RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: According to the World Health Organization's classification of endocrine tumors, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) accounts for almost 90 % of malignant thyroid neoplasms. This study aimed to create a point system based on cytomorphological criteria for evaluating FNA products from thyroid nodules to predict the risk of papillary thyroid carcinomas. METHODS: This was an analytical observational study based on a retrospective analysis of cytological reports and surgical specimens from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021. Cytological slides were analyzed using the following ten variables: Nuclear Grooves; Intranuclear Pseudoinclusion; Cellularity; Colloid (Quantity); Clarified Chromatin; Overlapping nuclei; Irregular Nuclear Membrane; Multinucleated Giant Cells; Psamoma bodies; and Papillae. We categorized these variables quantitatively from zero to three points as follows: zero (absent), one (mild), two (moderate), and three (intense). RESULTS: Cytologies of 254 (4.9 %) cases were analyzed. The cut-off point was defined in this study as 6 ± 1 points. For the prediction of cases in benign, values < 5 points, malignant, values > 7 points and indeterminate, 5-7 points. Among the benign, there were 64 (69.5 %) cases <5 points, 17 (18.4 %) from 5 to 7 points and 11 (11.9 %) >7 points. Among the malignant ones, there were 12 (8.6 %) cases <5 points, 19 (13.6 %) from 5 to 7 points and 108 (77.6) >7 points. CONCLUSION: In this context, through the quantitative analysis of the ten suggested cytological variables, scored from 0 to 3, a final score > 7 is suspicious for malignancy, while a score < 5 is related to benign lesions.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide , Humanos , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/diagnóstico , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/patologia , Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Nódulo da Glândula Tireoide/diagnósticoRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of muscular strength training and growth hormone (GH) supplementation on femoral bone tissue by Raman spectroscopy (Raman), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and mechanical resistance (F-max) analysis. A total of 40 male Wistar animals, 60 days old, were used. The animals were distributed into four groups: control (C), control with GH (GHC), muscular strength training (T), and muscular strength training with GH (GHT). Blood samples were collected for the quantification of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and the femurs were removed for analysis by Raman, DXA, and F-max. A more pronounced increase in the bone mineral components was verified in the T group, for all the variables obtained by the Raman (calcium, phosphate, amide, and collagen). In addition, for animals submitted to GH supplementation, there was a reduction in the variable bone mineral density (BMD) obtained by the DXA (p < 0.05). Finally, the animals that received GH supplementation presented a higher F-max, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). It was concluded that animals that received GH supplementation demonstrated a decrease in BMD. In addition, T alone was able to promote increased calcium, phosphate, amide, and collagen compounds in bone tissue.
Assuntos
Absorciometria de Fóton , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fêmur/fisiologia , Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Análise Espectral Raman , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno/metabolismo , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Força Muscular , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Water treatment using a magnetic field is an attractive but controversial issue with regard to its effects on human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of water treatment using a magnetic field on the bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), bone resistance (BR), blood gas analysis, blood viscosity, and blood biochemical profile of rats. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: control (n = 24) and magnetic water-treated (n = 24). Each of these groups was subdivided into 3 groups to evaluate 3 consumption periods (15, 30, and 45 d). The animals were kept in metabolic cages throughout the experiment. A completely randomized design distributed to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was used. No significant difference was found in the water intake, dry matter intake, BA, or femoral head resistance between the groups. However, higher anion gap and lower CHCO3 were found in the arterial blood of the magnetic water-treated group. There was significant interaction between the water consumption period and the BR, BMD, and BMC. With 15 d of consumption, there was no difference in the BMC and BR. With 30 d of consumption, the BR (midshaft), BMD, and BMC showed increases; the increases were greater with 45 d of consumption. In adulthood, every month of the animal is approximately equivalent to 2.5 human years. The consumption of water treated by magnetic field for 45 d provided an effective way to improve BMD, BMC and BR in rats.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Campos Magnéticos , Água/farmacologia , Equilíbrio Ácido-Base/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bicarbonatos/sangue , Viscosidade Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal , Densitometria , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Fêmur/fisiologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Água/químicaRESUMO
AIMS: To investigate the effect of resistance training-RT on glycemia, expression of the glucose transporter-GLUT4, bone mineral density-BMD, and microstructural and biomechanical properties of osteopenic rat bones in neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetes. MAIN METHODS: Sixty-four 5-day-old male rats were divided into two groups: control and diabetic rats injected with vehicle or streptozotocin, respectively. After 55 days, densitometric analysis-DA of the tibia was performed. These groups were subdivided into four subgroups: non-osteopenic control-CN, osteopenic control-OC, non-osteopenic diabetic-DM, and osteopenic diabetic-OD. The OC and OD groups were suspended by their tails for 21 days to promote osteopenia in the hindlimb; subsequently, a second DA was performed. The rats were subdivided into eight subgroups: sedentary control-SC, sedentary osteopenic control-SOC, exercised control-EC, exercised osteopenic control-EOC, sedentary diabetic-SD, sedentary osteopenic diabetic-SOD, exercised diabetic-ED, and exercised osteopenic diabetic-EOD. For RT, the rats climbed a ladder with weights secured to their tails for 12 weeks. After RT, a third DA was performed, and blood samples, muscles, and tibias were assessed to measure glycemia, insulinemia, GLUT4 content, bone maximum strength, fracture energy, extrinsic stiffness, BMD, cancellous bone area, trabecular number, and trabecular width. KEY FINDINGS: After RT, glycemia, GLUT4 content, BMD, and bone microstructural and biomechanical properties were improved in diabetic rats (osteopenic and non-osteopenic). However, RT had no effect on these parameters in the EC and SC groups. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that RT improves GLUT4 content, BMD, and microstructural and biomechanical properties of bone in osteopenic and non-osteopenic diabetic rats and is effective in controlling glycemia.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Animais , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/diagnóstico por imagem , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/terapia , Masculino , Condicionamento Físico Animal/métodos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The treatment of polytrauma patients represents a great challenge in the maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery fields. Therefore, this study tested the hypothesis that the use of a bioactive coating (by plasma electrolytic oxidation, PEO) on titanium microplates could improve the fracture healing of low bone mineral density (BMD) rats. Thirty female rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy surgery (OVX), and 35 rats underwent fake surgery (SHAM). Three months later, animals were subjected to femoral fracture simulation and were fixed with either non-coated (CONV) or coated (PEO) titanium miniplates. Eight weeks postoperatively, microplate/bone complexes were analyzed through computed microtomography, histometric, confocal microscopy, molecular, and biomechanical analysis. Bioactive elements (Ca and P) were incorporated on the PEO microplate and the surface was modified in a volcano-like structure. In the microCT analysis the OVX/PEO group had greater values for Tb.Th (bone trabecular thickness), Tb.Sp (separation of bone trabeculae) and Tb.N (number of trabeculae) parameters compared to the OVX/CONV group. According to histometric analysis, the OVX/PEO group showed significantly higher new bone formation than the OVX/CONV group (P < 0.05). For the fluorochrome area, the OVX groups (PEO and CONV) showed greater values for calcein precipitation (old bone) than alizarin red (new bone). Molecular results showed greater values for proteins related to the final phase of bone formation (P < 0.05) in the OVX/PEO group. The OVX/PEO group showed higher bone/miniplate system resilience compared to the others (P < 0.05). It was concluded that PEO coating optimizes bone healing on simulated femoral fractures in low bone mineral density rats. This sheds new light in the treatment of osteoporotic patients with bone fractures.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas , Fraturas do Fêmur , Osteoporose , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Feminino , Fraturas do Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas do Fêmur/terapia , Humanos , Ovariectomia , RatosRESUMO
The objective of this study is to identify whether oxytocin (OT) contributes to the reduction of osteopenia in the femoral neck of rats in periestropause. Animals in irregular estrous cycles received two NaCl injections (0.15 mol/L) or OT (134 µg/kg) over a 12-h interval, and after thirty-five days without treatments, the biological sample collection was performed. The oxytocin group (Ot) demonstrated the highest enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.0138), lowest enzymatic activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (p = 0.0045), higher percentage of compact bone (p = 0.0359), cortical expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (p = 0.0101), osterix (p = 0.0101), bone morphogenetic protein-2/4 (p = 0.0101) and periostin (p = 0.0455). Furthermore, the mineral-to-matrix ratio (ν1PO4/Proline) was higher and type-B carbonate substitution (CO3/ν1PO4) was lower (p = 0.0008 and 0.0303) in Ot group. The Ot showed higher areal bone mineral density (p = 0.0050), cortical bone area (p = 0.0416), polar moment of inertia, maximum, minimum (p = 0.0480, 0.0480, 0.0035), bone volume fraction (p = 0.0166), connectivity density (p < 0.0001), maximal load (p = 0.0003) and bone stiffness (p = 0.0145). In Ot percentage of cortical pores (p = 0.0102) and trabecular number (p = 0.0088) was lower. The results evidence action of OT in the reduction of osteopenia, suggesting that it is a promising anabolic strategy for the prevention of primary osteoporosis during the periestropause period.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Colo do Fêmur/metabolismo , Colo do Fêmur/patologia , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/etiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/metabolismo , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/etiologia , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/patologia , Ratos , Análise Espectral Raman , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of passive smoking during pregnancy and associated with swimming on bone area growth, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). METHODS: The offspring was grouped by control matrices (G1) and passive smokers (G2). The offspring was regrouped in eight subgroups, with exposure to smoking (2x/day) and physical exercise (1 session/day), respecting the group of matrices in: sedentary control (G1CS and G2CS), swimming control (G1CN and G2CN), sedentary passive smoker (G1FS and G2FS), and passive smoker swimmer (G1FN and G2FN). The area, BMD and BMC were measured by the tibia and femur and analyzed by densitometer. The results were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test with Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the tibia BMC study, a better rate was observed in G2CN group when compared to G1CS, G1CN and G1FN (p ≤ 0.023). When assessing BMD in the femur, a higher density ratio was observed in G1FS group when compared to G2CS, G2CN, G2FS and G2FN (p<0.008). In the tibia study, the animals of the G1FS group had higher rates when compared to G2CS and G2FN groups (p≤0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The model of male offspring exposed to passive smoking during fetal development showed a strong decrease in the analyzed parameters. Level of Evidence I, Randomized High Quality Clinical Trial With or Without Statistically Significant Difference, But Narrow Confidence Intervals.
OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo é investigar o efeito do tabagismo passivo durante a prenhez e associado à natação no crescimento de área óssea, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO). MÉTODOS: Os filhotes foram gerados por matrizes controle (G1) e tabagistas (G2). Os filhotes foram reagrupados em oito subgrupos, com exposição ao tabagismo (2x/dia) e realização de exercício físico (1 sessão/dia), respeitando o grupo de matrizes em: controle sedentário (G1CS e G2CS), controle natação (G1CN e G2CN), tabagista passivo sedentário (G1FS e G2FS) e tabagista passivo natação (G1FN e G2FN). A área, a DMO e o CMO foram aferidos pela tíbia e pelo fêmur e analisados pelo densitômetro. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de ANOVA One-Way, com pós-teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: No estudo do CMO da tíbia, foi observada taxa melhor no grupo G2CN quando comparada aos filhotes dos grupos G1CS, G1CN e G1FN (p ≤ 0,023). Na averiguação da DMO no fêmur, foi observada maior taxa de densidade no grupo G1FS quando confrontado aos grupos G2CS, G2CN, G2FS e G2FN (p ≤ 0,008). Já no estudo da tíbia, os animais do grupo G1FS apresentaram maiores taxas quando comparados aos grupos G2CS e G2FN (p≤0,007). CONCLUSÕES: O modelo de filhotes machos expostos ao tabagismo passivo durante o desenvolvimento fetal apresentou uma forte diminuição dos parâmetros analisados. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo Clínico Randomizado de Alta Qualidade Com ou Sem Diferença Estatisticamente Significante, Mas Com Intervalos de Confiança Estreitos.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama , Carcinoma Intraductal não Infiltrante , Biópsia com Agulha de Grande Calibre , Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Intraductal não Infiltrante/patologia , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Prolonged bedrest and microgravity induce alterations to bone, leading to bone fragility and compromising the quality of life. In this study, we characterized the physicochemical changes, microstructure, and biomechanics of the femurs of female adult rats in response to hindlimb unloading for 21 days. Twenty 6-month-old Wistar female rats were distributed into control (CON) and hindlimb unloading (HLU) groups. Analysis the in vivo bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) from the femurs was performed at the beginning and end of the experiment; plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, assessed by spectrophotometry, and estradiol, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was performed after the experiment. We evaluated changes in the trabecular and cortical structure of the femur, after disuse, by micro-computed tomography with high resolution, for analysis of cortical porosity, Raman spectroscopy to measure the amount of physicochemical properties, and the biomechanical test to estimate the changes in biomechanical properties. Our results demonstrated that, after 21 days, HLU animals had decreased femoral BMD, deteriorated bone microarchitecture, particularly in the cortical compartment, with changes in the physicochemical properties and porosity, and reduced deformation capacity of the bone and resistance to the bone stresses. Nevertheless, this study showed the critical role of mechanical stimulation in maintaining the structure of the skeleton in female adults and that disuse, even for a few days, leads to microscopic changes in the structure of the bone matrix, which increases the risk of fracture.
Assuntos
Elevação dos Membros Posteriores/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Absorciometria de Fóton , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The effects of strength training (ST) on the mechanical bone strength and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) from adult, aged and exercised aged rats were determined. The exercised aged animals displayed higher values of areal bone mineral density, compression test, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and biological mineralization, while oil red O staining for adipocytes was lower. ST increased gene expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix (Osx) as well as bone matrix protein expression, and reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ). The production of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was lower in BMSCs of the aged exercised group. The ST practice was able to improve the bone mechanical properties in aged female rats, increasing the potential for osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, reducing the adipogenic differentiation and pro-inflammatory cytokine level. In summary, the data achieved in this study showed that strength training triggers physiological responses that result in changes in the bone microenvironment and bring benefits to biomechanical parameters of bone tissue, which could reduce the risk of fractures during senescent.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Osteogênese , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Peso Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Células da Medula Óssea/citologia , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of this study was to prevent female osteoporosis using strength training (ST), raloxifene (Ral) or a combination of ST plus Ral during the natural female aging process, specifically in the periestropause period. For a total of 120 days, aging female Wistar rats at 18-21 months of age performed ST on a ladder three times per week, and Ral was administered daily by gavage (1 mg/kg/day). Bone microarchitecture, areal bone mineral density, bone strength of the femoral neck, immunohistochemistry, osteoclast and osteoblast surface were assessed. We found that the treatments modulate the bone remodeling cycle in different ways. Both ST and Ral treatment resulted in improved bone microarchitecture in the femoral neck of rats in late periestropause. However, only ST improved cortical microarchitecture and bone strength in the femoral neck. Thus, we suggest that performing ST during the late period of periestropause is a valid intervention to prevent age-associated osteoporosis in females.
Assuntos
Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/farmacologia , Colo do Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo do Fêmur/fisiopatologia , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Treinamento Resistido , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Envelhecimento/patologia , Animais , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Colo do Fêmur/patologia , Osteoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoblastos/patologia , Osteoblastos/fisiologia , Osteoclastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoclastos/patologia , Osteoclastos/fisiologia , Osteoporose/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoporose/patologia , Osteoporose/fisiopatologia , Fosfatos/sangue , Cloridrato de Raloxifeno/farmacologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , Fosfatase Ácida Resistente a Tartarato/sangueRESUMO
During perimenopause, oxidative stress increases, which may result in disruption of bone turnover, and consequently in osteoporosis. The use of antioxidants may be an effective nutritional approach to reducing osteoporosis in this period of life. Mate tea (MT) (Ilex paraguariensis), a typical and inexpensive beverage consumed in the Brazilian south-east, Argentina and Uruguay, increases antioxidant defense. Our hypothesis was that MT would decrease oxidative stress and mitigate bone deterioration. To test this, we analyzed oxidative stress markers of bone turnover, and local and systemic markers of bone metabolism of rats during natural perimenopause. Female Wistar rats (aged 16months) in proven perimenopause period received 20mg/kgBW/day of mate tea, by gavage (PM+MT Group, n=10) or water (PM Group, n=10). Female rats aged 4months (AD Group, n=10) received water. The treatment period was four weeks. MT minimized the deterioration of rat microarchitecture, characterized by increase in the bone trabecular area, number of osteocytes and areal bone mineral density. These results were accompanied by a lower level of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, in femoral tissue homogenate. Plasmatic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, a typical osteoclastic function marker, decreases after treatment, indicating a decrease in osteoclastic function. MT also modified the immunostaining pattern of bone metabolism markers, decreasing the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligant (RANKL), superoxide dismutase isoform 2 (SOD2) and increasing osteoprotegerin (OPG), a decoy receptor for the RANKL, which positively modulates bone mass. These results suggested MT was capable of decreasing bone resorption by inhibiting the osteoclastogenesis in a RANKL-dependent signaling pathway activated by oxidative stress. Taken together, the results indicated that MT minimized bone loss in perimenopause and this effect is at least partly due to the decrease in oxidative stress, confirming our hypothesis.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/farmacologia , Remodelação Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilex paraguariensis , Osteoclastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Perimenopausa , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Fêmur/metabolismo , Fêmur/patologia , Humanos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/patologia , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by bone degradation and decreased bone mass that promotes increased bone fragility and eventual fracture risk. Studies have investigated the use of sodium fluoride (NaF) for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, fluoride can alter glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaF intake (50 mg/L) from water on the following parameters of ovariectomized (OVX) rats: (1) tyrosine phosphorylation status of insulin receptor substrate (pp185 (IRS-1/IRS-2)) in white adipose tissue; (2) insulin sensitivity; (3) plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, TNF-α, IL-6, osteocalcin, calcium, and fluoride; (4) bone density and biomechanical properties in the tibia; and (5) tibia histomorphometric analysis. Fifty-two Wistar rats (2 months old) were ovariectomized and distributed into two groups: control group (OVX-C) and NaF group (OVX-F), which was subjected to treatment with NaF (50 mg/L) administered in drinking water for 42 days. The chronic treatment with NaF promoted (1) a decrease in pp185 (IRS-1/IRS-2) tyrosine phosphorylation status after insulin infusion in white adipose tissue and in insulin sensitivity; (2) an increase in the plasma concentration of insulin, fluoride, osteocalcin, calcium, triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, TNF-α, and IL-6; (3) a reduction in the trabecular width, bone area, stiffness, maximum strength, and tenacity; (4) no changes in body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. It was concluded that chronic treatment with NaF (50 mg/L) in OVX rats causes a decrease in insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling transduction, and biochemical, biomechanical, and histomorphometric bone parameters.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência à Insulina , Insulina/metabolismo , Osteoporose , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoreto de Sódio/farmacologia , Tíbia , Animais , Feminino , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose/metabolismo , Osteoporose/patologia , Ovariectomia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tíbia/metabolismo , Tíbia/patologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of strength training (ST) and raloxifene (Ral), alone or in combination, on the prevention of bone loss in an aging estrogen-deficient rat model. Aging Wistar female rats were ovariectomized at 14months and allocated to four groups: (1) non-trained and treated with vehicle, NT-Veh; (2) strength training and treated with vehicle, ST-Veh; (3) non-trained and treated with raloxifene, NT-Ral; and (4) strength training and treated with raloxifene, ST-Ral. ST was performed on a ladder three times per week and Ral was administered daily by gavage (1mg/kg/day), both for 120days. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD), strength, microarchitecture, and biomarkers (osteocalcin, OCN; osteoprotegerin, OPG; and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP) were assessed. Immunohistochemistry was performed for runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osterix (OSX), OCN, OPG, TRAP, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). The rats that performed ST (ST-Veh) or were treated with Ral (NT-Ral) showed significant improvements in aBMD (p=0.001 and 0.004), bone strength (p=0.001), and bone microarchitecture, such as BV/TV (%) (p=0.001), BS/TV (mm(2)/mm(3)) (p=0.023 and 0.002), Conn.Dn (1/mm(3)) (p=0.001), Tb.N (1/mm) (p=0.012 and 0.011), Tb.Th (1/mm) (p=0.001), SMI (p=0.001 and 0.002), Tb.Sp (p=0.001), and DA (p=0.002 and 0.007); there was also a significant decrease in plasma levels of OCN (p=0.001 and 0.002) and OPG (p=0.003 and 0.014), compared with animals in the NT-Veh group. Ral, with or without ST, promoted an increased immunolabeling pattern for RUNX2 (p=0.0105 and p=0.0006) and OSX (p=0.0105), but a reduced immunolabeling pattern for TRAP (p=0.0056) and RANKL (p=0.033 and 0.004). ST increased the immunolabeling pattern for RUNX2 (p=0.0105), and association with Ral resulted in an increased immunolabeling pattern for OPG (p=0.0034) and OCN (p=0.0024). In summary, ST and Ral administration in aged, estrogen-deficient Wistar female rats is associated with a decrease in bone turnover marker plasma levels, increased activity of cells that promote osteoblastogenesis, and decreased activity of cells that promote osteoclastogenesis; these are correlated with higher aBMD, bone strength, and bone microarchitecture at the femoral neck. The results indicate that strength training and Ral are potential tools to reduce the risk of fractures at clinically relevant sites.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Ovariectomia , Cloridrato de Raloxifeno/farmacologia , Treinamento Resistido , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Remodelação Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Útero/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The effect of nonweight-bearing exercise on osteoporotic bones remains controversial and inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of swimming on osteoporotic tibias of rats submitted to hindlimb suspension. Initially, 20 Wistar rats were used to confirm a significant bone loss following 21 days of unloading. Thirty rats were then divided into 3 groups and followed during 51 days: CON (nonsuspended rats), S + WB (suspended rats for 21 days and then released for regular weight-bearing) and, S + Swim (suspended rats for 21 days and then released from suspension and submitted to swimming exercise). We observed that swimming exercise was effective at fully recovering the bone deterioration caused by suspension, with significant increments in BMD, bone strength and bone volume. On the other hand, regular weight-bearing failed at fully restoring the bone loss induced by unloading. These results indicate that swimming exercise may be a potential tool to improve bone density, strength, and trabecular volume in tibias with bone loss induced by mechanical unloading in suspended rats. We conclude that this modality of activity could be beneficial in improving bone mass, strength, and architecture in osteoporotic individuals induced by disuse, such as bed rest or those exposed to microgravity, who may not be able to perform weight-bearing exercises.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Osteoporose/patologia , Osteoporose/terapia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Natação , Tíbia/anatomia & histologia , Tíbia/fisiologia , Animais , Elevação dos Membros Posteriores , Ratos Wistar , Suporte de CargaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and bone metabolism. However, this relationship has not yet become established. The aim of the present study was to analyze the mechanical properties and bone mineral density (BMD) of rats that were subjected to long-term omeprazole use. METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats weighing between 200 and 240 g were divided equally into five groups: OMP300 (omeprazole intake at a dose of 300 µmoL/kg/day); OMP200 (200 µmoL/kg/day); OMP40 (40 µmoL/kg/day); OMP10 (10 µmoL/kg/day); and Cont (control group; intake of dilution vehicle). The solutions were administered for 90 consecutive days. After the rats had been sacrificed, their BMD, the mechanical properties of the dissected femurs and their serum Ca++ levels were analyzed. RESULTS: The BMD of the OMP300 group was lower than that of the controls (p = 0.006). There was no difference on comparing the OMP200, OMP40 and OMP10 groups with the controls. The maximum strength and rigidity of the femur did not differ in the experimental groups in comparison with the controls. The OMP300 group had a statistically lower serum Ca++ concentration than that of the controls (p = 0.049), but the other groups did not show any difference in relation to the controls. CONCLUSION: Daily intake of 300 µmoL/kg/day of omeprazole decreased the BMD of the femur, but without changes to the rigidity and strength of the femur in adult rats.
OBJETIVOS: Estudos epidemiológicos mostram uma relação entre o uso em longo prazo de inibidores de bomba de prótons e o metabolismo ósseo, porém essa relação ainda não está estabelecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedade mecânicas e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) de ratos submetidos ao uso de omeprazol em longo prazo. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta ratos Wistar, entre 200 e 240 g, foram divididos igualmente em cinco grupos: OMP300 (ingestão de omeprazol na dose de 300 µmoL/Kg/dia), OMP200 (200 µmoL/Kg/dia), OMP40 (40 µmoL/Kg/dia), OMP10 (10 µmoL/Kg/dia) e Cont (grupo controle; ingestão do veículo de diluição). A administração das soluções ocorreu durante 90 dias seguidos. Após a eutanásia, foram analisadas a DMO, as propriedades mecânicas dos fêmures dissecados e a dosagem de Ca++ sérico. RESULTADOS: A DMO do grupo OMP300 foi menor do que a do Cont (p = 0,006). Não houve diferença na comparação entre os grupos OMP200, OMP40 e OMP10 em relação ao Cont. A força máxima e rigidez do fêmur não foram diferentes nos grupos experimentais quando comparados ao Cont. O grupo OMP300 teve concentrações séricas de Ca++ estatisticamente menores do que o grupo Cont (p = 0,049) sem diferença entre os demais grupos em relação ao Cont. CONCLUSÃO: A ingestão diária de 300 µmoL/Kg/dia de omeprazol diminuiu a DMO do fêmur, porém sem alterações na rigidez e na força do fêmur de ratos adultos.
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Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to analyze the effects of N-acetylcysteine supplementation associated with concurrent training on the bone mineral density of spontaneously hypertensive elderly rats. Methods: For the present study, 28 male spontaneously hypertensive rats, six months old, were distributed in the following groups: control (C, n=7); control + N-acetylcysteine (CNAC, n=7); concurrent training (T, n=7); and concurrent training+N-acetylcysteine (TNAC, n=7). The concurrent training was composed of aerobic training on a treadmill and resistance training in the same training session, three times a week. Animals of the NAC groups received a dose equivalent to 120 mg/kg/day orally for eight weeks. The animals in the trained groups underwent training for eight weeks. The animals were evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment. After euthanasia, the tibias and femurs were submitted to bone densitometry analysis in an X-ray dual emission device. Results: Lower weight variation was observed in the trained animals and a reduction in pressure values in all groups, but without a statistical difference (p> 0.05). The animals in the T and TNAC groups presented a better performance in the physical tests (p <0.05). In relation to bone, the NAC groups demonstrated a decrease in femoral bone density when compared to groups C and T. Finally, all experimental groups demonstrated an increase in tibial bone density, but with no statistical difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The animals in group T demonstrated better performance in the physical tests. In addition, the NAC caused a reduction in the bone mineral density of the femur.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Treino Aeróbico/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Cigarette smoke in large centers is one of the most important causes of chronic inflammatory diseases in public health and is associated with a decrease in bone mass, consolidation process, and bone remodeling. Due to their ability to improve intestinal absorption and compete with pathogenic microorganisms, dietary supplementation with functional foods may contribute to improvement in bone quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of functional, probiotic, prebiotic, or symbiotic food supplementation on mineral composition, histomorphometry, and bone biomechanical properties of rats in the growth phase, chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (T).Sixty-four young male rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n=8): control (C) [standard diet (SD)]; probiotic (Pro) [SD + probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium thermophilum and Bifidobacterium longum) (2-5 109 UFC each)]; prebiotic (Pre) [SD+ prebiotic (mannan oligosaccharide)]; symbiotic (Sym) (SD + probiotic + prebiotic); control smoking (SC) [(SD + exposure protocol to passive smoking (PS)]; probiotic smoking (ProS) (SD + probiotic + PS); prebiotic smoking (PreS) (SD + prebiotic + PS), and symbiotic smoking (SymS)(SD + prebiotic + probiotic + PS). The animals were euthanized after 189 days of the experimental protocol. Results showed that supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics significantly improved (P<0.05) the parameters: P, Ca, Mg, BMD, BMC, strength, resilience, and size of area of the femoral diaphysis of the animals chronically exposed or not cigarette smoke. We concluded that functional food supplementation improved the bone health of rats chronically exposed or not to cigarette smoke.
RESUMO: A fumaça de cigarro em grandes centros é uma das causas mais importantes de doenças inflamatórias crônicas em saúde pública e esta associada à diminuição de massa óssea, processo de consolidação e remodelação óssea. Os alimentos funcionais suplementados na dieta, devido sua capacidade de melhorar a absorção intestinal e competir com microrganismos patógenos, podem contribuir para a melhora da qualidade óssea. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de alimentos funcionais, probiótico, prebiótico ou simbiótico, na composição mineral, histomorfometria e nas propriedades biomecânicas ósseas de ratos em fase de crescimento expostos cronicamente a fumaça do cigarro (T). Sessenta e quatro ratos machos jovens foram randomicamente distribuídos em oito grupos (n=8): controle (C) [dieta basal (DB)]; probiótico (Pro) [DB + probiótico (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterecoccusfaecium, Bifidobacterium thermophilumandBifidobacterium longum (2-5 109 UFC cada)]; prebiótico (Pre) [DB + prebiótico (mananoligossacarídeo)]; simbiótico (Sym) (DB + probiótico + prebiótico); controle fumante (CS) [(DB + protocolo de exposição ao tabagismo passivo(PT)]; probiótico fumante (ProS) (DB + probiótico + PT); prebiótico fumante (PreS) (DB + prebiótico + PT); e simbiótico fumante (SymS) (DB + prebiótico + probiótico + PT). Os animais foram mortos após 189 dias de período experimental.Os resultados revelaram que a suplementação com probióticos, prebióticos e simbióticos melhoraram significativamente (P<0,05) os parâmetros: P, Ca, Mg, DMO, CMO, resistência, resiliência e tamanho da área das diáfises dos fêmures dos animais expostos, cronicamente ou não, a fumaça do cigarro. Os resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação dos alimentos funcionais melhorou a saúde óssea de ratos expostos cronicamente ou não a fumaça do cigarro.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of passive smoking during pregnancy and associated with swimming on bone area growth, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC). Methods: The offspring was grouped by control matrices (G1) and passive smokers (G2). The offspring was regrouped in eight subgroups, with exposure to smoking (2x/day) and physical exercise (1 session/day), respecting the group of matrices in: sedentary control (G1CS and G2CS), swimming control (G1CN and G2CN), sedentary passive smoker (G1FS and G2FS), and passive smoker swimmer (G1FN and G2FN). The area, BMD and BMC were measured by the tibia and femur and analyzed by densitometer. The results were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test with Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: In the tibia BMC study, a better rate was observed in G2CN group when compared to G1CS, G1CN and G1FN (p ≤ 0.023). When assessing BMD in the femur, a higher density ratio was observed in G1FS group when compared to G2CS, G2CN, G2FS and G2FN (p<0.008). In the tibia study, the animals of the G1FS group had higher rates when compared to G2CS and G2FN groups (p≤0.007). Conclusions: The model of male offspring exposed to passive smoking during fetal development showed a strong decrease in the analyzed parameters. Level of Evidence I, Randomized High Quality Clinical Trial With or Without Statistically Significant Difference, But Narrow Confidence Intervals.
RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo é investigar o efeito do tabagismo passivo durante a prenhez e associado à natação no crescimento de área óssea, densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO). Métodos: Os filhotes foram gerados por matrizes controle (G1) e tabagistas (G2). Os filhotes foram reagrupados em oito subgrupos, com exposição ao tabagismo (2x/dia) e realização de exercício físico (1 sessão/dia), respeitando o grupo de matrizes em: controle sedentário (G1CS e G2CS), controle natação (G1CN e G2CN), tabagista passivo sedentário (G1FS e G2FS) e tabagista passivo natação (G1FN e G2FN). A área, a DMO e o CMO foram aferidos pela tíbia e pelo fêmur e analisados pelo densitômetro. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de ANOVA One-Way, com pós-teste de Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: No estudo do CMO da tíbia, foi observada taxa melhor no grupo G2CN quando comparada aos filhotes dos grupos G1CS, G1CN e G1FN (p ≤ 0,023). Na averiguação da DMO no fêmur, foi observada maior taxa de densidade no grupo G1FS quando confrontado aos grupos G2CS, G2CN, G2FS e G2FN (p ≤ 0,008). Já no estudo da tíbia, os animais do grupo G1FS apresentaram maiores taxas quando comparados aos grupos G2CS e G2FN (p≤0,007). Conclusões: O modelo de filhotes machos expostos ao tabagismo passivo durante o desenvolvimento fetal apresentou uma forte diminuição dos parâmetros analisados. Nível de Evidência I, Estudo Clínico Randomizado de Alta Qualidade Com ou Sem Diferença Estatisticamente Significante, Mas Com Intervalos de Confiança Estreitos.
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Abstract A sample of 39 rats were divided into the following groups: baseline (BL); aerobic training (ET4 and ET8); anaerobic training (ST4 and ST8); and concurrent training (CT4 and CT8). The aerobic training was performed by swimming with a load corresponding to 70% of the anaerobic threshold; the anaerobic training was performed by jumping in water with a load corresponding to 50% of body weight; and the concurrent training combined the two protocols. The analysis of BMDwas performed on the tibia of the animals and showed an increase in the density of the ST4, CT4, ET8, ST8, and CT8 groups when compared with both the BL and ET4. Thus, it is concluded that anaerobic exercise was shown to be effective in increasing the BMD of animals afterfour weeks of training; however, aerobic training was only able to raise BMD following eight weeks of training.(AU)