Flexible solar cells based on foldable silicon wafers with blunted edges.

Flexible solar cells have a lot of market potential for application in photovoltaics integrated into buildings and wearable electronics because they are lightweight, shockproof and self-powered. Silicon solar cells have been successfully used in large power plants. However, despite the efforts made for more than 50 years, there has been no notable progress in the development of flexible silicon solar cells because of their rigidity1-4. Here we provide a strategy for fabricating large-scale, foldable silicon wafers and manufacturing flexible solar cells. A textured crystalline silicon wafer always starts to crack at the sharp channels between surface pyramids in the marginal region of the wafer. This fact enabled us to improve the flexibility of silicon wafers by blunting the pyramidal structure in the marginal regions. This edge-blunting technique enables commercial production of large-scale (>240 cm2), high-efficiency (>24%) silicon solar cells that can be rolled similarly to a sheet of paper. The cells retain 100% of their power conversion efficiency after 1,000 side-to-side bending cycles. After being assembled into large (>10,000 cm2) flexible modules, these cells retain 99.62% of their power after thermal cycling between -70 °C and 85 °C for 120 h. Furthermore, they retain 96.03% of their power after 20 min of exposure to air flow when attached to a soft gasbag, which models wind blowing during a violent storm.

Centimetre-scale perovskite solar cells with fill factors of more than 86 per cent.

Owing to rapid development in their efficiency1 and stability2, perovskite solar cells are at the forefront of emerging photovoltaic technologies. State-of-the-art cells exhibit voltage losses3-8 approaching the theoretical minimum and near-unity internal quantum efficiency9-13, but conversion efficiencies are limited by the fill factor (<83%, below the Shockley-Queisser limit of approximately 90%). This limitation results from non-ideal charge transport between the perovskite absorber and the cell's electrodes5,8,13-16. Reducing the electrical series resistance of charge transport layers is therefore crucial for improving efficiency. Here we introduce a reverse-doping process to fabricate nitrogen-doped titanium oxide electron transport layers with outstanding charge transport performance. By incorporating this charge transport material into perovskite solar cells, we demonstrate 1-cm2 cells with fill factors of >86%, and an average fill factor of 85.3%. We also report a certified steady-state efficiency of 22.6% for a 1-cm2 cell (23.33% ± 0.58% from a reverse current-voltage scan).

Enhancing Conductivity in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells with Silver Nanowire-Assisted Ti3C2Tx MXene Electrodes for Cost-Effective and Scalable Photovoltaics.

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells have set world-record efficiencies among single-junction silicon solar cells, accelerating their commercial deployment. Despite these clear efficiency advantages, the high costs associated with low-temperature silver pastes (LTSP) for metallization have driven the search for more economical alternatives in mass production. 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) have attracted significant attention due to their tunable optoelectronic properties and metal-like conductivity, the highest among all solution-processed 2D materials. MXenes have emerged as a cost-effective alternative for rear-side electrodes in SHJ solar cells. However, the use of MXene electrodes has so far been limited to lab-scale SHJ solar cells. The efficiency of these devices has been constrained by a fill factor (FF) of under 73%, primarily due to suboptimal charge transport at the contact layer/MXene interface. Herein, a silver nanowire (AgNW)-assisted Ti3C2Tx MXene electrode contact is introduced and explores the potential of this hybrid electrode in industry-scale solar cells. By incorporating this hybrid electrode into SHJ solar cells, 9.0 cm2 cells are achieved with an efficiency of 24.04% (FF of 81.64%) and 252 cm2 cells with an efficiency of 22.17% (FF of 76.86%), among the top-performing SHJ devices with non-metallic electrodes to date. Additionally, the stability and cost-effectiveness of these solar cells are discussed.

Skeletal muscle involvement in systemic amyloidosis is often overlooked.

AIM: Systemic amyloidosis is a condition in which misfolded amyloid fibrils are deposited within tissues. Amyloid myopathy is a rare manifestation of systemic amyloidosis. However, whether skeletal muscle involvement is underestimated and whether such deposition guarantees clinical and pathological myopathic features remain to be investigated. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with systemic amyloidosis, in whom skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at our centre between January 2018 and June 2023. In total, 28 patients with suspected systemic amyloidosis were included. Among these, 21 presented with cardiomyopathy but lacked myopathic symptoms. The clinical and pathological data of these patients were further analysed. The amyloid type was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients with suspected systemic amyloidosis underwent muscle biopsy. Amyloid deposition in the skeletal muscle was confirmed in 24 patients, including 22 with light-chain amyloidosis (AL) and two with transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR). Among the 24 patients, seven presented with muscle weakness and decreased muscle strength (Group 1, symptomatic myopathy), whereas the remaining 17 exhibited normal muscle strength (Group 2, asymptomatic myopathy). Group 1 included four patients with AL-λ, one with AL-κ and two with ATTR. Group 2 included 15 patients with AL-λ and two patients with AL-κ. In Group 1, six patients exhibited neuropathy, whereas only one patient in Group 2 presented with subclinical neuropathy on nerve conduction studies. Amyloid deposition in the interstitium was the most obvious change, observed in all 24 patients. Neuropathic changes, including denervation atrophy and muscle fibre grouping, were also common. Except for type 2 fibre atrophy, the other myopathic changes were mild and nonspecific. No sarcolemmal disruption was observed. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked positivity for MAC and MHC1 expression in the regions with amyloid deposits. Clinicopathological analysis revealed no significant differences in the extent of muscular amyloid deposition between the two groups. Nevertheless, patients in Group 1 displayed more pronounced neurogenic atrophy on skeletal muscle biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that amyloid deposition in skeletal muscle is commonly observed but rarely causes symptomatic myopathy in systemic amyloidosis.

The B56α subunit of PP2A is necessary for mesenchymal stem cell commitment to adipocyte.

Adipose tissue plays a major role in maintaining organismal metabolic equilibrium. Control over the fate decision from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to adipocyte differentiation involves coordinated command of phosphorylation. Protein phosphatase 2A plays an important role in Wnt pathway and adipocyte development, yet how PP2A complexes actively respond to adipocyte differentiation signals and acquire specificity in the face of the promiscuous activity of its catalytic subunit remains unknown. Here, we report the PP2A phosphatase B subunit B56α is specifically induced during adipocyte differentiation and mediates PP2A to dephosphorylate GSK3ß, thereby blocking Wnt activity and driving adipocyte differentiation. Using an inducible B56α knock-out mouse, we further demonstrate that B56α is essential for gonadal adipose tissue development in vivo and required for the fate decision of adipocytes over osteoblasts. Moreover, we show B56α expression is driven by the adipocyte transcription factor PPARγ thereby establishing a novel link between PPARγ signaling and Wnt blockade. Overall, our results reveal B56α is a necessary part of the machinery dictating the transition from pre-adipocyte to mature adipocyte and provide fundamental insights into how PP2A complex specifically and actively regulates unique signaling pathway in biology.

Competitive sorption of lead and methylene blue onto black soil and their interaction with dissolved organic matter using two-dimensional correlation analyses.

This study investigated the competitive sorption of black soil to adsorb Pb(II) and methylene blue (MB) from multi-contaminated soils. According to the experimental data, the process of adsorption can be clearly explained by pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Both single and binary systems of the adsorption isotherms had a good fit with Langmuir models. The maximal adsorption abilities of Pb(II) and MB acquired from binary systems sorption were attenuated compared to those from the single system (Pb(II): 77.70 > 65.96 mg g-1; MB: 242.31 > 222.36 mg g-1). Pb(II) and MB can inhibit each other's sorption ability. A combination of three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM), synchronous fluorescence spectra as well as two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) were employed to determine the binding of dissolved organic matter (DOM) for Pb(II) and MB during soil sorption process. As a result, 3D-EEM implicated that the two main composes of DOM were humic acid-like substances and the fluorescence of DOM specimens were gradually diminished with increasing concentrations of Pb(II) and MB. According to synchronous fluorescence spectra, static quenching of Pb(II) and MB mainly led to fluorescence quenching. Specifically, fluorescence-2D-COS implicated that Pb(II) and MB bound to fluorescence in the following sequence: the earlier occurrence of the humic-like fraction compared to that of protein-like fraction. FTIR-2D-COS results concluded that the structural change sequence of DOM by Pb(II) binding followed the order: 1700＞863＞1332＞1529＞1200＞1086 cm-1 and the sequence of the MB binding affinities followed the order: 1520＞1399＞1345＞1152＞1602＞993＞881 cm-1. These findings would be beneficial to understand the mechanism of adsorb multi-component systems and have the potential to contribute significance to the interaction mechanism of multi-component with soil DOM at the molecular level.

In-situ sonochemical formation of N-graphyne modulated porous g-C3N4 for boosted photocatalysis degradation of pollutants and nitrogen fixation.

Herein, Nitrogen-doped graphyne/porous g-C3N4 composites are firstly in-situ synthesized via the ultrasound vibration of CaC2, triazine, and porous g-C3N4 in absolute ethanol. A variety of characterizations are performed to investigate the morphology, microstructure, composition, and electrical/optical features of the obtained composites, such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and so forth. It is found that N-doped graphyne with flexible folds lamellar structure is intimately attached to flake g-C3N4 in the as-prepared composites. An enlargement of 1.68 and 1.44 folds for the photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin, rhodamine B, Methylene blue, and Tetracycline is realized by N-doped graphyne/g-C3N4 in comparison with that of pristine g-C3N4, respectively. In addition, the highest NH3 production rate attains 1.71 mmol⋅gcat-1⋅h-1 for N-doped graphyne/g-C3N4, which is 5.89 times larger than that of g-C3N4 (0.29 mmol⋅gcat-1⋅h-1). The improved mechanism of photocatalysis including higher photo-response and carrier separation rate is verified by transient photo-current, transient photo-potential, Mott-Schottky plots, Tafel plots, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, turn-over frequency, photoluminescence spectra, and UV-vis diffuse absorption spectra, etc. Overall, the current study shows that N-doped graphyne synthesized from CaC2 and triazine is a useful decoration to modulate the photocatalytic features of g-C3N4, which can also be widely extended for in-situ modification of other photocatalysts.

Advances in the Differentiation of hiPSCs into Cerebellar Neuronal Cells.

The cerebellum has historically been primarily associated with the regulation of precise motor functions. However, recent findings suggest that it also plays a pivotal role in the development of advanced cognitive functions, including learning, memory, and emotion regulation. Pathological changes in the cerebellum, whether congenital hereditary or acquired degenerative, can result in a diverse spectrum of disorders, ranging from genetic spinocerebellar ataxias to psychiatric conditions such as autism, and schizophrenia. While studies in animal models have significantly contributed to our understanding of the genetic networks governing cerebellar development, it is important to note that the human cerebellum follows a protracted developmental timeline compared to the neocortex. Consequently, employing animal models to uncover human-specific molecular events in cerebellar development presents significant challenges. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has provided an invaluable tool for creating human-based culture systems, enabling the modeling and analysis of cerebellar physiology and pathology. hiPSCs and their differentiated progenies can be derived from patients with specific disorders or carrying distinct genetic variants. Importantly, they preserve the unique genetic signatures of the individuals from whom they originate, allowing for the elucidation of human-specific molecular and cellular processes involved in cerebellar development and related disorders. This review focuses on the technical advancements in the utilization of hiPSCs for the generation of both 2D cerebellar neuronal cells and 3D cerebellar organoids.

Advances in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into vascular cells.

Blood vessels constitute a closed pipe system distributed throughout the body, transporting blood from the heart to other organs and delivering metabolic waste products back to the lungs and kidneys. Changes in blood vessels are related to many disorders like stroke, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, and diabetes, which are important causes of death worldwide. Translational research for new approaches to disease modeling and effective treatment is needed due to the huge socio-economic burden on healthcare systems. Although mice or rats have been widely used, applying data from animal studies to human-specific vascular physiology and pathology is difficult. The rise of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides a reliable in vitro resource for disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery because they carry all human genetic information and have the ability to directionally differentiate into any type of human cells. This review summarizes the latest progress from the establishment of iPSCs, the strategies for differentiating iPSCs into vascular cells, and the in vivo transplantation of these vascular derivatives. It also introduces the application of these technologies in disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Additionally, the application of high-tech tools, such as omics analysis and high-throughput sequencing, in this field is reviewed.

Heavy Boron-Doped Silicon Tunneling Inter-layer Enables Efficient Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells.

P-type hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) has been used as a hole-selective layer for efficient n-type crystalline silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. However, the presence of an additional valence band offset at the interface between intrinsic amorphous hydrogenated silicon and p-type nc-Si:H films will limit the hole carrier transportation. In this work, it has been found that when a heavily boron-doped silicon oxide layer deposited with high hydrogen dilution to silane (pB) was inserted into their interface, the fill factor of SHJ solar cells increases 3% absolutely because of the reduced valence band offset and the increased opportunity to provide a hopping tunnel assisted by the doping energy level and valence band tail states. Furthermore, the additional boron incorporation in intrinsic amorphous silicon adjacent to pB helps to enhance the built-in electric field, thus increasing the hole selectivity. By these means, the power conversion efficiency was improved from 23.9% to approximately 25%.

Establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line (INNDSUi005-A) from a healthy female Chinese Han.

We obtained skin fibroblasts from a 34-year-old healthy woman and established a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line (INDSUi005-A) using a non-integrated reprogramming approach. The obtained cells have typical characteristics of embryonic stem cells, can express specific pluripotency markers and have the ability to differentiate into three germ layers in vitro. This iPSC cell line can be used as an in vitro model for studying disease mechanisms and developing novel therapies.

Establishment of an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line (INNDSUi004-A) from a patient with Congenital Nemaline Myopathy.

We used a non-integrated reprogramming approach to establish a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line (INNDSUi004-A) from the skin fibroblasts of a 13-year-old female individual with Congenital Nemaline Myopath. The cells obtained have typical characteristics of embryonic stem cells, show expression of specific pluripotency markers, and can differentiate into three germ layers in vitro. This iPSC cell line has the genetic information of the patient and is a good model for studying disease mechanisms and developing novel therapies.

Supplementation of exogenous phytohormones for enhancing the removal of sulfamethoxazole and the simultaneous accumulation of lipid by Chlorella vulgaris.

In this study, the phytohormone gibberellins (GAs) were used to enhance sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal and lipid accumulation in the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. At the concentration of 50 mg/L GAs, the SMX removal achieved by C. vulgaris was 91.8 % while the lipid productivity of microalga was at 11.05 mg/L d-1, which were much higher than that without GAs (3.5 % for SMX removal and 0.52 mg/L d-1 for lipid productivity). Supplementation of GAs enhanced the expression of antioxidase-related genes in C. vulgaris as a direct response towards the toxicity of SMX. In addition, GAs increased lipid production of C. vulgaris by up-regulating the expression of genes related to carbon cycle of microalgal cells. In summary, exogenous GAs promoted the stress tolerance and lipid accumulation of microalgae at the same time, which is conducive to improving the economic benefits of microalgae-based antibiotics removal as well as biofuel production potential.

Sulfuric Acid Immobilized on Activated Carbon Aminated with Ethylenediamine: An Efficient Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Acetals (Ketals).

Through the amination of oxidized activated carbon with ethylenediamine and then the adsorption of sulfuric acid, a strong carbon-based solid acid catalyst with hydrogen sulfate (denoted as AC-N-SO4H) was prepared, of which the surface acid density was 0.85 mmol/g. The acetalization of benzaldehyde with ethylene glycol catalyzed by AC-N-SO4H was investigated. The optimized catalyst dosage accounted for 5 wt.% of the benzaldehyde mass, and the molar ratio of glycol to benzaldehyde was 1.75. After reacting such mixture at 80 °C for 5 h, the benzaldehyde was almost quantitatively converted into acetal; the conversion yield was up to 99.4%, and no byproduct was detected. It is surprising that the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused ten times without significant deactivation, with the conversion yield remaining above 99%. The catalyst also exhibited good substrate suitability for the acetalization of aliphatic aldehydes and the ketalization of ketones with different 1,2-diols.

Preparation of Activated Carbon-Based Solid Sulfonic Acid and Its Catalytic Performance in Biodiesel Preparation.

With activated carbon as raw material, AC-Ph-SO3H was prepared after oxidation with nitric acid, modification with halogenated benzene and sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid. After modified by 10% bromobenzene with toluene as a solvent for 5 h, followed sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid at 150°C, the -SO3H content of prepared AC-Ph-SO3H was 0.64 mmol/g. Acid content test, infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy detection proved that the surface of AC-Ph-SO3H was successfully grafted with -SO3H group. When used as a catalyst for the methylation of palmitate acid, the catalytic performance of AC-Ph-SO3H was explored. When the reaction time was 6 h, the amount of catalyst acid accounted for 2.5 wt% of palmitic acid, and the molar ratio of methanol/palmitic acid was 40, the esterification rate of palmitic acid was 95.2% and the yield of methyl palmitate was 94.2%, which was much better than those of its precursors AC, AC-O, and AC-Ph (both about 4.5%). AC-Ph-SO3H exhibited certain stability in the esterification reaction system and the conversion rate of palmitic acid was still above 80% after three reuses.

Engineering transition metal catalysts for large-current-density water splitting.

Electrochemical water splitting plays a crucial role in transferring electricity to hydrogen fuel and appropriate electrocatalysts are crucial to satisfy the strict industrial demand. However, the successfully developed non-noble metal catalysts have a small tested range and the current density is usually less than 100 mA cm-2, which is still far away from the practical application standards. Aiming to provide guidance for the fabrication of more advanced electrocatalysts with a large current density, we herein systematically summarize the recent progress achieved in the field of cost-efficient and large-current-density electrocatalyst design. Beginning by illustrating the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) mechanisms, we elaborate on the concurrent issues of non-noble metal catalysts that are required to be addressed. In view of large-current-density operating conditions, some distinctive features with regard to good electrical conductivity, high intrinsic activity, rich active sites, and porous architecture are also summarized. Next, some representative large-current-density electrocatalysts are classified. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with large-current-density water electrolysis and future pathways in the hope of guiding the future development of more efficient non-noble-metal catalysts to boost large-scale hydrogen production with less electricity consumption.

One-Step Formation of Low Work-Function, Transparent and Conductive MgFx Oy Electron Extraction for Silicon Solar Cells.

The development of high-performance dopant-free silicon solar cells is severely bottlenecked by opaque electron selective contact. In this paper, high transmittance (80.5% on glass) and low work function (2.92 eV) lithium fluoride (LiFx )/MgFx Oy electron contact stack by tailoring the composition of MgFx Oy hybrid film is reported. This hybrid structure exhibits a high conductivity (2978.4 S cm-1 ) and a low contact resistivity (2.0 mΩ cm2 ). The element profile of LiFx /MgFx Oy contact is measured and the reaction kinetics is analyzed. As a proof-of-concept, this electron selective contact is applied for dopant-free silicon solar cells. An impressive efficiency of 21.3% is achieved on dopant-free monofacial solar cell with molybdenum oxide (MoOx )/zinc-doped indium oxide (IZO) hole contact. An efficiency bifaciality of 71% is obtained for dopant-free bifacial solar cell with full-area LiFx /MgFx Oy /ITO (tin-doped indium oxide) transparent electron contact. It is the highest efficiency bifaciality so far for dopant-free bifacial solar cells to the best knowledge. Both cell configurations with LiFx /MgFx Oy contacts show excellent environment stability. The cell efficiency maintains more than 95% of its initial value after keeping in air for 1500 h. This work provides a new idea to achieve transparent electron contact, showing a great potential for high-efficiency and low-cost optoelectronic devices.

Progress and Future Prospects of Wide-Bandgap Metal-Compound-Based Passivating Contacts for Silicon Solar Cells.

Advanced doped-silicon-layer-based passivating contacts have boosted the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells to over 26%. However, the inevitable parasitic light absorption of the doped silicon layers impedes further PCE improvement. To this end, alternative passivating contacts based on wide-bandgap metal compounds (so-called dopant-free passivating contacts (DFPCs)) have attracted great attention, thanks to their potential merits in terms of parasitic absorption loss, ease-of-deposition, and cost. Intensive research activity has surrounded this topic with significant progress made in recent years. Various electron-selective and hole-selective contacts based on metal compounds have been successfully developed, and a champion PCE of 23.5% has been achieved for a c-Si solar cell with a MoOx -based hole-selective contact. In this work, the fundamentals and development status of DFPCs are reviewed and the challenges and potential solutions for enhancing the carrier selectivity of DFPCs are discussed. Based on comprehensive and in-depth analysis and simulations, the improvement strategies and future prospects for DFPCs design and device implementation are pointed out. By tuning the carrier concentration of the metal compound and the work function of the capping transparent electrode, high PCEs over 26% can be achieved for c-Si solar cells with DFPCs.

Process-Aid Solid Engineering Triggers Delicately Modulation of Y-Series Non-Fullerene Acceptor for Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

Volatile solids with symmetric π-backbone are intensively implemented on manipulating the nanomorphology for improving the operability and stability of organic solar cells. However, due to the isotropic stacking, the announced solids with symmetric geometry cannot modify the microscopic phase separation and component distribution collaboratively, which will constrain the promotion of exciton splitting and charge collection efficiency. Inspired by the superiorities of asymmetric configuration, a novel process-aid solid (PAS) engineering is proposed. By coupling with BTP core unit in Y-series molecule, an asymmetric, volatile 1,3-dibromo-5-chlorobenzene solid can induce the anisotropic dipole direction, elevated dipole moment, and interlaminar interaction spontaneously. Due to the synergetic effects on the favorable phase separation and desired component distribution, the PAS-treated devices feature the evident improvement of exciton splitting, charge transport, and collection, accompanied by the suppressed trap-assisted recombination. Consequently, an impressive fill factor of 80.2% with maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.5% in the PAS-treated device is achieved. More strikingly, the PAS-treated devices demonstrate a promising thickness-tolerance character, where a record PCE of 17.0% is yielded in PAS devices with a 300 nm thickness photoactive layer, which represents the highest PCE for thick-film organic solar cells.

Fully Textured, Production-Line Compatible Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Approaching 29% Efficiency.

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are promising avenues for achieving high-performance photovoltaics with low costs. However, the highest certified efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem devices based on economically matured silicon heterojunction technology (SHJ) with fully textured wafer is only 25.2% due to incompatibility between the limitation of fabrication technology which is not compatible with the production-line silicon wafer. Here, a molecular-level nanotechnology is developed by designing NiOx /2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl]phosphonic acid) as an ultrathin hybrid hole transport layer (HTL) above indium tin oxide (ITO) recombination junction, to serve as a vital pivot for achieving a conformal deposition of high-quality perovskite layer on top. The NiOx interlayer facilitates a uniform self-assembly of 2PACz molecules onto the fully textured surface, thus avoiding direct contact between ITO and perovskite top-cell for a minimal shunt loss. As a result of such interfacial engineering, the fully textured perovskite/silicon tandem cells obtain a certified efficiency of 28.84% on a 1.2-cm2 masked area, which is the highest performance to date based on the fully textured, production-line compatible SHJ. This work advances commercially promising photovoltaics with high performance and low costs by adopting a meticulously designed HTL/perovskite interface.