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Tropical small island developing states (SIDS), with their geographical isolation and limited resources, heavily rely on the fisheries industry for food and revenue. The presence of marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) poses risks to their economy and human health. To understand the contamination status and potential risks, the Republic of Kiribati was selected as the representative tropical SIDS and 55 species of 256 coral reef fish encompassing multiple trophic levels and feeding strategies were collected to analyze 17 typical MLPs. Our results showed that the potential risks of ciguatoxins were the highest and approximately 62% of fish species may pose risks for consumers. Biomagnification of ciguatoxins was observed in the food web with a trophic magnification factor of 2.90. Brevetoxin-3, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 were first reported, but the risks posed by okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins were found to be negligible. The correlation analysis revealed that fish body size and trophic position are unreliable metrics to indicate the associated risks and prevent the consumption of contaminated fish. The potential risks of MLPs in Kiribati are of concern, and our findings can serve as valuable inputs for developing food safety policies and fisheries management strategies specific to tropical SIDS contexts.
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Peixes , Toxinas Marinhas , Animais , Cadeia Alimentar , Ilhas , Humanos , Medição de Risco , Clima Tropical , Ciguatoxinas/toxicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Properly designed second near-infrared (NIR-II) nanoplatform that is responsive tumor microenvironment can intelligently distinguish between normal and cancerous tissues to achieve better targeting efficiency. Conventional photoacoustic nanoprobes are always "on", and tumor microenvironment-responsive nanoprobe can minimize the influence of endogenous chromophore background signals. Therefore, the development of nanoprobe that can respond to internal tumor microenvironment and external stimulus shows great application potential for the photoacoustic diagnosis of tumor. RESULTS: In this work, a low-pH-triggered thermal-responsive volume phase transition nanogel gold nanorod@poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)-vinyl acetic acid (AuNR@PNIPAM-VAA) was constructed for photoacoustic detection of tumor. Via an external near-infrared photothermal switch, the absorption of AuNR@PNIPAM-VAA nanogel in the tumor microenvironment can be dynamically regulated, so that AuNR@PNIPAM-VAA nanogel produces switchable photoacoustic signals in the NIR-II window for tumor-specific enhanced photoacoustic imaging. In vitro results show that at pH 5.8, the absorption and photoacoustic signal amplitude of AuNR@PNIPAM-VAA nanogel in NIR-II increases up obviously after photothermal modulating, while they remain slightly change at pH 7.4. Quantitative calculation presents that photoacoustic signal amplitude of AuNR@PNIPAM-VAA nanogel at 1064 nm has ~ 1.6 folds enhancement as temperature increases from 37.5 °C to 45 °C in simulative tumor microenvironment. In vivo results show that the prepared AuNR@PNIPAM-VAA nanogel can achieve enhanced NIR-II photoacoustic imaging for selective tumor detection through dynamically responding to thermal field, which can be precisely controlled by external light. CONCLUSIONS: This work will offer a viable strategy for the tumor-specific photoacoustic imaging using NIR light to regulate the thermal field and target the low pH tumor microenvironment, which is expected to realize accurate and dynamic monitoring of tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Resinas Acrílicas , Ouro , Nanogéis , Técnicas Fotoacústicas , Microambiente Tumoral , Técnicas Fotoacústicas/métodos , Animais , Ouro/química , Camundongos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Nanogéis/química , Humanos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Nanotubos/química , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Camundongos Nus , Raios Infravermelhos , Feminino , Polietilenoimina/químicaRESUMO
To clarify the mechanism of biochar on nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions in farmland soil, the effects of combined application of biochar and different nitrogen sources on the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions were studied using isotope characteristic values. The results showed that the soil N2O emissions from ammonium nitrogen fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than that from nitrate nitrogen fertilizer treatments. The biochar combined with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer reduced soil N2O emissions by 31.0%-30.8%, and biochar combined with nitrate nitrogen fertilizer reduced soil N2O emissions by 70.6%-63.0%. The isotope model showed that the application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer was more favorable for soil nitrification in the early stage of the experiment (0-2 d), and more favorable for denitrification in the middle and later stages of the experiment (3-17 d). Application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the nitrification of soil nitrifying bacteria in the early and middle stages of the experiment (0-8 d), and the denitrification of soil denitrifying bacteria in the later stage of the experiment (9-17 d). The effects of biochar on N2O emissions were mainly in the middle and later stages of the experiment by promoting the nitrification of nitrifying bacteria and inhibiting denitrification of denitrifying bacteria, so as to reduce N2O emission in soil. These results may help to understand the mitigation mechanism of biochar on N2O emission in upland soil.
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Compostos de Amônio , Nitrificação , Bactérias , Carvão Vegetal , Desnitrificação , Fertilizantes/análise , Isótopos , Nitratos , Nitrogênio , Óxido Nitroso , SoloRESUMO
Over the past few decades (covering 1972 to 2022), astounding progress has been made in the elucidation of structures, bioactivities and biosynthesis of polyene macrolactams (PMLs), but they have only been partially summarized. PMLs possess a wide range of biological activities, particularly distinctive fungal inhibitory abilities, which render them a promising drug candidate. Moreover, the unique biosynthetic pathways including ß-amino acid initiation and pericyclic reactions were presented in PMLs, leading to more attention from inside and outside the natural products community. According to current summation, in this review, the chem- and bio-diversity of PMLs from marine and terrestrial sources are considerably rich. A systematic, critical and comprehensive overview is in great need. This review described the PMLs' general structural features, production strategies, biosynthetic pathways and the mechanisms of bioactivities. The challenges and opportunities for the research of PMLs are also discussed.
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Produtos Biológicos , Polienos , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Vias Biossintéticas , Polienos/química , Polienos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus is the primary producer of toxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP), a food intoxication endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. We used high-performance liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) to investigate the toxin profile of Gambierdiscus balechii 1123M1M10, which was obtained from Marakei Island (2°01'N, 173°15'E), Republic of Kiribati, located in the central Pacific Ocean. Four new gambierone analogues including 12,13-dihydro-44-methylgambierone, 38-dehydroxy-12,13-dihydro-44-methylgambierone, 38-dehydroxy-44-methylgambierone, and desulfo-hydroxyl gambierone, and two known compounds, gambierone and 44-methylgambierone, were proposed by analyzing their fragmentation behaviors and pathways. Our findings provide new insights into the toxin profile of Gambierdiscus balechii 1123M1M10, which can be used as a biomarker for species identification, and lay the foundation for further toxin isolation and bioactivity studies of gambierones.
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Ciguatera , Ciguatoxinas , Dinoflagellida , Toxinas Biológicas , Humanos , Éteres/metabolismo , Dinoflagellida/metabolismo , Ciguatoxinas/toxicidade , Ciguatoxinas/metabolismoRESUMO
In this study, chemical profiles for two co-existing deep-sea-derived Penicillium fungal strains were thoroughly investigated. Two new compounds and 11 known compounds were identified from Penicillium sp. LXY140-R, while one new compound and 12 known compounds were isolated from Penicillium sp. LXY140-3. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments, which were supported by HR-ESI-MS data. The antiproliferative activities of all isolates against HCT-116, A549 and Bel-7402â cell lines were also evaluated. Compounds 2, 5, 6, 10 and 13 showed potent antiproliferative activity. To reveal the metabolic relationship of the two strains, we conducted co-culture experiments to discover cross-talk molecules by a device that allows only small molecule to communicate. Extensive HPLC/MS2 experiments were applied to identify the disturbance of the chemical profiles within the synthetic Penicillium-Penicillium community. The fungal strain LXY140-R was found to accumulate mono or multiple-acetylation derivatives of deoxynivalenol (DON) sesquiterpenes as responsible molecules by the disturbance of the metabolites produced by the LXY140-3 strain.
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Antineoplásicos , Penicillium , Antineoplásicos/química , Técnicas de Cocultura , Fungos , Estrutura Molecular , Penicillium/química , Metabolismo SecundárioRESUMO
Two new cembrane-type diterpenoids, lobophytins A (1) and B (3), and four new prostaglandins, (5E)-PGB2 (10), (5E)-13,14-dihydro-PGB2 (11), 13,14-dihydro-PGB2 (12) and 13,14-dihydro-PGB2-Me (13), together with ten known compounds were isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum sarcophytoides. The structures of these new secondary metabolites were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron circular dichroism (ECD) analyses, as well as the modified Mosher's method. Compounds 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15 and 16 showed potential anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells that were activated by lipopolysaccharide, with IC50 values ranging from 7.1 to 32.1 µM and were better than the positive control indomethacin, IC50 = 39.8 µM.
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Antozoários/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Prostaglandinas/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7RESUMO
Emerging pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has led to frequent outbreaks of PRV infection among Bartha-K61-vaccinated swine population in Chinese swine farms and caused high mortality in pigs of all age since late 2011. Here, we generated a gE/gI-deleted PRV (rPRVXJ-delgI/gE-EGFP) based on PRV variant strain (PRV-XJ) through homologous DNA recombination. Compared to parental strain, rPRVXJ-delgI/gE-EGFP showed similar growth kinetics in vitro. Its safety and immunogenicity were evaluated in weaned piglets. Our results showed that piglets immunized with rPRVXJ-delgI/gE-EGFP did not exhibit any clinical symptoms, and a high level of gB-specific antibody was detected. After lethal challenge with variant PRV (PRV-FJ strain), all vaccinated piglets survived without showing any clinical symptoms except slight fever within 7 days post-challenge. In unvaccinated piglets, typical clinical symptoms of pseudorabies were observed, and the piglets were all died at 5 days post-challenge. These results indicated that a live rPRVXJ-delgI/gE-EGFP vaccine could be a maker vaccine candidate to control the currently epidemic pseudorabies in China.
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Deleção de Genes , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/genética , Pseudorraiva/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/imunologia , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1/metabolismo , Pseudorraiva/imunologia , Pseudorraiva/fisiopatologia , Pseudorraiva/prevenção & controle , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/fisiopatologia , Doenças dos Suínos/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/genética , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/administração & dosagem , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/genética , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , DesmameRESUMO
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne Flavivirus, causes acute viral encephalitis with high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are important modulators of the intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. However, our knowledge of the changes that occur in miRNAs in host cells after JEV infection is still limited. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of JEV at the level of posttranscriptional regulation, we used Illumina deep sequencing to sequence two small RNA libraries prepared from PK-15 cells before and after JEV infection. We identified 522 and 427 miRNAs in the infected and uninfected cells, respectively. Overall, 132 miRNAs were expressed significantly differently after challenge with JEV: 78 were upregulated and 54 downregulated. The sequencing results for selected miRNAs were confirmed with RT-qPCR. GO analysis of the host target genes revealed that these dysregulated miRNAs are involved in complex cellular pathways, including the metabolic pathway, inflammatory response and immune response. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the comparative expression of miRNAs in PK-15 cells after JEV infection. Our findings will underpin further studies of miRNAs' roles in JEV replication and identify potential candidates for antiviral therapies against JEV.
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Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/fisiologia , Encefalite Japonesa/genética , Encefalite Japonesa/virologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , MicroRNAs/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cromossomos de Mamíferos/genética , Ontologia Genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sus scrofaRESUMO
The biochar electrochemical properties and surface functional groups significantly impact N2O production and reduction during denitrification process. However, its effects on N2O emissions during the denitrification process and its electrochemical mechanisms remain unclear. The study examined the impact of pristine and oxidized biochar combined with two types of nitrogen fertilizers on the N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio and N2O emissions in an incubation experiment with seven treatments: (1) CK (no application of chemical fertilizer); (2) N1 (applying (NH4)2SO4); (3) N1B ((NH4)2SO4 + pristine biochar); (4) N1BO ((NH4)2SO4 + oxidized biochar); (5) N2 (applying KNO3); (6) N2B (KNO3 + pristine biochar); (7) N2BO (KNO3 + oxidized biochar). The study found that in comparison with applying nitrogen fertilizer alone, combining pristine biochar decreased soil N2O concentration by 7.1 %-85.8 %, while combining oxidized biochar increased it by 15.7 %-125.6 %. Applying pristine biochar reduced N2O/(N2O + N2) ratio by 10.4 %-86.2 %, whereas applying oxidized biochar increased it by 12.9 %-121.6 %. The application of pristine biochar increased the nosZ gene abundance and decreased the (nirS + nirK)/nosZ ratio, which contributed to reducing N2O to N2. Compared with oxidized biochar, the oxygen-containing functional groups of pristine biochar decreased by 46.6 %, and it possessed a higher specific surface area (23.01 m2 g-1) and electrical conductivity (0.003 mS cm-1). The correlation analysis showed that DOC and inorganic nitrogen were the key environmental factors affecting N2O emissions. Additionally, the electrical conductivity, specific capacitance, and oxygen-containing functional groups of the biochar were identified as the main factors driving N2O emissions. The SEM analysis suggested that the indirect influence of biochar electrochemical properties on N2O emissions was greater than its direct influence. Our work provides fresh perspectives on reducing soil N2O emissions and establishes a theoretical foundation for the subsequent preparation of biochar materials with enhanced N2O reduction capabilities.
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Streptomyces is a Gram-positive bacterium, belonging to the family Streptomycetaceae and order Streptomycetales. Several strains from different species of Streptomyces can be used to promote the health and growth of artificially cultured fish and shellfish by producing secondary metabolites including antibiotics, anticancer agents, antiparasitic agents, antifungal agents, and enzymes (protease and amylase). Some Streptomyces strains also exhibit antagonistic and antimicrobial activity against aquaculture-based pathogens by producing inhibitory compounds such as bacteriocins, siderophores, hydrogen peroxide, and organic acids to compete for nutrients and attachment sites in the host. The administration of Streptomyces in aquaculture could also induce an immune response, disease resistance, quorum sensing/antibiofilm activity, antiviral activity, competitive exclusion, modification in gastrointestinal microflora, growth enhancement, and water quality amelioration via nitrogen fixation and degradation of organic residues from the culture system. This review provides the current status and prospects of Streptomyces as potential probiotics in aquaculture, their selection criteria, administrative methods, and mechanisms of action. The limitations of Streptomyces as probiotics in aquaculture are highlighted and the solutions to these limitations are also discussed.
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Probióticos , Streptomyces , Animais , Probióticos/farmacologia , Peixes/microbiologia , Frutos do Mar , AquiculturaRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1185389.].
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The ocean is a treasure house with rich resources of new chemical and biological molecules. A growing body of evidence suggests that marine fungi represent a huge and largely untapped resource of natural products that have been optimized by evolution for biological and ecological relevance. Alkaloids, the important components of natural products, have attracted much attention from medicinal and natural product chemists due to their unique structures and biological potential. The number and variety of alkaloids from marine fungi discovered in recent years maintain an upward trend. This review would give a systematic overview of the structures and bioactivities of marine fungal alkaloids obtained over the past six years and inspire the development of novel pharmaceutical agents.
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Alcaloides , Produtos Biológicos , Fungos/química , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
Fungi are important resources of novel bioactive compounds which have a high potential to be drug leads or candidates for further pharmacological applications. Phomopsis, a genus widely distributed in the environment, can produce various types of compounds including polyketides, alkaloids, terpenoids, cytochalasins, steroids and flavonoids. The metabolites of Phomopsis sp. showed diverse bioactivities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and so on, many of which may influence the physiological behaviour of the host plants. In this review, we focus on the chemical structures and biological activities of 183 specialized metabolites isolated from Phomopsis sp. in the decade (2013-2022). Moreover, the biosynthetic pathways of some typical components are summarized.
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Alcaloides , Phomopsis , Estrutura Molecular , Antibacterianos , Citocalasinas/farmacologia , FungosRESUMO
Background: Despite the increasing use of preoperative ultrasound evaluation for melanoma, there is limited research on the use of this technique for Acral Melanoma (AM). Methods: This retrospective study analyzed the electronic medical records of patients who underwent preoperative evaluation for cutaneous melanoma maximum thickness using an 18 MHz probe and histopathological examination between December 2017 and March 2021 at the Department of Dermatology in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. Results: A total of 105 patients were included in the study. The mean tumor thickness was 3.9 mm (s.d., 2.3), with 63% of the specimens showing ulceration and 44 patients showing lymph node metastasis. The results showed a good correlation between the high-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) and histopathological thickness measurements, with a Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.83 [(95% CI 0.73-0.90) (P < 0.001)]. The positive predictive value (PPV) of sonography in identifying tumor thickness was also found to be high. Conclusion: Our study suggests that high-frequency 18 MHz ultrasonography is an effective tool for the preoperative evaluation of AM thickness. The HFUS measurements correlated well with the histopathological thickness measurements, making it a valuable and reliable method for clinicians to assess the thickness of melanoma lesions preoperatively.
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Microbial interactions including competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation, which can be triggered by nutrient acquisition and chemical communication, are universal phenomena in the marine ecosystem. The interactions may influence the microbial population density, metabolism, and even their environmental functions. Herein, we investigated the interaction between a heterotrophic bicosoecid flagellate, Pseudobodo sp. (Bicoecea), and a dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus balechii (Dinophyceae), which is a well-known ciguatera food poisoning (CFP) culprit. The presence of Pseudobodo sp. inhibited the algal proliferation and decreased the cardiotoxicity of zebrafish in the algal extract exposure experiment. Moreover, a significant difference in microbiome abundance was observed in algal cultures with and without Pseudobodo sp. Chemical analysis targeting toxins was performed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with molecular networking (MN), showing a significant alteration in the cellular production of gambierone analogs and some super-carbon chain compounds. Taken together, our results demonstrated the impact of heterotrophic flagellate on the photosynthetic dinoflagellates, revealing the complex dynamics of algal toxin production and the ecological relationships related to dinoflagellates in the marine environment.
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Ciguatera , Ciguatoxinas , Dinoflagellida , Animais , Dinoflagellida/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Ecossistema , Peixe-Zebra , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Ciguatoxinas/toxicidadeRESUMO
We investigated the somatic mutations and key driving factors of cervical cancer by whole exome sequencing . We found 22,183 somatic single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in 52 paired samples. Somatic SNVs in cervical cancer were significantly higher than those in high-grade intraepithelial lesion and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion groups (P < 0.05). C â T/G accounted for 44.12% of base substitution. Copy number variation (false discovery rate < 0.05) was found in 57 chromosome regions. The three regions with significant differences between cervical cancer and non-cervical cancer groups were 1q21.1, 3q26.33, and 13q33.1, covering genes related to tumor proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) insertion/integration and the number of "tCw" mutations in the cervical cancer group were significantly higher than those in the non-cervical cancer group (P < 0.05). The total number of mutations was positively correlated with the number of "tCw" mutations (R 2 = 0.7967). HPV insertion/integration (OR = 2.302, CI = 1.523-3.589, P = 0.0005), APOBEC enrichment (OR = 17.875, CI = 2.117-150.937, P = 0.001), and HLA-B*39 in HLA-I (OR = 6.435, CI = 0.823-48.919, P = 0.0042) were risk factors for cervical cancer, while HLA-DQB1*05 in HLA-II was a protective factor (OR = 0.426, CI = 0.197-0.910, P = 0.032). Conclusively, HPV insertion/integration, APOBEC mutagenesis, and HLA polymorphisms are high-risk factors for cervical cancer and may be causes of genome instability and somatic mutations. This study provides experimental data for revealing the molecular mechanism of cervical cancer.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the methylation levels of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) in Uyghur female patients with different cervical lesions in Xinjiang, and to discuss the relationship of the expression and significance of DAPK in normal cervix, chronic cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINI, CIN II/III) and invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: 30 cases of normal cervix and chronic cervicitis, 30 cases of CINI, 30 cases of CINII/III and 30 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were tested by methylation specific PCR (MSP). Expressions of DAPK in 30 cases of normal cervix and chronic cervicitis, 30 cases of CINI, 30 cases of CINII/III and 30 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma were assayed using immunohistochemical SP staining. RESULTS: The methylation rate of DAPK gene in normal cervix and chronic cervicitis was 3.33%, 10% in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CINI, 36.7% in CINII/III, and 63.3% in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The methylation rate of DAPK in the SCC group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). Aberrant promoter methylation of the DAPK gene was positively correlated with the degree of cervical lesions. The positive rate of DAPK protein in normal cervix and chronic cervicitis was 93.3%, 83.3% in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CINI, 60.0% in CINII/III, and 33.3% in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of DAPK in the SCC group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The positive rate of DAPK protein was negatively correlated with the degree of cervical lesions (r(s) = -0.603, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Methylation of DAPK is involved in the cervical carcinogenesis and DAPK gene promoter methylation occurs in the early development of cervical cancer in Uyghur women in Xinjiang. Detection of DAPK gene methylation may provide a basis for use in early detection of cervical cancer. DAPK protein expression is decreasing even disappears along with the progression of cervical lesions.
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Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de Cálcio-Calmodulina/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Metilação de DNA , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , China/etnologia , Proteínas Quinases Associadas com Morte Celular , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Cervicite Uterina/genética , Cervicite Uterina/metabolismo , Cervicite Uterina/patologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/genética , Displasia do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
Penicillium genus was a fungal endophyte first reported by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and attracted more attention in recent decades due to its multitudinous metabolites which possess novel skeletons, abundant bioactivities and potential in medicine. Up to now, >300 Penicillium species were found all around the world. The review summarized secondary metabolites derived from the Penicillium genus since 2010, including their chemical structures and biological activities.
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Penicillium , Penicillium/química , Estrutura Molecular , Metabolismo SecundárioRESUMO
Ciguatera is one of the most widespread food poisonings caused by the ingestion of fish contaminated by ciguatoxins (CTXs). Snapper and grouper with high palatable and economic value are the primary food source and fish species for exportation in the Republic of Kiribati, but they are highly suspected CTX-contaminated species due to their top predatory characteristics. In this study, 60 fish specimens from 17 species of snappers and groupers collected from the Kiritimati Island and Marakei Island of the Republic of Kiribati were analyzed using mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine Pacific CTX-1, -2 and -3 (P-CTX-1, -2 and -3). The LC-MS/MS results show that CTXs were detected in 74.5% of specimens from Marakei Island and 61.5% of specimens from Kiritimati Island. The most toxic fish Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus from Marakei Island and Cephalopholis miniata from Kiritimati Island were detected as 53-fold and 28-fold P-CTX-1 equivalents higher than the safety level of 10 pg/g P-CTX-1 equivalents, respectively. CTX levels and composition profiles varied with species and location. The N2a results suggested that fish specimens also contain high levels of other CTX-like toxins or sodium channel activators. The distribution patterns for ciguatoxic fish of the two islands were similar, with fish sampled from the northwest being more toxic than the southwest. This study shows that groupers and snappers are high-risk species for ciguatera in the Republic of Kiribati, and these species can further be used as indicator species in ciguatera endemic areas for risk assessment.