RESUMO
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are endosome and plasma membrane-derived nano-sized vesicles that participate in intercellular signaling. Although EV cargo may signal via multiple mechanisms, how signaling components on the surface of EVs mediate cellular signaling is less well understood. In this study, we show that fibroblast-derived EVs carry fibronectin on the vesicular surface, as evidenced by mass spectrometry-based proteomics (Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra) and flow-cytometric analyses. Fibroblasts undergoing replicative senescence or transforming growth factor ß1-induced senescence and fibroblasts isolated from human subjects with an age-related lung disorder, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, secreted higher numbers of EVs than their respective controls. Fibroblast-derived EVs induced an invasive phenotype in recipient fibroblasts. This invasive fibroblast phenotype was dependent on EV surface localization of fibronectin, interaction with the fibronectin receptor α5ß1 integrin, and activation of invasion-associated signaling pathways involving focal adhesion kinase and Src family kinases. EVs in the cellular supernatant, unbound to the extracellular matrix, were capable of mediating invasion signaling on recipient fibroblasts, supporting a direct interaction of EV surface fibronectin with the plasma membrane of recipient cells. Together, these studies uncover a novel mechanism of EV signaling of fibroblast invasion that may be relevant in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases and cancer.
Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/metabolismo , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/metabolismo , Integrina alfa5beta1/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Quinases da Família src/metabolismoRESUMO
RATIONALE: DSP (desmoplakin), the most abundant component of desmosomes, which maintain the mechanical integrity of epithelium, is a genome-wide association study-identified genetic risk locus in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Subjects with IPF express a significantly higher level of DSP than control subjects. OBJECTIVES: Determine potential mechanisms by which DSP is regulated in lung fibrosis. METHODS: Matrigel-coated soft and stiff polyacrylamide gels were made to simulate the stiffness of normal and fibrotic lungs. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay were used to evaluate transcription factor binding to the DSP promoter. Targeted DNA methylation was achieved by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/dCas9 (deactivated CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease)-mediated Dnmt3A (DNA methyltransferase 3A) expression under the guidance of sequence-specific single guide RNAs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Stiff matrix promotes DSP gene expression in both human and rodent lung epithelial cells as compared with soft matrix. A conserved region in the proximal DSP promoter is hypermethylated under soft matrix conditions and becomes hypomethylated/demethylated under stiff matrix conditions. Demethylation of this conserved DSP promoter region is associated with transactivation of transcription factor EGR1 (early growth response protein 1), resulting in EGR1-dependent DSP overexpression. Targeted DNA methylation by CRISPR/dCas9/Dnmt3A-mediated epigenome editing blocks EGR1 binding to the DSP promoter and inhibits stiff matrix-induced DSP overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: DSP is a matrix stiffness-regulated mechanosensitive gene. CRISPR/dCas9-Dnmt3A-mediated epigenome editing reverses DSP overexpression by reestablishment of the epigenetic control of DSP under the mechanically homeostatic environment. It provides a useful tool for investigations of the functional role of DSP in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.
Assuntos
Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Desmoplaquinas/genética , Edição de Genes/métodos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/genética , Animais , Metilação de DNA/genética , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epigenômica/métodos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , RatosRESUMO
Thioredoxin reductase-1 (TXNRD1) inhibition effectively activates nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) responses and attenuates lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) models. Upon TXNRD1 inhibition, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is disproportionally increased compared with Nrf2 target NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo1). HO-1 has been investigated as a potential therapeutic target in both ARDS and BPD. TXNRD1 is predominantly expressed in airway epithelial cells; however, the mechanism of HO-1 induction by TXNRD1 inhibitors is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that TXNRD1 inhibition induces HO-1 via Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. Wild-type (WT), Nrf2KO1.3, and Nrf2KO2.2 cells were morphologically indistinguishable, indicating that Nrf2 can be deleted from murine-transformed club cells (mtCCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Hemin, a Nrf2-independent HO-1-inducing agent, significantly increased HO-1 expression in WT, Nrf2KO1.3, and Nrf2KO2.2. Auranofin (AFN) (0.5 µM) inhibited TXNRD1 activity by 50% and increased Nqo1 and Hmox1 mRNA levels by 6- and 24-fold, respectively, in WT cells. Despite similar levels of TXNRD1 inhibition, Nqo1 mRNA levels were not different between control and AFN-treated Nrf2KO1.3 and Nrf2KO2.2. AFN slightly increased Hmox1 mRNA levels in Nrf2KO1.3 and Nrf2KO2.2 cells compared with controls. AFN failed to increase HO-1 protein in Nrf2KO1.3 and Nrf2KO2.2 compared with a 36-fold increase in WT mtCCs. Our data indicate that Nrf2 is the primary mechanism by which TXNRD1 inhibitors increase HO-1 in lung epithelia. Future studies will use ARDS and BPD models to define the role of HO-1 in attenuation of lung injury by TXNRD1 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Auranofina/farmacologia , Células Epiteliais/enzimologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , Pulmão/enzimologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/fisiologia , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/fisiologia , Animais , Antirreumáticos/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Heme Oxigenase-1/genética , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Knockout , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Matricellular proteins mediate pleiotropic effects during tissue injury and repair. CCN1 is a matricellular protein that has been implicated in angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound repair. In this study, we identified CCN1 as a gene that is differentially up-regulated in alveolar mesenchymal cells of human subjects with rapidly progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Elevated levels of CCN1 mRNA were confirmed in lung tissues of IPF subjects undergoing lung transplantation, and CCN1 protein was predominantly localized to fibroblastic foci. CCN1 expression in ex vivo IPF lung fibroblasts correlated with gene expression of the extracellular matrix proteins, collagen (Col)1a1, Col1a2, and fibronectin as well as the myofibroblast marker, α-smooth muscle actin. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of CCN1 down-regulated the constitutive expression of these profibrotic genes in IPF fibroblasts. TGF-ß1, a known mediator of tissue fibrogenesis, induces gene and protein expression of CCN1 via a mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3)-dependent mechanism. Importantly, endogenous CCN1 potentiates TGF-ß1-induced SMAD3 activation and induction of profibrotic genes, supporting a positive feedback loop leading to myofibroblast activation. In vivo RNAi-mediated silencing of CCN1 attenuates fibrogenic responses to bleomycin-induced lung injury. These studies support previously unrecognized, cooperative interaction between the CCN1 matricellular protein and canonical TGF-ß1/SMAD3 signaling that promotes lung fibrosis.-Kurundkar, A. R., Kurundkar, D., Rangarajan, S., Locy, M. L., Zhou, Y., Liu, R.-M., Zmijewski, J., Thannickal, V. J. The matricellular protein CCN1 enhances TGF-ß1/SMAD3-dependent profibrotic signaling in fibroblasts and contributes to fibrogenic responses to lung injury.
Assuntos
Proteína Rica em Cisteína 61/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Lesão Pulmonar/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Proteína Rica em Cisteína 61/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta Tipo I , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/genética , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Proteína Smad3/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/genética , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
RATIONALE: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are associated with oxidative stress. Plasma biomarkers that are directly linked to oxidative stress responses in this disease have not been identified. Stable oxidation products of tyrosine residues in proteins may reflect the oxidative microenvironment in the lung or a systemic inflammatory state. OBJECTIVES: To determine if levels of protein tyrosine oxidation are elevated in plasma of patients with ILD compared with an age- and sex-matched healthy control cohort. METHODS: Three tyrosine oxidation products (3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and o,o'-dityrosine) were quantified by tandem mass spectrometry in cellular models, a mouse model of injury-induced fibrosis, and in plasma of healthy control subjects and patients with ILD (n = 42 in each group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Plasma levels of 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and o,o'-dityrosine were markedly elevated in patients with ILD compared with control subjects with receiver operating characteristic curves separating these groups of 0.872, 0.893, and 0.997, respectively. In a murine model of lung fibrosis, levels of all three oxidative tyrosine modifications were increased in plasma and lung tissue. Cellular models support a critical role for a heme peroxidase and enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species in the generation of these oxidized products. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate an increase in oxidized tyrosine moieties within proteins in the circulating plasma of patients with ILD. These data support the potential for development of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in early diagnosis, prognostication, and/or in evaluating responsiveness to emerging therapies for ILD.
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Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/sangue , Estresse Oxidativo , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Tirosina/sangueRESUMO
Oxygen toxicity and antioxidant deficiencies contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Aurothioglucose (ATG) and auranofin potently inhibit thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1), and TrxR1 disruption activates nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a regulator of endogenous antioxidant responses. We have shown previously that ATG safely and effectively prevents lung injury in adult murine models, likely via Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. The current studies tested the hypothesis that ATG would attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung developmental deficits in newborn mice. Newborn C3H/HeN mice were treated with a single dose of ATG or saline within 12 hours of birth and were exposed to either room air or hyperoxia (85% O2). In hyperoxia, ATG potently inhibited TrxR1 activity in newborn murine lungs, attenuated decreases in body weight, increased the transcription of Nrf2-regulated genes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1, and attenuated alterations in alveolar development. To determine the impact of TrxR1 inhibition on Nrf2 activation in vitro, murine alveolar epithelial-12 cells were treated with auranofin, which inhibited TrxR1 activity, enhanced Nrf2 nuclear levels, and increased NQO1 and heme oxygenase 1 transcription. Our novel data indicate that a single injection of the TrxR1 inhibitor ATG attenuates hyperoxia-induced alterations in alveolar development in newborn mice. Furthermore, our data support a model in which the effects of ATG treatment likely involve Nrf2 activation, which is consistent with our findings in other lung injury models. We conclude that TrxR1 represents a novel therapeutic target to prevent oxygen-mediated neonatal lung injury.
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Hiperóxia/complicações , Hiperóxia/enzimologia , Lesão Pulmonar/complicações , Lesão Pulmonar/enzimologia , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Auranofina/farmacologia , Aurotioglucose/farmacologia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , Hiperóxia/patologia , Lesão Pulmonar/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Morfogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , NAD(P)H Desidrogenase (Quinona)/metabolismo , Alvéolos Pulmonares/efeitos dos fármacos , Alvéolos Pulmonares/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Tiorredoxina Dissulfeto Redutase/metabolismoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Persistent cough and dyspnea are prominent features of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (termed 'Long COVID'); however, physiologic measures and clinical features associated with these pulmonary symptoms remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVES: Using longitudinal pulmonary function testing (PFTs) and CT imaging, this study aimed to identify the characteristics and determinants of pulmonary Long COVID. METHODS: The University of Alabama at Birmingham Pulmonary Long COVID cohort was utilized to characterize lung defects in patients with persistent pulmonary symptoms after resolution primary COVID infection. Longitudinal PFTs including total lung capacity (TLC) and diffusion limitation of carbon monoxide (DLCO) were used to evaluate restriction and diffusion impairment over time in this cohort. Analysis of chest CT imaging was used to phenotype the pulmonary Long COVID pathology. Risk factors linked to development of pulmonary Long COVID were estimated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Longitudinal evaluation 929 patients with post-COVID pulmonary symptoms revealed diffusion impairment (DLCO ≤80%) and restriction (TLC ≤80%) in 51% of the cohort (n=479). In multivariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio; aOR, 95% confidence interval [CI]), invasive mechanical ventilation during primary infection conferred the greatest increased odds of developing pulmonary Long COVID with diffusion impaired restriction (aOR=10.9 [4.09-28.6]). Finally, a sub-analysis of CT imaging identified evidence of fibrosis in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent diffusion impaired restriction was identified as a key feature of pulmonary Long COVID. Subsequent clinical trials should leverage combined symptomatic and quantitative PFT measurements for more targeted enrollment of pulmonary Long COVID patients.
RESUMO
BACKGROUNDPersistent cough and dyspnea are prominent features of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (also termed "long COVID"); however, physiologic measures and clinical features associated with these pulmonary symptoms remain poorly defined. Using longitudinal pulmonary function testing (PFT) and CT imaging, this study aimed to identify the characteristics and determinants of pulmonary long COVID.METHODSThis single-center retrospective study included 1,097 patients with clinically defined long COVID characterized by persistent pulmonary symptoms (dyspnea, cough, and chest discomfort) lasting for 1 or more months after resolution of primary COVID infection.RESULTSAfter exclusion, a total of 929 patients with post-COVID pulmonary symptoms and PFTs were stratified as diffusion impairment and pulmonary restriction, as measured by percentage predicted diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and total lung capacity (TLC). Longitudinal evaluation revealed diffusion impairment (DLCO ≤ 80%) and pulmonary restriction (TLC ≤ 80%) in 51% of the cohort overall (n = 479). In multivariable modeling regression analysis, invasive mechanical ventilation during primary infection conferred the greatest increased odds of developing pulmonary long COVID with diffusion impairment and restriction (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 9.89, 95% CI 3.62-26.9]). Finally, a subanalysis of CT imaging identified radiographic evidence of fibrosis in this patient population.CONCLUSIONLongitudinal PFTs revealed persistent diffusion-impaired restriction as a key feature of pulmonary long COVID. These results emphasize the importance of incorporating PFTs into routine clinical practice for evaluation of long COVID patients with prolonged pulmonary symptoms. Subsequent clinical trials should leverage combined symptomatic and quantitative PFT measurements for more targeted enrollment of pulmonary long COVID patients.FUNDINGNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI156898, K08AI129705), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL153113, OTA21-015E, HL149944), and the COVID-19 Urgent Research Response Fund at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pulmão , Síndrome de COVID-19 Pós-Aguda , Testes de Função Respiratória , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Dispneia/fisiopatologia , Dispneia/etiologia , Tosse/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Pathological pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertensive diseases associated with hypoxia. Both the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine kinase (Akt) pathways have been implicated in hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is involved in redox-dependent signaling via HIF and PI3K-Akt in cancer. The role of Trx1 in PASMC proliferation has not been elucidated. The present studies tested the hypothesis that Trx1 regulates hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation via HIF and/or PI3K- and Akt-dependent mechanisms. Following exposure to chronic hypoxia, our data indicate that Trx1 activity is increased in adult murine lungs. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced increases in cellular proliferation are correlated with increased Trx1 expression, HIF activation, and Akt activation in cultured human PASMC. Both small-interfering RNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological Trx1 inhibition attenuated hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation, HIF activation, and Akt activation. While Trx1 knockdown suppressed hypoxia-induced PI3K-Akt activation in PASMC, PI3K-Akt inhibition prevented hypoxia-induced proliferation but had no effect on hypoxia-induced increases in Trx1 or HIF activation. Thus, our findings indicate that Trx1 contributes to hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation by modulating HIF activation and subsequent PI3K-Akt activation. These novel data suggest that Trx1 might represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent hypoxic PASMC proliferation.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Hipóxia/fisiopatologia , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/patologia , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , Tiorredoxinas/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Hipóxia/complicações , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/genética , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/genética , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/metabolismo , Tiorredoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Tiorredoxinas/genética , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Exacerbation of innate immune responses can contribute to development of acute lung injury. Multiple cell populations, including the bronchiolar epithelium, coordinate these inflammatory responses. Clara cells, non-ciliated epithelial cells, are located in the distal airways in humans and conducting airways in mice. These cells actively participate in innate immune responses but their precise contributions remain poorly defined. METHODS: To test the hypothesis that E. coli lipopolysaccaride (LPS) treatment stimulates production of pro-inflammatory mediators in mouse transformed Clara cells (MTCC), MTCC were treated with E. coli lipopolysaccaride (LPS). RESULTS: LPS increased COX-2 expression and stimulated production of prostaglandins, including prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Enhanced mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) activation, and chemokine production were observed in MTCC in response to LPS treatment. CONCLUSIONS: While the role for Clara cells in the regulation of host defense and the progression of acute lung injury needs further characterization, our data suggests the importance of this unique cell population in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced acute lung injury.
Assuntos
Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Quimiocinas/genética , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Prostaglandinas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with age-related diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We provide evidence that implicates chronic elevation of the mitochondrial anion carrier protein, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), in increased generation of reactive oxygen species, altered redox state and cellular bioenergetics, impaired fatty acid oxidation, and induction of myofibroblast senescence. This pro-oxidant senescence reprogramming occurs in concert with conventional actions of UCP2 as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation with dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. UCP2 is highly expressed in human IPF lung myofibroblasts and in aged fibroblasts. In an aging murine model of lung fibrosis, the in vivo silencing of UCP2 induces fibrosis regression. These studies indicate a pro-fibrotic function of UCP2 in chronic lung disease and support its therapeutic targeting in age-related diseases associated with impaired tissue regeneration and organ fibrosis.
Assuntos
Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática , Miofibroblastos , Proteína Desacopladora 2 , Idoso , Animais , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibrose , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Camundongos , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proteína Desacopladora 2/genética , Proteína Desacopladora 2/metabolismoRESUMO
Cellular antioxidants protect against hyperoxic lung injury. The role of the glutathione (GSH) system in lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) pathogenesis has not been systematically investigated. The current study utilized GSH reductase-deficient (Gsr-KO) neonatal mice to test the hypothesis that early disruption of the GSH system negatively impacts lung development and hyperoxic responses. Lungs from wild-type (Gsr-WT) and Gsr-KO mice were analyzed for histopathology, developmental markers, redox indices, and transcriptome profiling at different developmental stages following exposure to room air or hyperoxia (85% O2) for up to 14 d. Lungs from Gsr-KO mice exhibited alveolar epithelial dysplasia in the embryonic and neonatal periods with relatively normal lung architecture in adulthood. GSH and its oxidized form (GSSG) were 50-70% lower at E19-PND14 in Gsr-KO lungs than in age-matched Gsr-WT. Differential gene expression between Gsr-WT and Gsr-KO lungs was analyzed at discrete developmental stages. Gsr-KO lungs exhibited downregulated cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoint genes at E19, as well as lung lipid metabolism and surfactant genes at PND5. In addition to abnormal baseline lung morphometry, Gsr-KO mice displayed a blunted response to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia caused a more robust upregulation of the lung thioredoxin system in Gsr-KO compared to Gsr-WT. Gsr-dependent, hyperoxia-responsive genes were highly associated with abnormal cytoskeleton, skeletal-muscular function, and tissue morphology at PND5. Overall, our data in Gsr-KO mice implicate the GSH system as a key regulator of lung development, cellular differentiation, and hyperoxic responses in neonatal mice.
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Hiperóxia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Glutationa , Glutationa Redutase/genética , Hiperóxia/genética , Pulmão , Camundongos , OxirredutasesRESUMO
The oxidation of tyrosine residues to generate o,o'-dityrosine cross-links in extracellular proteins is necessary for the proper function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in various contexts in invertebrates. Tyrosine oxidation is also required for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone in vertebrates, and there is evidence for oxidative cross-linking reactions occurring in extracellular proteins secreted by myofibroblasts. The ECM protein fibronectin circulates in the blood as a globular protein that dimerizes through disulfide bridges generated by cysteine oxidation. We found that cellular (fibrillar) fibronectin on the surface of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1)-activated human myofibroblasts underwent multimerization by o,o'-dityrosine cross-linking under reducing conditions that disrupt disulfide bridges, but soluble fibronectin did not. This reaction on tyrosine residues required both the TGF-ß1-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide and the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) derived from inflammatory cells, which are active participants in wound healing and fibrogenic processes. Oxidative cross-linking of matrix fibronectin attenuated both epithelial and fibroblast migration and conferred resistance to proteolysis by multiple proteases. The abundance of circulating o,o'-dityrosine-modified fibronectin was increased in a murine model of lung fibrosis and in human subjects with interstitial lung disease compared to that in control healthy subjects. These studies indicate that tyrosine can undergo stable, covalent linkages in fibrillar fibronectin under inflammatory conditions and that this modification affects the migratory behavior of cells on such modified matrices, suggesting that this modification may play a role in both physiologic and pathophysiologic tissue repair.
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Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Células A549 , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Feminino , Fibronectinas/química , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Miofibroblastos/citologia , Neutrófilos/citologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Peroxidase/genética , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/química , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Fibrosis is a pathological result of a dysfunctional repair response to tissue injury and occurs in a number of organs, including the lungs1. Cellular metabolism regulates tissue repair and remodelling responses to injury2-4. AMPK is a critical sensor of cellular bioenergetics and controls the switch from anabolic to catabolic metabolism5. However, the role of AMPK in fibrosis is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that in humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and in an experimental mouse model of lung fibrosis, AMPK activity is lower in fibrotic regions associated with metabolically active and apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts. Pharmacological activation of AMPK in myofibroblasts from lungs of humans with IPF display lower fibrotic activity, along with enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and normalization of sensitivity to apoptosis. In a bleomycin model of lung fibrosis in mice, metformin therapeutically accelerates the resolution of well-established fibrosis in an AMPK-dependent manner. These studies implicate deficient AMPK activation in non-resolving, pathologic fibrotic processes, and support a role for metformin (or other AMPK activators) to reverse established fibrosis by facilitating deactivation and apoptosis of myofibroblasts.
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Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/tratamento farmacológico , Pulmão/patologia , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Adenilato Quinase/metabolismo , Animais , Bleomicina , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Metformina/farmacologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Miofibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miofibroblastos/patologiaRESUMO
In the version of this article originally published, a grant was omitted from the Acknowledgements section. The following sentence should have been included: "R.B.M. was supported by a Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Award (5I01BX003272)." The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of this article.
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The neutrophil chemoattractant proline-glycine-proline (PGP) is generated from collagen by matrix metalloproteinase-8/9 (MMP-8/9) and prolyl endopeptidase (PE), and it is concomitantly degraded by extracellular leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) to limit neutrophilia. Components of cigarette smoke can acetylate PGP, yielding a species (AcPGP) that is resistant to LTA4H-mediated degradation and can, thus, support a sustained neutrophilia. In this study, we sought to elucidate if an antiinflammatory system existed to degrade AcPGP that is analogous to the PGP-LTA4H axis. We demonstrate that AcPGP is degraded through a previously unidentified action of the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Pulmonary ACE is elevated during episodes of acute inflammation, as a consequence of enhanced vascular permeability, to ensure the efficient degradation of AcPGP. Conversely, we suggest that this pathway is aberrant in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) enabling the accumulation of AcPGP. Consequently, we identify a potentially novel protective role for AcPGP in limiting pulmonary fibrosis and suggest the pathogenic function attributed to ACE in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) to be a consequence of overzealous AcPGP degradation. Thus, AcPGP seemingly has very divergent roles: it is pathogenic in its capacity to drive neutrophilic inflammation and matrix degradation in the context of COPD, but it is protective in its capacity to limit fibrosis in IPF.
Assuntos
Inflamação/metabolismo , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Fibrose Pulmonar/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/sangue , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/sangue , Fibrose Pulmonar/patologia , FumaçaRESUMO
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aging-associated, recalcitrant lung disease with historically limited therapeutic options. The recent approval of two drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014 has heralded a new era in its management. Both drugs have demonstrated efficacy in phase III clinical trials by retarding the rate of progression of IPF; neither drug appears to be able to completely arrest disease progression. Advances in the understanding of IPF pathobiology have led to an unprecedented expansion in the number of potential therapeutic targets. Drugs targeting several of these are under investigation in various stages of clinical development. Here, we provide a brief overview of the drugs that are currently approved and others in phase II clinical trials. Future therapeutic opportunities that target novel pathways, including some that are associated with the biology of aging, are examined. A multi-targeted approach, potentially with combination therapies, and identification of individual patients (or subsets of patients) who may respond more favourably to specific agents are likely to be more effective.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/tratamento farmacológico , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Piridonas/uso terapêutico , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/patologia , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como Assunto , Aprovação de Drogas , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/metabolismo , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/patologia , Indóis/administração & dosagem , Indóis/efeitos adversos , Indóis/farmacocinética , Piridonas/administração & dosagem , Piridonas/efeitos adversos , Piridonas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Platelet aggregation is an essential response to tissue injury and is associated with activation of pro-oxidant enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase, and is also a highly energetic process. The two central energetic pathways in the cell, glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, are susceptible to damage by reactive lipid species. Interestingly, how platelet metabolism is affected by the oxidative stress associated with aggregation is largely unexplored. To address this issue, we examined the response of human platelets to 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a reactive lipid species which is generated during thrombus formation and during oxidative stress. Elevated plasma 4-HNE has been associated with renal failure, septic shock and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In this study, we found that 4-HNE decreased thrombin stimulated platelet aggregation by approximately 60%. The metabolomics analysis demonstrated that underlying our previous observation of a stimulation of platelet energetics by thrombin glycolysis and TCA (Tricarboxylic acid) metabolites were increased. Next, we assessed the effect of both 4-HNE and alkyne HNE (A-HNE) on bioenergetics and targeted metabolomics, and found a stimulatory effect on glycolysis, associated with inhibition of bioenergetic parameters. In the presence of HNE and thrombin glycolysis was further stimulated but the levels of the TCA metabolites were markedly suppressed. Identification of proteins modified by A-HNE followed by click chemistry and mass spectrometry revealed essential targets in platelet activation including proteins involved in metabolism, adhesion, cytoskeletal reorganization, aggregation, vesicular transport, protein folding, antioxidant proteins, and small GTPases. In summary, the biological effects of 4-HNE can be more effectively explained in platelets by the integrated effects of the modification of an electrophile responsive proteome rather than the isolated effects of candidate proteins.
Assuntos
Aldeídos/farmacologia , Plaquetas/fisiologia , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo do Ácido Cítrico/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Glicólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Trombina/fisiologiaRESUMO
AIMS: Inflammation and oxygen toxicity increase free radical production and contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care patients. We have previously reported increased glutathione (GSH) levels in lung epithelial cells in vitro and attenuated adult murine hyperoxic lung injury in vivo after pharmacological thioredoxin reductase-1 (TrxR1) inhibition. Using a murine ARDS model, we tested the hypothesis that aurothioglucose (ATG) treatment increases pulmonary GSH levels, attenuates lung injury, and decreases mortality in a GSH-dependent manner. RESULTS: Adult mice received a single intratracheal dose of 0.375 µg/g lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 12 h before a single intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg ATG. Control mice received intratracheal and/or intraperitoneal saline. Mice were then exposed to room air or hyperoxia (>95% O2). Lung injury was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentrations. Expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), GSH, cytokines, and chemokines was determined. Exposure to LPS/hyperoxia induced inflammation and lung injury. ATG treatment significantly attenuated lung injury, increased lung GCLM expression and GSH levels, and decreased mortality. GSH depletion completely prevented the protective effects of ATG in LPS/hyperoxia-exposed mice. INNOVATION: ATG treatment significantly attenuates lung injury and enhances survival in a clinically relevant murine model of ARDS. The protective effects of ATG are GSH dependent. CONCLUSION: Augmentation of GSH systems by TrxR1 inhibition could represent a promising therapeutic approach to attenuate oxidant-mediated lung injury and improve patient outcomes.
Assuntos
Aurotioglucose/administração & dosagem , Lesão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/tratamento farmacológico , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Radicais Livres/toxicidade , Glutationa/metabolismo , Humanos , Hiperóxia/metabolismo , Hiperóxia/patologia , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/patologia , Lesão Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Lesão Pulmonar/metabolismo , Camundongos , Oxigênio/toxicidade , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/etiologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/metabolismo , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , Tiorredoxina Redutase 1/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Altered functions of the lung epithelial surface likely contribute to the respiratory morbidities in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Infants with BPD exhibit decreased expressions of secretoglobins (SCGBs), including Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP). Expression of lung SCGB and annexin A1 (ANXA1) is persistently altered in CCSP knockout mice suggesting that CCSP indirectly influences innate immune responses. The present studies tested the hypothesis that neonatal hyperoxic exposure induces deficits in CCSP expression that are associated with persistent alterations in lung SCGB and ANXA1 expression. Newborn C3H/HeN mice were exposed to room air (RA) or 85% O2 from birth and were sacrificed at 14 d or returned to RA for 14 d. Neonatal hyperoxia followed by RA recovery was associated with decreased lung CCSP and SCGB3A1 protein but not mRNA expression. Hyperoxia-induced alterations in the charge characteristics of ANXA1 were unchanged by RA recovery and were associated with elevated lung macrophage numbers. These findings support a model in which hyperoxia-induced alterations in Clara cell function influence lung innate immune function through effects on immunomodulatory proteins. Studies to determine the mechanism(s) by which CCSP alterations affect SCGBs, ANXA1, and innate immune responses in BPD are warranted.