Effects of supplementing rumen-protected lysine and methionine during prepartum and postpartum periods on performance of dairy cows.

An experiment was conducted to examine effects of prepartum, postpartum, or continuous prepartum and postpartum supply of rumen-protected lysine (RPLys) and rumen-protected methionine (RPMet) on performance and blood metabolites of transition cows. The experiment consisted of a prepartum (3 wk), postpartum (3 wk), and carryover (10 wk) period. Eighty-eight prepartum cows (36 primiparous and 52 multiparous cows) were blocked by parity and expected calving date and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments arranged factorially. Treatments were a prepartum diet (12% crude protein on a dry matter basis) without (Pre-) or with supplemental RPLys (10 g of digestible Lys/cow per day) and RPMet (4 g of digestible Met/cow per day; Pre+) followed by postpartum diets (16% crude protein on a dry matter basis) without (Post-) or with supplemental RPLys (26 g of digestible Lys/cow per day) and RPMet (11 g of digestible Met/cow per day; Post+). Prepartum, only 2 treatments were applied, but postpartum cows received treatments of Pre-Post-, Pre-Post+, Pre+Post-, or Pre+Post+. During the prepartum period, treatment did not affect dry matter intake and body weight. During the postpartum period, milk protein content was greater (3.23 vs. 3.11%) for Post+ compared with Post- independent of prepartum treatment. However, dry matter intake, body weight, milk yield, and yields of milk components were not affected by Post+ versus Post-. No effects of prepartum treatment or interactions between pre- and postpartum treatments were observed on postpartum performance of cows. No effects of pre- and postpartum supplementation of RPLys and RPMet on performance during the carryover period were found except prepartum supplementation of RPLys and RPMet decreased somatic cell count (4.60 vs. 4.83; log10 transformed) compared with Pre- in the postpartum period and this effect continued during the carryover period [i.e., 4.42 and 4.55 (log10 transformed) for Pre+ and Pre-, respectively]. Prepartum supplementation of RPLys and RPMet increased or tended to increase plasma concentration of Lys, Met, and branched-chain AA compared with Pre- in prepartum cows. Cows on Post+ tended to have greater plasma Lys concentration compared with Post-, but plasma Met concentration was not affected. Health events of postpartum cows were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, we did not observe positive effects of supplementing with RPLys and RPMet on performance of prepartum and postpartum cows. However, prepartum supply of RPLys and RPMet may have potential to improve udder health and immune status of fresh cows.

Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on ruminal digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and performance in lactating dairy cows.

Extrusion treated canola meal (TCM) was produced in an attempt to increase the rumen-undegraded protein fraction of canola meal (CM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with CM or TCM on ruminal digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and performance in lactating dairy cows. To assess performance, 30 multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± SD) 119 ± 23 d in milk and 44 ± 7 kg of milk/d and 15 primiparous cows averaging 121 ± 19 d in milk and 34 ± 6 kg of milk/d were blocked in a randomized complete block design with a 2-wk covariate period and 12-wk experimental period (experiment 1). Dietary ingredients differed only in protein supplements, which were SBM, CM, or TCM. All diets were formulated to contain (dry matter basis) 30% alfalfa silage, 30% corn silage, 4% soy hulls, 2.4% mineral-vitamin premix, and 16% CP. The SBM diet contained 25% high-moisture shelled corn and 8.6% SBM; the canola diets contained 22% high-moisture shelled corn and either 11.2% CM or 11.4% TCM. To assess ruminal digestion and omasal nutrient flow, 6 rumen-cannulated cows were blocked into 2 squares of 3 cows and randomly assigned within blocks to the same 3 dietary treatments as in experiment 1 in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (experiment 2). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare effects of different protein supplements: SBM versus CM + TCM and CM versus TCM. In experiment 1, compared with SBM, apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients were greater in cows fed both CM diets, and there was a tendency for nutrient digestibilities to be higher in cows fed CM compared with TCM. Diets did not affect milk yield and milk components; however, both canola diets decreased urinary urea N (% of total urinary N), fecal N (% of total N intake), and milk urea N concentration. In experiment 2, compared with SBM, both canola diets increased N intake and tended to increase rumen-degraded protein supply (kg/d) and N truly digested in the rumen (kg/d). Diets did not affect ruminal digestibility, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and rumen-undegraded protein flow among diets. Results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBM with CM or TCM in diets of lactating cows improved digestibility and may reduce environmental impact. Moreover, under the conditions of the present study, treating CM by extrusion did not improve CM utilization.

Implications of supplementing mid-lactation multiparous Holstein cows fed high by-product low-forage diets with rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a commercial dairy.

Supplementation of rumen-protected amino acids may improve dairy cow performance but few studies have evaluated the implications of supplementing low-forage diets. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) on milk production and composition as well as on mammary gland health of mid-lactating Holstein cows from a commercial dairy farm feeding a high by-product low-forage diet. A total of 314 multiparous cows were randomly assigned to control (CON; 107 g of dry distillers' grains) or rumen-protected Met and Lys (RPML; 107 g dry distillers' grains + 107 g of RPML). All study cows were grouped in a single dry-lot pen and fed the same total mixed ration diet twice a day for a total of 7 weeks. Treatments were top-dressed on the total mix ration immediately after morning delivery with 107 g of dry distillers' grains for 1 week (adaptation period) and then with CON and RPML treatments for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from a subset of 22 cows per treatment to determine plasma AA (d 0 and 14) and plasma urea nitrogen and minerals (d 0, 14, and 42). Milk yield and clinical mastitis cases were recorded daily, and milk components were determined bi-weekly. Body condition score change was evaluated from d 0 to 42 of the study. Milk yield and components were analyzed by multiple linear regression. Treatment effects were evaluated at the cow level considering parity and milk yield and composition taken at baseline as a covariate in the models. Clinical mastitis risk was assessed by Poisson regression. Plasma Met increased (26.9 vs 36.0 µmol/L), Lys tended to increase (102.5 vs 121.1 µmol/L), and Ca increased (2.39 vs 2.46 mmol/L) with RPML supplementation. Cows supplemented with RPML had higher milk yield (45.4 vs 46.0 kg/d) and a lower risk of clinical mastitis (risk ratio = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.17-0.90) compared to CON cows. Milk components yield and concentrations, somatic cell count, body condition score change, plasma urea nitrogen, and plasma minerals other than Ca were not affected by RPML supplementation. Results suggest that RPML supplementation increases milk yield and decreases the risk of clinical mastitis in mid-lactation cows fed a high by-product low-forage diet. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological mechanisms for mammary gland responses to RPML supplementation.

Effect of nitrogen content and additional straw on changes in chemical composition, volatile losses, and ammonia emissions from dairy manure during long-term storage.

Twelve 200-L barrels were used to determine the effects of N content and straw addition on changes in chemical composition and volatile losses measured by mass balance of dairy manure during a 136-d storage period. In addition, on d 0, 3, 6, 12, 28, 56, and 136, rate of NH3-N emission was measured, and core samples were collected to characterize fermentation pattern. High N (3.06% N, HN) and low N (2.75% N, LN) manures were obtained from cows fed diets with 17.2 and 15.2% crude protein (dry matter basis), respectively. On d 0, manure scraped from a freestall barn floor was diluted with water to 10% dry matter and loaded in barrels with (+S) or without (-S) mixing 22g of chopped wheat straw per kilogram of undiluted manure. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 3 replications. We observed no interaction between treatments for the reported measurements, but several day-of-storage by treatment interactions were found. Throughout storage, total NH3-N (TAN, NH3-N + NH4⁺-N; 71.9 vs. 104.3 mg/dL), pH (6.40 vs. 6.74), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, starting on d 12) were lower for LN relative to HN manure. In the presence of straw, crust formation occurred between d 12 and 28, and pH became lower and TVFA became higher starting on d 56, compared with no straw. Treatments did not influence loss of organic matter, organic N, organic C, or N, which averaged 31, 29, 26, and 20%, respectively. However, neutral detergent fiber loss was 44% higher for +S relative to -S manure. Consistent reductions in the C:N ratio indicated proportionally higher volatile C loss than volatile N loss during storage. Overall rate of NH3-N emission was 36% lower for LN than for HN manure. In the presence of straw, rate of NH3-N emission did not differ until after crust formation, but was 67% lower on d 56 and 95% lower on d 136, when it was barely detectable, compared with manure with no straw. Manure pH was highly correlated with TVFA:TAN ratio (r=-0.78), and rate of NH3-N emission was correlated with pH, TVFA:TAN, TVFA, and TAN (r=0.47, -0.44, -0.23, and 0.28, respectively). In this trial, both microbial fermentation and crust formation influenced NH3-N emission rate and other measured responses, highlighting the importance of long-term sampling to evaluate treatment effects in manure storage studies.

Effect of supplementing rumen-protected methionine on production and nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows.

Two 4 x 4 Latin square trials (4-wk periods; 16 wk total) were conducted to see whether supplementing rumen-protected Met (RPM; fed as Mepron) would allow feeding less crude protein (CP), thereby reducing urinary N excretion, but without losing production. In trial 1, 24 Holsteins were fed 4 diets as total mixed rations containing [dry matter (DM) basis]: 18.6% CP and 0 g of RPM/d; 17.3% CP and 5 g of RPM/d; 16.1% CP and 10 g of RPM/d; or 14.8% CP and 15 g of RPM/d. Dietary CP was reduced by replacing soybean meal with high-moisture shelled corn. All diets contained 21% alfalfa silage, 28% corn silage, 4.5% roasted soybeans, 5.8% soyhulls, 0.6% sodium bicarbonate, 0.5% vitamins and minerals, and 27% neutral detergent fiber. There was no effect of diet on intake, weight gain, or yields of protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat. However, production was greater at 17.3% CP plus RPM and 16.1% CP plus RPM than on the other 2 diets. Apparent N efficiency (milk N:N intake) was greatest on the lowest CP diet containing the most RPM. Linear reductions in milk urea N and urinary N excretion were observed with lower dietary CP. In trial 2, 32 Holsteins were fed 4 diets as total mixed rations, formulated from ingredients used in trial 1 and containing 16.1 or 17.3% CP with 0 or 10 g of RPM/d. On average, cows were calculated to be in negative N balance on all diets because of lower than expected DM intake. There was no effect of RPM supplementation on any production trait. However, higher CP gave small increases in yields of milk, protein, and solids-not-fat and tended to increase DM intake and lactose yield. Apparent N efficiency was greater, and milk urea nitrogen was lower, on 16.1% CP. In trial 1, feeding lower CP diets supplemented with RPM resulted in improved N efficiency and reduced urinary N excretion. However, in trial 2, reducing dietary CP from 17.3 to 16.1% reduced milk secretion, an effect that was not reversed by RPM supplementation at low DM intakes when cows were apparently mobilizing body protein.