A 10-day vacancy period after cleaning and disinfection has no effect on the bacterial load in pig nursery units.

BACKGROUND: Biosecurity measures such as cleaning, disinfection and a vacancy period between production cycles on pig farms are essential to prevent disease outbreaks. No studies have tested the effect of a longer vacancy period on bacterial load in nursery units. METHODS: The present study evaluated the effect of a 10-day vacancy period in pig nursery units on total aerobic flora, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, faecal coliforms and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Three vacancy periods of 10 days were monitored, each time applied in 3 units. The microbiological load was measured before disinfection and at 1, 4, 7 and 10 days after disinfection. RESULTS: No significant decrease or increase in E. coli, faecal coliforms, MRSA and Enterococcus spp. was noticed. Total aerobic flora counts were the lowest on day 4 after disinfection (i.e. 4.07 log CFU/625 cm2) (P < 0.05), but the difference with other sampling moments was limited (i.e. 0.6 log CFU/625 cm2) and therefore negligible. Furthermore, this observation on day 4 was not confirmed for the other microbiological parameters. After disinfection, drinking nipples were still mostly contaminated with total aerobic flora (i.e. 5.32 log CFU/625 cm2) and Enterococcus spp. (i.e. 95 % of the samples were positive) (P < 0.01); the feeding troughs were the cleanest location (total aerobic flora: 3.53 log CFU/625 cm2 and Enterococcus spp.: 50 % positive samples) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that prolonging the vacancy period in nursery units to 10 days after disinfection with no extra biosecurity measures has no impact on the environmental load of total aerobic flora, E. coli, faecal coliforms, MRSA and Enterococcus spp..

Comparison of competitive exclusion with classical cleaning and disinfection on bacterial load in pig nursery units.

BACKGROUND: Colonisation of the environment of nursery units by pathogenic micro-organisms is an important factor in the persistence and spread of endemic diseases in pigs and zoonotic pathogens. These pathogens are generally controlled by the use of antibiotics and disinfectants. Since an increasing resistance against these measures has been reported in recent years, methods such as competitive exclusion (CE) are promoted as promising alternatives. RESULTS: This study showed that the infection pressure in CE units after microbial cleaning was not reduced to the same degree as in control units. Despite sufficient administration of probiotic-type spores, the analysed bacteria did not decrease in number after 3 production rounds in CE units, indicating no competitive exclusion. In addition, no differences in feed conversion were found between piglets raised in CE and control units in our study. Also, no differences in faecal consistency (indicator for enteric diseases) was noticed. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the CE protocol is not a valuable alternative for classical C&D.

Comparison of sampling procedures and microbiological and non-microbiological parameters to evaluate cleaning and disinfection in broiler houses.

Cleaning and disinfection of the broiler stable environment is an essential part of farm hygiene management. Adequate cleaning and disinfection is essential for prevention and control of animal diseases and zoonoses. The goal of this study was to shed light on the dynamics of microbiological and non-microbiological parameters during the successive steps of cleaning and disinfection and to select the most suitable sampling methods and parameters to evaluate cleaning and disinfection in broiler houses. The effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection protocols was measured in six broiler houses on two farms through visual inspection, adenosine triphosphate hygiene monitoring and microbiological analyses. Samples were taken at three time points: 1) before cleaning, 2) after cleaning, and 3) after disinfection. Before cleaning and after disinfection, air samples were taken in addition to agar contact plates and swab samples taken from various sampling points for enumeration of total aerobic flora, Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia coli and the detection of E. coli and Salmonella. After cleaning, air samples, swab samples, and adenosine triphosphate swabs were taken and a visual score was also assigned for each sampling point. The mean total aerobic flora determined by swab samples decreased from 7.7±1.4 to 5.7±1.2 log CFU/625 cm2 after cleaning and to 4.2±1.6 log CFU/625 cm2 after disinfection. Agar contact plates were used as the standard for evaluating cleaning and disinfection, but in this study they were found to be less suitable than swabs for enumeration. In addition to measuring total aerobic flora, Enterococcus spp. seemed to be a better hygiene indicator to evaluate cleaning and disinfection protocols than E. coli. All stables were Salmonella negative, but the detection of its indicator organism E. coli provided additional information for evaluating cleaning and disinfection protocols. Adenosine triphosphate analyses gave additional information about the hygiene level of the different sampling points.

On-farm comparisons of different cleaning protocols in broiler houses.

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of 4 cleaning protocols designed to reduce the bacteriological infection pressure on broiler farms and prevent food-borne zoonoses. Additionally, difficult to clean locations and possible sources of infection were identified. Cleaning and disinfection rounds were evaluated in 12 broiler houses on 5 farms through microbiological analyses and adenosine triphosphate hygiene monitoring. Samples were taken at 3 different times: before cleaning, after cleaning, and after disinfection. At each sampling time, swabs were taken from various locations for enumeration of the total aerobic flora and Enterococcus species pluralis ( SPP:). In addition, before cleaning and after disinfection, testing for Escherichia coli and Salmonella was carried out. Finally, adenosine triphosphate swabs and agar contact plates for total aerobic flora counts were taken after cleaning and disinfection, respectively. Total aerobic flora and Enterococcus spp. counts on the swab samples showed that cleaning protocols which were preceded by an overnight soaking with water caused a higher bacterial reduction compared to protocols without a preceding soaking step. Moreover, soaking of broiler houses leads to less water consumption and reduced working time during high pressure cleaning. No differences were found between protocols using cold or warm water during cleaning. Drinking cups, drain holes, and floor cracks were identified as critical locations for cleaning and disinfection in broiler houses.

Value of transcranial Doppler examination in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

In 21 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured intracranial aneurysms, we performed serial neurological evaluations, transcranial Doppler examinations, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) determinations. We classified 8 patients as having vasospasm (delayed neurological deterioration, appropriate reduction of CBF) and 13 patients as having no spasm on the basis of this information. Transcranial Doppler flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery were significantly elevated for the group with vasospasm on posthemorrhage Days 4 through 12. Elevation of transcranial Doppler velocities preceded clinical signs of cerebral ischemia. The maximal transcranial Doppler flow velocities achieved were compared on the basis of the extent of clot on early computed tomographic (CT) scans. The mean anterior cerebral artery flow velocities were significantly different between CT Grades II and III. The initial transcranial Doppler flow velocities were compared on the basis of the patient's Hunt and Hess grade upon admission. The flow velocities for Grade V patients were significantly lower than those for Grade IV patients. Transcranial Doppler flow velocities were compared with arteriographically observed anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery radii in 12 instances. The correlation was poor, but the data should be interpreted cautiously in view of the small number of arteriograms. We conclude that transcranial Doppler examination has considerable potential in the early diagnosis of delayed ischemic neurological deficit (clinical vasospasm) in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Recording and processing aneurysmal vibration signals in dogs.

A specially designed computerized acoustic aneurysm detection system has been developed and used for recording the acoustic signal produced by aneurysms in dogs. Two transducer types, a modified horn-coupled microphone and a microvascular intra-operative Doppler flowmeter have been used. The results show that the aneurysm signal is time-varying and that a stronger vibration signal can be obtained if a proximal stenosis presents. With direct contact recording, the acoustic signals from aneurysms and parent arteries show different characteristics that can be easily distinguished. The aneurysm signals are processed by spectrograms, and a smoothing technique for suppressing noise is introduced.