Quality Evaluation of Taxilli Herba from Different Hosts Based on Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Bioactive Constituents Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

Taxilli Herba (TAXH) is an important traditional Chinese medicine with a long history, dating from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the present times. However, the active constituents in it that parasitize different hosts vary, affecting its clinical efficacy. Given the complexity of the host origins, evaluating the quality of TAXH is critical to ensure the safety and effectiveness of clinical medication. In the present study, a quantitative method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established, which simultaneously determined the content of 33 active constituents, including 12 flavonoids, 4 organic acids, 12 amino acids, and 5 nucleosides in 45 samples. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was employed to classify and distinguish between TAXH and its adulterants, Tolypanthi Herba (TOLH). A hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was conducted combined with a heatmap to visually observe the distribution regularity of 33 constituents in each sample. Furthermore, gray relational analysis (GRA) was applied to evaluate the quality of samples to get the optimal host. The results demonstrated that TAXH excelled TOLH in quality as a whole. The quality of TAXH parasitizing Morus alba was also better, while those that were parasitic on Cinnamomum camphora and Glyptostrobus pensilis had relatively poor quality. This study may provide comprehensive information that is necessary for quality control and supply a scientific basis for further exploring the quality formation mechanism of TAXH.

[Overview of metalomics research and its application prospect in mineral Chinese medicine research].

Metallomics is a frontier interdisciplinary subject at its vigorous development stage. Its goal is to systematically study the content, distribution, chemical species, structural characteristics and functions of metal elements in biological system. It is also a comprehensive discipline to study the existing state and function of free or complex metal elements in life. Metallomics is an ideal tool to study the biological behavior of inorganic elements, which can be used to solve many problems in the research of mineral Chinese medicine(MCM). It provides a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the research of MCM. Its theory and methods provide re-ference and enlightenment for the in-depth study of MCM, and also provide new ideas and open up new ways for the research of MCM. The application of metallomics theory and methods in the research of MCM is of great significance to reveal the material basis and mec-hanism of MCM, promote the process of basic research on MCM, fully exploit and utilize medicinal mineral resources and carry forward the traditional MCM treasure in China. In this paper, we introduced the concept, academic development, research content and research methods of metallomics, and discussed the application prospects of metallomics in the analysis of inorganic element composition characteristics and quality control, material basis and mechanism of MCM, so as to provide reference for further researches on MCM.

[Effects of mineral Chinese medicine Chloriti Lapis on contents of metal elements in plasma and lung tissue of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD) rats].

The effects of Chloriti Lapis on metal elements in plasma and lung tissue of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( AECOPD) rats were studied. The rat AECOPD model with phlegm heat syndrome was established by smoking combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. After the rats were treated by Chloriti Lapis,the contents of metal elements in plasma and lung tissue were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy( ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). The changes in the contents of metal elements were analyzed by SPSS 18. 0. Further,the correlations of differential metal elements( including Cu/Zn ratio) with differential metabolites in plasma,lung tissue and urine of AECOPD rats treated with Chloriti Lapis were analyzed. The results showed that Chloriti Lapis significantly up-regulated the contents of Fe,Al,Mn,Cu,Zn,Sn( P<0. 05),V,Co( P< 0. 01) and Cu/Zn ratio( P< 0. 05),and significantly down-regulated the contents of Ti( P< 0. 05)and Pb( P<0. 05) in the model rat plasma. It significantly increased the content of Be( P<0. 05) and decreased the contents of Mg,Ti and Al( P<0. 01) in model rat lung tissue. The element profiles of normal group,model group and Chloriti Lapis group can be well separated. Chloriti Lapis group and other groups were clustered into two categories. The taurine in plasma and phytosphingosine in lung tissue had the strongest correlations with differential metal elements. The Fe,Al,Mg,Be,Ti,V,Mn,Cu,Zn,Sn,and Co in Chloriti Lapis may directly or indirectly participate in the intervention of AECOPD rats. This group of metal elements may be the material basis of Chloriti Lapis acting on AECOPD rats,and reduce the Cu/Zn value in vivo. It was further confirmed that Chloriti Lapis could interfere with the metabolic pathways of taurine and hypotaurine in plasma and urine as well as the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in lung tissue of AECOPD rats. In addition,this study confirmed that long-term smoking can cause high-concentration Cd accumulation in the lung and damage the lung tissue.

[Metabonomics research on lung tissue of rats with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with mineral Chinese medicine Chloriti Lapis].

To study the effect of mineral Chloriti Lapis on pulmonary metabolites and metabolic pathways in lung tissues of rats with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD). The AECOPD rat model of phlegm heat syndrome was replicated by the method of smoking combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Except for using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, SPSS 18.0, SIMCA 13.0 and other software were also used for statistical analysis. Through literature search and online database comparison, the differential metabolites were identified, and the possible metabolic pathways were analyzed. After 15 days of administration, PLS-DA analysis was carried out on lung tissue samples of rats in each group. The results showed that the metabolic profiles of lung tissues of rats in each group could be well separated, which indicated that Chloriti Lapis and aminophylline had significant intervention effect on the lung metabolic profile of rats with AECOPD. Moreover, the metabolic profile of Chloriti Lapis group was closer to that of control group, and the intervention effect was better than that of aminophylline group. As a result, 15 potential differential metabolites were identified: phytosphingosine, sphinganine, tetradecanoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, elaidic carnitine, lysoPC[18∶2(9Z,12Z)], lysoPC(16∶0), lysoPC[18∶1(9Z)], lysoPC(18∶0), stearic acid, lysoPC(15∶0), arachidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. Among them, Chloriti Lapis could significantly improve the levels of 10 differential metabolites of phytosphingosine, tetradecanoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, elaidic carnitine, lysoPC[18∶2(9Z,12Z)], lysoPC(16∶0), lysoPC[18∶1(9Z)], stearic acid, lysoPC(15∶0), and palmitic acid(P<0.05). The intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis group was better than that of aminophylline group. Analysis of metabolic pathways showed that there were 8 possible metabolic pathways that could be affected, and three of the most important metabolic pathways(pathway impact>0.1) were involved: linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. Chloriti Lapis had obvious intervention effects on lung tissue-related metabolites and metabolic pathways in rats with AECOPD, and the effect was better than that of aminophyllinne.

[Mineral composition analysis and hemostatic effect of limonitum with different mineral genesis].

Models were established in mice with warfarin sodium method, and their bleeding time and hemostasis time were measured by tail cutting method and slide method respectively. Rats were administered for 15 consecutive days to measure their recalcification time, plasma viscosity, platelet adhesion rate, platelet aggregation rate and other blood indexes. As compared with the blank group, the bleeding time was prolonged in model groupn(P<0.05). As compared with the model group, the results showed that the positive vitamin K, the leaching type water decoction and the sediment type decoction could significantly shorten the bleeding time (P<0.01); positive vitamin K significantly (P<0.01) shortened clotting time, and the leaching type water decoction, the sediment type water decoction and the sediment type powder could also shorten the clotting time (P<0.05). As compared with blank group, low dose, medium dose of leaching type water decoction, medium dose of powder, high dose of sediment type decoction and low dose of drug residues could reduce plasma viscosity (P<0.05), and high dose of leaching powder and low dose of water decoction could significantly reduce (P<0.01) plasma viscosity. As compared with blank group, Limonitum leaching type decoction high dose group could significantly reduce the platelet adhesion rate (P<0.05), while sediment type water decoction could significantly increase the platelet adhesion rate (P<0.05); the high dose of leaching type water decoction, high dose of drug residues, low dose of leaching type powder and low dose of drug residues could decrease the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05), while high dose of leaching type water decoction and high dose of the powder could increase the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05). Analysis of mineral compositions was conducted by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the both methods showed that Limonitum mineral compositions contained goethite, quartz, and kaolinite, and sedimentary type also contained illite and albite. Sediment type of Limonitum showed better hemostatic effect, which may be related to the high content of goethite and illite.

[Intervention Study of Mineral Chinese Medicine Chloriti Lapis in PTZ-kindled Epileptic Rat].

Objective: To study the intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis in PTZ-kindled epileptic rat. Methods: Rats were kindled by pentylenetetrazol( PTZ),and successful kindled model were administered with drugs, then taken out the hippocampus of the brain. HE staining method was used to observe lesion in hippocampus, immunohistochemical method was used to test protein expression of nNOS, xanthine oxidase method was used to measure the activity of T-SOD, thiobarbituric acid method was used to measure the content of MDA,and phosphorus determination method was used to detect the activities of Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2 +,Mg2 +-ATPase. Results: Each group of Chloriti Lapis( powder group, dregs group and decoction group) decreased the lesion grade, MDA content,nNOS protein expression, while increased the T-SOD activities, Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2 +,Mg2 +-ATPase activities in the hippocampu of rats. Conclusion: Chloriti Lapis have antiepileptic effects, the mechanism may be related to increasing brain antioxidant activities, eliminating free radicals, protecting membrane function, maintaining dynamic balance of ion concentration in the braiofn rat, inhibiting brain abnormalities discharge, and ultimately achieve the goal of epilepsy treatment.

[Application of Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimetry(TG-DSC)in Quality Control of Limonitum].

Objective: To control the quality of Limonitum by investigating the thermoanalysis curves. Methods: Analysis Limonitum samples from different origins by Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimetry( TG-DSC),and the processed samples and fake samples were analyzed to compare the difference of them at the same time. Results: Thermal analysis curves showed that most of Limonitum samples had three weight loss steps in 30 ~ 1 000 ℃,and the process of dehydration weight loss of goethite was obviously in about309 ℃. There was a positive correlation between the weight loss rate of the second step and the content of iron. Conclusion: The Thermal analysis method can provide reference to the identification and quality control of Limonitum.

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) Fingerprint in the Quality Control of Mineral Chinese Medicine Limonitum.

In the present paper, the fingerprint of Limonitum (a mineral Chinese medicine) by FTIR was established, and the spectrograms among crude samples, processed one and the adulterant sample were compared. Eighteen batches of Limonitum samples from different production areas were analyzed and the angle cosine value of transmittance (%) of common peaks was calculated to get the similarity of the FTIR fingerprints. The result showed that the similarities and the coefficients of the samples were all more than 0.90. The processed samples revealed significant differences compared with the crude one. This study analyzed the composition characteristics of Limonitum in FTIR fingerprint, and it was simple and fast to distinguish the crude, processed and the counterfeit samples. The FTIR fingerprints provide a new method for evaluating the quality of Limonitum.

Huangqin decoction mitigates hepatic inflammation in high-fat diet-challenged rats by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic hepatopathy worldwide, in which ectopic steatosis (5%) and inflammatory infiltration in the liver are the principal clinical characteristics. Huangqin decoction (HQD), a Chinese medicine formula used in the clinic for thousands of years, presents appreciable anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of HQD against inflammation in NAFLD are still undefined. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the curative efficacy and unravel the involved mechanism of HQD on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, HPLC was utilized to analyze the main chemical components of HQD. Then, NAFLD model was introduced by subjecting the rats to HFD for 16 weeks, and HQD (400 and 800 mg/kg) or polyene lecithin choline (PLC, 8 mg/kg) was given orally from week 8-16. Pharmacodynamic indicators including body weight, liver weight, liver index, as well as biochemical and histological parameters were assessed. As to mechanism exploration, the expressions of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and molecular docking between major phytochemicals of HQD and key targets of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway were investigated. RESULTS: Seven main monomeric constituents of HQD were revealed by HPLC analysis. Of note, HQD could effectively attenuate the body weight, liver weight, and liver index, rescue disorders in serum transaminases and lipid profile, correct hepatic histological abnormalities, and reduce phagocytes infiltration into the liver and pro-inflammatory cytokines release in NAFLD rats. Mechanism investigation discovered that HQD harbored inhibitory effects on TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway-regulated liver inflammation. Further exploration found that seven phytochemicals in HQD exhibited better binding modes with TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, in which baicalein, baicalin and liquiritin presented the highest affinity and docking score for protein TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirmed that HQD ameliorated hepatic inflammation in NAFLD rats by blocking the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, with multi-components and multi-targets action pattern.

Aqueous extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice by tunning the intestinal physical barrier, immune responses, and microbiota.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease, the pathogenesis of which is strongly associated with the compromised intestinal barrier. Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA), the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and an adaptogen used in Hozai, exhibiting appreciable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of PRA in UC have yet to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was set out to examine the ameliorative effects of the aqueous extract of PRA (i.e., PRA dispensing granule, PRADG) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical components of PRADG was analyzed by HPLC. Colitis model mice were induced by free access to water containing 2.5% DSS for 10 consecutive days, and concurrently, PRADG (0.1025 and 0.41 g/kg) or Salazosulfapyridine (SASP, 450 mg/kg) was given orally from day 1-10. Body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histologic scoring, and inflammatory response were assessed. Additionally, IL-23/IL-17 axis and tight junction (TJ) proteins, as well as gut microbiota were also investigated under the above-mentioned regimen. RESULTS: Eight main chemical constituents of CPT were revealed with HPLC analysis. Noticeably, PRADG could effectively lower body weight loss as well as DAI scores, alleviate colon shortening, and reduce the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in mice with colitis. Further exploration found that increment of TJ proteins expression (ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1) and inhibition of IL-23/IL-17 axis-modulated inflammation were observed in PRADG-treated mice. Additionally, the diversity of gut microbiota and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria were increased following PRADG treatment. CONCLUSIONS: PRADG could be sufficient to ameliorate colitis by regulating the intestinal physical barrier, immune responses, and gut microbiota in mice. Our findings highlight that PRADG might be a prospective remedy for UC.

[Study on the fingerprints of magnetitum by FTIR].

Thirteen different magnetitum samples were analyzed by FTIR, and the FTIR fingerprint was set up with them. Processed samples and the crudes were compared with the fingerprint. It was found that all the similarities of the samples are more than 0.97. The similarities and the correlation coefficients of the processed samples are decreased. The FTIR fingerprint could be used for evaluating the quality of magnetitum for commodities.

A curcumin-analogous fluorescent sensor for cysteine detection with a bilateral-response click-like mechanism.

A novel curcumin-analogous fluorescent sensor, DNP, was developed for cysteine detection with a bilateral-response click-like mechanism. DNP indicated high selectivity and practical sensitivity. It could recognize Cys from other biologically relevant molecules, especially, from GSH and Hcy. The most interesting point was that, with typical azide groups for sensing, DNP indicated a covalent binding procedure with Cys instead of a presupposed simple reduction for reductive sulfide. Moreover, the recognition occurred at both sides of the sensor. DNP could be utilized into the detection of endogenous and exogenous Cys in living cells. Though the specific optical performances of DNP still need optimization, this work supplied novel information for broadening the vision on fluorophores and mechanisms, for the monitoring of Cys and even other sulfur-containing species.

[Research on the quality changes in pre- and post-processed pieces of Eucommia ulmoides].

OBJECTIVE: To study the quality changes in pre- and post-processed pieces of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. METHODS: The changes of the content of pinoresinol diglucoside, extract and fingerprint were studied. RESULTS: Pinoresinol diglucoside contents in post-processed pieces were lower than those in pre-processed and alcohol extract had different changes because of its different habitats. Eucommia ulmoides consists of 11 common peaks, the one processed by salt-water consists of 8 Peaks. CONCLUSION: Processing can reduce the content of pinoresinol diglucoside. Alcohol extract has different changes. Eucommia ulmoides common peaks of its fingerprint reduce and mostly components descend after processed by salt-water.

Tetramethylpyrazine phosphate and borneol combination therapy synergistically attenuated ischemia-reperfusion injury of the hypothalamus and striatum via regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in a rat model.

The combination of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and borneol (BO) has shown promise for treatment of cerebral ischemia in clinical and experimental studies. However, the mechanism for the synergistic effect of these compounds is unclear. In this study, global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (GCIR) was induced in rats that were subsequently treated with tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMPP) (13.3 mg/kg), BO (0.16 g/kg), or the combination TMPP + BO. Neuronal ultrastructure and intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i levels were evaluated in hypothalamus and striatum. Neuron autophagy was evaluated by expression of LC3 II/I, ULK1, Beclin1, BNIP3, mTOR, and pAMPK. Neuron apoptosis was examined via apoptosis index (AI) and expression of p53, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3. Both monotherapies significantly improved neuronal ultrastructure, reduced numbers of apoptotic neurons and AI, attenuated [Ca2+]i overload, increased expression of pAMPK, ULK1, and LC3 II/I, and markedly reduced expression of mTOR, p53, and caspase-3 in hypothalamus and striatum. In hypothalamus, TMPP increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax expression. In striatum, TMPP and BO increased Beclin1 expression while TMPP increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased Bax expression. TMPP + BO combination therapy enhanced expression of LC3 II/I, pAMPK, mTOR, and ULK1 in hypothalamus, and pAMPK, mTOR, ULK1, Beclin1, and Bax in striatum compared to the monotherapies. Combination therapy synergistically modulated p53 and adjusted Bcl-2 in striatum compared to TMPP and BO monotherapies, respectively. These results demonstrated a synergistic effect of TMPP + BO in protecting against hypothalamus and striatum in rats from ischemia-reperfusion injury and suggested that the mechanism involved shifting neurons from harmful apoptosis to protective autophagy and reducing neuronal [Ca2+]i.