFS); however, resolution of the HFS is often gradual. To conclude the delayed relief rate of the MVD for the treatment of HFS, we conducted a systematic review. Using the keywords delayed relief, hemifacial spasm, or microvascular decompression, articles published in English-language journals and indexed in PubMed between June 1, 1994 and June 1, 2014 on the treatment of HFS with emphasis on delayed relief were considered for this study. Twelve articles with 2727 patients with HFS were finally enrolled in this review. Among all the patients, the ratio of male versus female was 1:2.7, and left versus right was 1:1.6. The average age at surgery was 52.5 years (49.1-55.9 y), with HFS symptom duration of 68.4 months (38.4-98.4 mo) before the surgery. The average follow-up duration was 49 months (6.4-121.6 mo). After examining all the patients, we obtained a mean postoperative success rate of 85.1% (76.5%-93.5%), but the success rate after the MVD immediately is only 71.8% (59.5%-84%). The mean rate of delayed relief was 25.4% (18.8%-37.1%). Approximately 13.1% (5.9%-19.7%) of the patients with symptom recurrence resorted to repeated MVD during the follow-up period. Accordingly, MVD is the most effective treatment for patients with HFS, but some of the patients may experienced delayed relief, which could be avoided if a thorough decompression of the facial nerve root had been obtained.

Upregulation of Nav1.8 in demyelinated facial nerves might be relevant to the generation of hemifacial spasm.

Our previous studies demonstrated that the abnormal muscle response could vanish when the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion was removed and reappear when norepinephrine was dripped at the neurovascular conflict site. Evidentially, we believed that the mechanism of hemifacial spasm should involve emersion of ectopical action potential in the compressed facial nerve fibers. As the action potential is ignited by ion channel opening, we focused on Nav1.8 that has been found overexpressed in peripheral nerve while damaged. In this study, Moller model was adopted, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent drip of norepinephrine, and the abnormal muscle response wave was monitored in 14 rats. Antibodies against unique epitopes of the α subunit of sodium channel isoforms were used to detect the Nav1.8 neuronal isoforms, and the immunohistochemistry showed strong staining in 13 rats, which were all in the abnormal muscle response positive group (P < 0.05). Accordingly, we concluded that the substance of hemifacial spasm is an ectopic action potential that emerged on the damaged facial nerve, which might be coupled by Nav1.8.

Cholesteatoma of cerebellopontine angle presented as trigeminal neuralgia.

Cholesteatoma in the cerebellopontine angle presented as trigeminal neuralgia are not common. Between 2010 and 2013, 12 such patients were operated on in our department. Those patients included 8 females and 4 males with an average age of 47.8 years. One patient was combined with the ipsilateral hemifacial spasm. Five patients had hypesthesia in the ipsilateral side of the face. During the surgery, a pearly sheen mass with boundary was found in the cerebellopontine angle, and the trigeminal root was buried in the tumor. The tumor was removed totally in all the cases. Afterwards, the trigeminal root was observed distorted in 5 and the offending vessel was finally distinguished in 9. Postoperatively, the symptoms were relieved in all the cases and no recurrence was found up to the 36-month period of follow-up. We believed that the etiology of secondary trigeminal neuralgia caused by cholesteatoma is still the neurovascular confliction; the only difference is that the offending vessel was pushed by the tumor instead of idiopathically. Sometimes, the offending artery may not be found after the tumor resection for it may have been transposed off while the tumor is being removed.

Effectiveness and safety of microvascular decompression surgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review.

Microvascular decompression has been now accepted worldwide as a reasonable treatment for trigeminal neuralgia, yet, as a functional operation in the cerebellopontine angle, this process may be risky and the postoperative outcomes might not be good enough sometimes. To assess the effectiveness and safety of microvascular decompression for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, we conducted a systematic review. Using the keywords "trigeminal neuralgia", "microvascular decompression", or "neurovascular conflict", manuscripts published in English-language journals and indexed in PubMed between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2013 on the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) with microvascular decompression were considered for this study. The success and complications were analyzed. The success in this investigation was defined as complete pain free. Continuous outcomes were summarized using means or medians, and dichotomous outcomes were presented as percentage associated with 95% confidence interval. Twenty-six papers with 6,847 patients were finally enrolled in this review. Among them, the male-to-female ratio was 1:1.4, the left-to-right ratio was 1:1.6, and the pain was located in the innervation of V3 and/or V2 in most of the cases with only 2.3% (0.1-4.7) of V1 exclusively. The average age at surgery was 60.9 years (52.5-64.1) with TN symptoms duration of 24.7 months (6.1-42.1) before microvascular decompression (MVD). Operative findings confirmed the superior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and multiple vascular contacts (including veins) as the most common sources of nerve compression. The average follow-up duration was 35.8 months (26.2-56.6). The success rate was 83.5% (79.6-89.1). Complications included incisional infection in 1.3% (0.1-2.5), facial palsy 2.9% (0.5-6.2), facial numbness 9.1% (1.3-19.6), cerebrospinal fluid leak 1.6% (0.7-2.5), and hearing deficit 1.9% (0.2-3.9). The postoperative mortality was 0.1% (0.02-0.2). Accordingly, MVD is the most effective treatment for patients with trigeminal neuralgia. An immediate pain free can be achieved by an experienced neurosurgeon with good knowledge of the regional anatomy. To avoid complications, each single step of the process cannot be overemphasized.

[The lowest dosages of mifepristone and misoprostol to terminate ultra-early pregnancy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the lowest effective dosage of mifepristone combined with misoprostol in terminating ultra-early pregnancy. METHODS: All the cases of ultra-early pregnancy classified by amenorrhea days, ß-hCG and vaginal B-ultrasonic were randomly divided into two groups. One hundred cases in G1 group (minimized dosage) were orally administered 25 mg mifepristone once a day for 2 days and combined with 200 µg misoprostol 48 hours later, while 150 mg mifepristone combined with 600 µg misoprostol 48 hours later were given to 100 cases in G2 group (normal dosage). All cases were observed for 6 hours after taking misoprostol and returned for assessment three days later. RESULTS: None missing. Expulsion of conceptus: G1 and G2 group were 22 (22.0%, 22/100) and 25 (25.0%, 25/100; P > 0.05). Failure rate: cases with incomplete abortion were 1 (1.0%, 1/100) and 2 (2.0%, 2/100) in G1 and G2 group, hospitalization for suspected ectopic pregnancies both was 1 (1.0%). Bleeding: bleeding cases during the administration of mifepristone in G1 and G2 group were 71 (71.0%, 71/100) and 78 (78.0%, 78/100; P > 0.05); the mean bleeding time were (5.3 ± 1.4) days and (6.0 ± 1.5) days (P < 0.01). Other side effects: in G1 group, majority showed light nausea (7.0%, 7/100) and light abdominal pain (20.0%, 20/100). Menses recovery: 99 (99.0%, 99/100) for G1 group and 98 (98.0%, 98/100) for G2 group to recovery on scheduled time. Satisfactions: both were 99 (99.0%, 99/100). Except mean bleeding days and side-effects, the differences above showed no significance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is safe and effective treatment with the lowest dosages of mifepristone and misoprostol to terminate ultra-early pregnancies.

Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia with "Microvascular Decompression Plus" Technique.

Objective Although microvascular decompression (MVD) has been widely accepted as an effective treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), some patients have not been cured. To improve the postoperative outcome, the surgical procedure should be further refined. Design This is a retrospective study. Setting Present study conducted at a cranial nerve disorder center. Participants Clinical data were collected from patients with TN who had undergone surgery in our center, including 685 who had undergone traditional MVD and 576 who had undergone the "MVD plus" procedure, in which any vessel attached to the trigeminal nerve was freed away ("nerve-combing"), which was followed by intraoperative neurolysis. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative outcomes and complications in the two groups were compared. Results Among patients who underwent traditional MVD, the rates of immediate relief and 1-year relief were 89.9 and 86.9%, respectively; among patients who underwent MVD plus group, these rates were 95.1 and 94.6%, respectively ( p = 0.05). Patients who underwent MVD plus initially exhibited a higher rate of facial numbness ( p < 0.05), but this finding decreased over time and reached the same level as that in the traditional MVD group within 3 months ( p > 0.05). Conclusion Sufficient MVD with nerve-combing for the treatment of TN may produce a high rate of cure with less recurrence.

IL-6 contributes to Nav1.3 up-regulation in trigeminal nerve following chronic constriction injury.

Background: To verify the hypothesis that the nature of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is an ectopic impulse induced by sodium channel modulated by cytokines, we conducted an animal study using the infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats.Method: The expression of Nav1.3 or IL-6 in the infraorbital nerve (ION) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) were detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry after administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (AS), IL-6 or Anti-IL-6.Results: With intrathecal administration of AS or mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (MM) in the CCI rats, the Nav1.3-IR in ION and TG accounted for 2.2 ± 0.51% and 8.5 ± 3.1% in AS+CCI group vs. 6.9 ± 1.3% and 38.7 ± 4.8% in MM+CCI group (p < 0.05), respectively. While with local administration of IL-6 in those with sham operation, it accounted for 7.4 ± 2.1% and 45.5 ± 3.4% in IL-6+ sham group vs. 1.9 ± 0.67% and 8.1 ± 1.3% in vehicle+sham group (p < 0.05); with local administration of anti-IL-6 in CCI rats, 4.5 ± 0.78% and 32.1 ± 9.6% in Anti-IL-6+ CCI group vs 8.9 ± 2.1% and 61.4 ± 11.2% in vehicle+CCI group (p < 0.05).Discussion: We believe that the emergence of Nav1.3 from the compressed trigeminal nerve might be an important structural basis for the development of the ectopic excitability on the axon and IL-6 may play a role of necessary precondition.